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We present the first demonstration of a 4λ transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) on the coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) grid, i.e., 20 nm spacing, targeting 400G-FR4 requirements over 2 km. The TOSA is based on uncooled InP external modulated laser (EML) technology and it utilizes four EMLs followed by a CWDM multiplexer. We characterize the performance of the TOSA versus received optical modulation amplitude (OMA), number of equalizer taps, reach, modulation format, TOSA case temperature, and bit rate. Four 53 Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) RF signals are used to drive the TOSA achieving a net rate of 400 Gb/s. Results reveal that 400 Gb/s can be transmitted over 2 km of single mode fiber (SMF) at a bit error rate (BER) below the KP4- forward error correction (KP4-FEC) threshold (i.e., 2.4 × 10−4) using only a 5 tap feed forward equalizer at the receiver. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of 400 Gb/s using a 4λ CWDM TOSA over 2 km of SMF. Moreover, we achieve 400 Gb/s and 600 Gb/s over 20 km and 10 km below KP4-FEC and the 7% hard-decision FEC (HD-FEC) (i.e., 3.8 × 10−3) thresholds, respectively, without optical amplification. Furthermore, we show the performance of the TOSA against temperature, where it shows no significant change in the BER performance from 20 °C to 60 °C. Finally, we compare the performance of PAM2, PAM4, and PAM8 modulation formats where we show the possibility of achieving 400 Gb/s aggregate bit rate using 42 Gbaud PAM8 modulation format at the expense of utilizing a stronger FEC.

We experimentally demonstrate a reproducible broadband optical noise-like signal generation scheme whereby dispersion induced phase modulation to intensity modulation conversion and an electro-optic nonlinear transform are utilized to post process a binary random sequence. A flat spectrum and a symmetrical distribution of the generated analog noise-like signal can be observed. Moreover, Gaussian-like probability distribution function can be obtained by using the central limit theorem. The influences of the digital input and the analog parameters on complexity performance of the generated analogue noise are discussed in detail. Finally, the impact of key parameters on the reproducibility of the system is discussed. The proposed scheme could be a more controllable way to generate broadband optical noise-like signal, and has potential to be applied in various real world applications. Published version

The traditional Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) figure of merit (FOM) has been defined as (Vπ2)/υ3dBe, and works effectively for LiNbO3 long haul modulators. However, for plasma dispersion based electro-optic modulators, or any modulator that has an inherent relationship between its bandwidth, required drive voltage, and optical insertion loss/gain, this FOM is inappropriate. This is particularly true for short reach links with no optical amplification. In the following, we propose a new modulator FOM (M-FOM) based on device metrics that are essential for short-reach links, such as the peak-to-peak drive voltage, modulator rise-fall time, and relative optical modulation amplitude. Link sensitivity measurements from two MZMs that have different bandwidths and optical losses are compared using our M-FOM to demonstrate its utility. Furthermore, we present a novel application protocol of our M-FOM to provide deeper insight into the relative system impact that modulator performance has on data links with no optical amplification, by taking the ratio of M-FOMs from two modulators driven with the same radio frequency drive power.

We experimentally demonstrate a high-speed air-water optical wireless communication system with both downlink and uplink transmission employing 32-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and a single-mode pigtailed green-light laser diode (LD). This work is an important step towards the future study on optical wireless communications between underwater platforms and airborne terminals. Over a 5-m air channel and a 21-m water channel, we achieve a 5.3-Gbps transmission without power loading (PL) and a 5.5-Gbps transmission with PL in the downlink. The corresponding bit error rates (BERs) are 2.64×10-3 and 2.47×10-3, respectively, which are below the forward error correction (FEC) criterion. A data rate of 5.5 Gbps with PL at a BER of 2.92×10-3 is also achieved in the uplink.

A method is proposed for obtaining an amplitude-modulated optical signal of a sinusoidal shape with a given frequency. The method is based on adding two circularly polarized waves with different frequencies generated as a result of acousto-optic interaction in a gyrotropic crystal. Amplitude modulation of the radiation of a He–Ne laser (λ=0.63 μm) at a sound frequency of approximately 36 MHz was experimentally obtained.

Power modulated visible lasers are interesting for a number of applications within areas such as laser displays and medical laser treatments. In this paper, we present a system for modulating the second-harmonic light generated by single-pass frequency doubling of a distributed feedback (DFB) master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser diode with separate electrical contacts for the MO and the PA. A modulation depth in excess of 97% from 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz is demonstrated. This is done by wavelength tuning of the laser diode using only a 40 mA adjustment of the current through the MO. The bandwidth of the modulation is limited by the electronics. This method has the potential to decrease the size as well as cost of modulated visible lasers. The achievable optical powers will increase as DFB MOPAs are further developed. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America

We describe a light source to provide calibrated radiance in a device for verifying the threshold characteristics of optical systems employing detector arrays. We investigate a variety of approaches to light-source calibration and estimate the measurement error of the device.

A simple and flexible photonic approach to generating a triangular microwave waveform using a single integrated polarization-multiplexing dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (PM-DMZM) and a polarizer is proposed and demonstrated, which needs no specific large modulation indices or an optical filter. In the proposed method, one sub-Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) in the PM-DMZM is driven by a fundamental frequency, which generates an optical signal composed of an optical carrier and a + 1st-order sideband along one polarization direction; and the other sub-MZM is driven by a frequency tripled signal, generating an optical carrier and a -1st-order sideband along the orthogonal polarization direction. By adjusting the polarization direction of the polarizer following the PM-DMZM, which changes the power ratio of the two sidebands, optical intensity with expression corresponding to the Fourier expansion of a triangular-shaped waveform is obtained. Different from the previously reported approaches, neither specific large modulation index nor optical filtering is required, which guarantees a large operational frequency range and improved robustness. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out. 5-GHz triangular-shaped waveform signals are successfully generated with different modulation indices.

We have generated optical pulses of 1.2 MW peak power and 0.6 ps duration using a 1060 nm band gain-switched laser diode pulse oscillator. Optical pulses are amplified by three-stage ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers, and remarkable reductions of amplified spontaneous emission noise and temporal duration have been accomplished based on self-phase modulation in the middle-stage amplifier. After the main amplifier, optical pulses were temporally compressed by a grating pair, and this enabled generation of subpicosecond optical pulses with over 1 MW peak power.

We propose a novel and simple 2×2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) optical-wireless integration system, in which optical independent-sideband modulation enabled by an in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator, instead of optical polarization multiplexing, is used to assist the simultaneous generation of two wireless millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals. Software-based digital signal processing is used to generate the driving signal for the I/Q modulator, the output of which is two independent single-sideband optical vector signals located at two sides of a large central optical carrier. Based on our proposed 2×2 MIMO optical-wireless integration system, we experimentally demonstrate the simultaneous generation and 2×2 MIMO wireless delivery of two independent 40-GHz quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) wireless mm-wave signals. Each 40-GHz QPSK wireless mm-wave signal can carry up to 4-Gbaud transmitter data with a bit-error ratio less than the hard-decision forward-error-correction threshold of 3.8×10sup-3/sup.

We have investigated modulation transfer spectroscopy of Dsub2/subtransitions ofsup7/supLi atoms in a vapor cell. The role of the intensity of the probe beam in the spectrum is important, we have seen unique characteristics of the signal in the crossover peak. In order to find the best signal for laser locking, the slope and frequency offset of the zero-crossing signal are determined. The dependence of the modulation transfer spectra on polarizations of pump and probe beam is demonstrated. The residual amplitude modulation in the system is also considered, and the distortion of the spectra due to the modulation is analyzed. It was found that the crossover peak is more suitable for frequency stabilization due to its better residual amplitude modulation compensation.

Real-time 52 Gbps PAM4 transmission is demonstrated over single mode fiber (SMF) using a directly modulated laser (DML) and a PHY chip. The inner eye optical modulation amplitude (OMA) receiver sensitivities were measured and compared using avalanche photodetector (APD) and PIN photodetector (PD) for the maximum and minimum chromatic dispersions (CDs) of 400GBase-LR8 link. The measured inner eye OMAs were -17.8 dBm and -18.8 dBm for + 10 ps/nm and -58 ps/nm of CDs at the KP4 bit error rate (BER) threshold of 2 × 10sup-4/supusing a PIN PD, respectively. The measured inner eye OMA was improved to -21.0 dBm for -58 ps/nm of CD at the KP4 BER threshold using an APD. Negligible OMA penalty (0.4 dB) was captured for operating DML at different bias currents of 40 mA and 60 mA using a PIN PD and an APD for both positive and negative CDs at the KP4 BER threshold.

The optical reverse-time chaos is realized by modulating a binary pseudo-random bit sequence onto an optical carrier, and then driving an optical matched filter. The filter is demonstrated experimentally by using two fiber Bragg gratings and a Fourier-domain programmable optical processor. The complexity relationship between the binary input sequence and the output chaos signal is studied. This approach could be a novel way to generate a high speed repeatable and controllable optical chaos signal, which has the potential to be used in optical secure communication systems.

In a power-over-fiber system, the key limiting factor for transmission light power is the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect, which leads to a decrease in transmission light power at the end of the optical fiber. Therefore, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a broadband laser generated by a noise-modulated distributed-feedback laser diode to suppress the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect in the optical fiber. Experimental results show that the linewidth of the noise-modulated distributed-feedback laser diode broadens from 2.43 to 379.89 MHz when the noise modulation amplitude is increased from 0 to 400 mV. Due to the broadening of the laser linewidth, the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold raises 7.19 dB, and the peak power of the Brillouin Stokes light is reduced by 40.90 dB. At the same time, the output electrical power at the end of the optical fiber increases 13.55 dB.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel and simple scheme for dual-polarization vector pay-load generation in an optical label switching network. The 8 Gbaud quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) payload, generated by one intensity modulator with signal precoding and optical carrier suppression, is first polarization-multiplexed by a polarization multiplexer, then combined with a 2.5 Gb/s label before being transmitted over 20 km single-mode fiber, and finally separated from the label and recovered by the receiver with less than 2 dB power penalty. The proposed scheme can facilitate label insertion and is suitable for an optical label switching network with a simple architecture.

In dynamic optical networking scenarios, it is desirable that the optical transmitter chooses the most suitable modulation format in order to achieve optimal transmission performance. Owing to the ability of switching among different modulation formats, flexible optical transmitters based on reconfigurable optical devices are becoming a key component for the implementation of future flexible optical networks. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a flexible 8-ary transmitter to achieve adaptive switching between 8-ary phase-shift keying (8PSK) and circular 8-ary quadrature-amplitude modulation (8QAM) through reconfiguration of two cascaded in-phase/quadrature (IQ) modulators with different driving signals and biasing conditions. An arbitrary binary quadrature-amplitude modulation (2QAM) with constant or non-constant amplitude is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using an IQ modulator. Then, optical 8PSK or 8QAM modulation formats are successfully synthesized when a standard squared QPSK modulator is cascaded with a constant-amplitude or non-constant-amplitude 2QAM, respectively.

In this paper, we discuss the emission of visible light by a monolithically integrated silicon gate-controlled diode with the p-n junction reverse-biased. Since the MOS-like diode utilizes the field effect to modulate the optical output, the modulation speed will benefit from this mechanism. Hence, a silicon gate-controlled diode structure for optical modulation analyzed its modulation principle, its dynamic characteristics are presented, and the bandwidth of the device is considered to approach GHz in theory due to the field-induced emission mechanism. The prototype MOS-like diode opens up the design of multiterminal silicon light emitting devices (LEDs), where gate electrodes with more than one gate contact overlap several junctions with different junction intersection geometries. The device appears as a good candidate for optical modulation within silicon technology.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a full-duplex integrated passive optical network (PON) and indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) system. For the PON part, an external cavity laser (ECL) and a directly modulated laser (DML) are used as optical sources for downlink and uplink, respectively. The OWC subsystem utilizes a visible light-emitting diode (LED) for downlink and an infrared LED (IR-LED) for uplink transmission. To enable high spectral efficiency (SE), high-speed transmission, and flexible multiple access with simplified optical network unit (ONU)-side digital signal processing (DSP), multilevel, multiband quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and hybrid 128/64/16 Nyquist single-carrier frequency domain equalization (N-SC-FDE) modulation are implemented in this paper. In terms of 62.5 MHz OWC N-SC-FDE signals, the system successfully delivered a further 140 cm indoor distance after transmitting over a span of 25 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) together with three subbands of 250 MHz PON signals. As a proof of concept, an integrated system of symmetrical full-duplex 5 Gb/s PON and 250 Mb/s OWC at each direction for three wired users and one wireless user is successfully achieved. The measured bit error ratios (BERs) for each user are all smaller than the 7% pre-forward-error-correction (pre-FEC) limit of 3.8 × 10−3, which shows the promising potential and feasibility of this proposal to extend multiple services from metro areas to suburban areas.

In this paper, we propose a four-level architecture to integrate an entire N × M × K optical switching system on a chip using wavelength selective optical switches based on digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC), where N is the number of input fibers, M the number of output fibers and K the number of wavelengths carried within each input and output fiber. We show that a strictly non-blocking 128 × 128 × 48 system might be built on a 131 mm × 67 mm chip. With a 0.8 nm channel space, such optical switching systems might be widely used for dense wavelength division multiplexing networks.

In the context of access networks, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been extensively studied for fiber-based optical communications. A DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) scheme (where no real constellation or Hermitian symmetry constraint is used), is proposed and explored for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in an intensity modulated and direct detected (IM/DD) passive optical network (PON). In this paper, an analysis of the peak-to-average-power ratio and a discussion of the algorithm complexity are investigated. By means of numerical simulation in 12 Gb/s next-generation (NG)-PON1 OFDM with a split ratio of 1:64 users and 35 km reach, the new DCO-OFDM method is shown to achieve the same performance as the well-known conventional DCO-OFDM but with less computational complexity (gain of almost 54.3% on the required operations per bit). As a result, the new DCO-OFDM seems very interesting and a good candidate for NG-PON cost-sensitive applications, considering the implementation of real-time demonstrators including digital modulators and demodulators based on digital signal processing or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).

We investigate the use of an arbitrary waveform generator to phase-modulate a laser source and externally broaden its linewidth. Through nonlinear optimization in a computer, we find modulation signals that produce top-hat-shaped optical spectra of discrete lines with highest total power within a limited bandwidth and limited peak spectral power density. The required modulation bandwidth is comparable to the targeted optical bandwidth. Such spectra are attractive for suppressing stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fiber. Experimentally, we generate 15 lines in a 0.5 GHz optical linewidth. However, the method can also be used to generate other optical spectra.

This paper discusses the effect of direct optical modulation of the radiation of a semiconductor laser and the possibility of creating a wave converter based on this effect. An experimental apparatus has been created, and the dependences of the modulation efficiency on the wavelength, the radiation power, and the duration of the action have been investigated. One hundred percent modulation has been achieved at wavelengths 405, 532, and 1064 nm, the requirements on the source power have been determined, and the temporal characteristics of the process have been investigated. A primary analysis is carried out, and the assumption that the given phenomenon has a thermooptical nature is proposed.

Optical line termination transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) concepts using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for the next generation of passive optical networks (NG-PON2) are experimentally compared. In general, a single SOA per wavelength channel at the Tx and a configuration comprising a single SOA followed by avalanche photodiodes (APDs) at the Rx are beneficial in terms of signal quality and power dynamic range. Additionally, we introduce a cost-effective bidirectional SOA approach for simultaneous upstream preamplification and downstream boosting. Our results indicate its feasibility for mid-class loss budget classes of NG-PON2.

112Gbit/sec DSP-based single channel transmission of PAM4 at 56Gbaud over 15GHz of effective analog bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated. The DSP enables use of mature 25G optoelectronics for 2-10km datacenter intra-connections, and 8Tbit/sec over 80km interconnections between data centers.

The performance of cascaded in-line phase-preserving amplitude regeneration using nonlinear amplifying loop mirrors has been studied in numerical simulations. As an example of a spectrally efficient modulation format with two amplitude states and multiple phase states, the regeneration performance of a star-16QAM format, basically an 8PSK format with two amplitude levels, was evaluated. An increased robustness against amplified spontaneous emission and nonlinear phase noise was observed resulting in a significantly increased transmission distance.

Direct-detection of differential phase shifted keying (DPSK) optical signals is implemented either by ad hoc optical filtering or one-bit delayed optical interferometers. We show a coherent receiver where the filtering is performed in the electrical domain after down-converting the incoming signal to the baseband or to an intermediate frequency. This can be particularly advantageous whenever optical filters cannot be used or when extremely narrow filtering (sub-GHz) would be required [for example ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) passive optical networks]. Electrical filters can be realized more accurately than their optical counterpart. In addition, in a coherent receiver, this operation is colorless and avoids digital signal processing. We show experimentally this reduced complexity receiver and compare it with the classical one based on the delay and multiply block.

A 10 Gbit/s transmission with delay modulation is demonstrated using directly modulated lasers for time- and wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks (TWDM PONs), and error-free performance is achieved over 20 km standard single-mode fiber with a small dispersion penalty. Delay modulation can also mitigate the crosstalk from the TWDM PON downstream signals to the coexisting RF video signal because of its small power spectral density at low frequencies. The carrier-to-crosstalk ratio of the RF video signal is improved by about 10 dB using delay modulation, instead of nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) modulation, for 10 Gbit/s downstream transmissions in a TWDM PON. Furthermore, using low-pass-filtered 2.5 Gbit/s NRZ modulation and bandpass-filtered 10 Gbit/s delay modulation, dual-rate transmission is demonstrated for converged services in a TWDM PON. Experimental results exhibit 37.7 and 25.7 dB power budgets, respectively, for simultaneous 2.5 and 10 Gbit/s transmissions over 20 km standard single-mode fiber.

A novel method of converting binary-level electrical pulses into multi-level optical pulses using only a conventional traveling-wave optical modulator is presented. The method provides low inter-pulse interference due to the counter-propagating pulses, low amplitude noise, and a timing jitter determined chiefly by the quality of the optical pulse source. The method only requires one electrical drive per modulator and provides low-jitter variable-amplitude optical pulses that are suitable for shaping into a wide variety of modulation formats using a programmable optical filter.

The reduced optical bandwidth associated with resonance enhancement poses a significant challenge for resonators to process wide-bandwidth optical data. We report one-way transmission of 10 giga-bit-per-second optical data through a silicon optical diode based on both the resonance-enhanced optical nonlinear effects and resonance reshaping. The diode is operated with a forward-only or backward-only input. In the backward direction, the diode corrupts the data through the strong dispersion and attenuation associated with the resonance of a microring. In the forward direction, the data pass through the diode with negligible distortions because the resonance is red-shifted from the carrier wavelength. In this experimental context the finite bandwidth associated with the optical resonance may be considered beneficial, since the phase response makes an additional contribution to transmission nonreciprocity beyond what is seen with unmodulated light.

We demonstrate a tunable, optical generation scheme of higher-order modulation formats including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Using this method, 100.4 Gbit/s 16-QAM and 120 Gbit/s 64-QAM were generated from 50.2 and 40 Gbit/s QPSK signals at EVMs of 7.8% and 6.4%, and 60 Gbit/s 8-PAM were generated at an EVM of 8.1% using three 20-Gbit/s BPSK signals. We also demonstrated a successful transmission of 80 Gbit/s 16-QAM through 80 km SMF-28 after compensating with 20 km DCF. All signals were generated, transmitted, and detected with BER below the forward error correction threshold.

All-optical wavelength conversion (WC) of advanced modulation formats could have a significant role in the next generation of high-capacity optical networks. Four-wave mixing (FWM) occurring within a semiconductor optical amplifier is one of the most advantageous methods to implement all-optical WC. We demonstrate the WC of 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) using degenerate and nondegenerate FWM in a semiconductor optical amplifier. We pay particular attention to the phase noise transfer from the pump(s) to the converted signal. The class of laser that can be used as the pump source to implement the scheme is highlighted by the calculations of the required pump laser linewidths to achieve specific system bit error rate performance at the forward error correction threshold. Our results are consistent with theories of phase noise transfer between the pump and converted signals.

An analytic model is developed to study the dynamic response of carrier-depletion silicon ring modulators. Its validity is confirmed by a detailed comparison between the modeled and the measured small signal frequency response of a practical device. The model is used to investigate how to maximize the optical modulation amplitude (OMA) and how the OMA could be traded for the bandwidth by tuning the coupling strength and the operation wavelength. Our calculation shows that for a ring modulator with equal RC time constant and photon lifetime, if its operation wavelength shifts from the position of the maximum OMA towards the direction that is away from the resonance, the 3dB modulation bandwidth increases ~2.1 times with a penalty of 3 dB to the OMA.

A hybrid integrated light source was developed with a configuration in which a laser diode (LD) array was mounted on a silicon optical waveguide platform for interchip optical interconnection. This integrated light source is composed of 13-channel stripes with a pitch of 20 or 30 μm. The output power of each LD in the 400 or 600-μm long LD array was over 40 mW at room temperature without cooling. An output power uniformity was 1.3 dB including an LD array power uniformity. The use of a SiON waveguide with a spot size converter resulted in an optical coupling loss of 1 dB between an LD and SiON waveguide. The integrated light source including 52 output ports demonstrated a reduction in the footprint per channel. We also demonstrated a light source with over 100 output ports in which the number of output ports is increased by using a waveguide splitter and multichip bonding. These integrated light sources are practical candidates for use with photonic integrated circuits for high-density optical interconnection.

We propose a novel technique for simultaneous multi-impairment monitoring and autonomous bit-rate and modulation format identification (BR-MFI) in next-generation heterogeneous fiber-optic communication networks by using principal component analysis-based pattern recognition on asynchronous delay-tap plots. The results of numerical simulations performed for three commonly used modulation formats at two different bit-rates each demonstrate simultaneous and independent monitoring of optical signal-to-noise ratio, chromatic dispersion, and differential group delay with mean errors of 1 dB, 4 ps/nm, and 1.6 ps, respectively, without knowing the signal's bit-rate and modulation format. Similarly, the results for joint BR-MFI validate accurate identification of all the bit-rates and modulation formats despite the presence of various network impairments. The effects of fiber nonli-nearity and transmitter variations on the performance of the proposed technique are also investigated.

Active control and cancellation of residual amplitude modulation (RAM) in phase modulation of an optical carrier is one of the key technologies for achieving the ultimate stability of a laser locked to an ultrastable optical cavity. Furthermore, such techniques are versatile tools in various frequency modulation-based spectroscopy applications. In this Letter we report a simple and robust approach to actively stabilize RAM in an optical phase modulation process. We employ a waveguide-based electro-optic modulator (EOM) to provide phase modulation and implement an active servo with both DC electric field and temperature feedback onto the EOM to cancel both the in-phase and quadrature components of the RAM. This technique allows RAM control on the parts-per-million level where RAM-induced frequency instability is comparable to or lower than the fundamental thermal noise limit of the best available optical cavities.

In this paper, we present a hybrid asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. This system uses a combination of asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and pulse amplitude modulated discrete multitone (PAM-DMT) techniques, which can be used in intensity modulated direct detection (IM/DD) optical wireless (OW) systems. In this hybrid scheme, ACO-OFDM and PAM-DMT signals are transmitted together. Clipping noise is estimated at the receiver and canceled to recover the PAM-DMT symbols. This scheme does not require any DC bias for transmission, which makes the transmitter less complex and very power efficient. With this system, we can increase the data rate of the ACO-OFDM system by almost twice. In addition, no bandwidth penalty is incurred. Extensive computer simulations show that the bit-error rate (BER) performance of ACO-OFDM in the additive white Gaussian noise environment is not affected by any kind of interference, but only due to half of the available transmit power, we see a 3 dB degradation. However, the BER performance of PAM-DMT shows some degradation at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but is identical to the conventional scheme at higher SNR. We also see a slight improvement in peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the output combined signal. Therefore, advantages such as increased data rate, DC-bias elimination, no bandwidth, and PAPR penalty make this scheme very attractive for OW systems using IM/DD.

Non-return-to-zero (NRZ), carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ), and 33% return-to-zero (RZ) are the three most commonly used modulation formats in the current fiber-optical communication system. In this paper, we investigate and comprehensively compare their performance using the recently proposed receiver side duobinary shaping Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing (RS-DBS Nyquist WDM) technique, which is believed to be one of the promising candidates in the next high-capacity, high-data-rate, long-distance optical transmission systems with its cost-effective capability. It is found that, in a scenario of 3 × 112 Gbps polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase-shift keying (PDM-QPSK) RS-DBS Nyquist WDM transmission, for back-to-back (B2B) transmission, NRZ can obtain almost the same performance as CSRZ and 33% RZ at the optimum bandwidth of 0.82 × symbol rate for optical filters at the transmitter side. However, under narrower bandwidth optical filtering, CSRZ and 33% RZ signals have advantages over NRZ signal for requiring 0.5 and 1 dB less optical signal-to-noise ratio at BER = 1 × 10?3 with a 0.6 × symbol rate bandwidth optical filter. Moreover, using the optimum optical filter, after a 1600 km single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission, the CSRZ and 33% RZ signals can achieve 0.55 and 0.7 dB Q factor improvements over NRZ signals, by taking fiber nonlinearity into account. The RZ format is more ideal for the RS-DBS Nyquist WDM system with long-haul SMF transmissions.

We investigate novel pilot-aided transmission of high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation formats for optical packet-switched networks. The proposed modulation scheme employs a pilot tone operating at the baud rate for noncoherent reception that is highly immune to laser phase noise. The results show that the system performance equivalent to static operation is achieved 5 ns after wavelength switching of a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (SG-DBR) tunable laser.

We experimentally demonstrated full-duplex bidirectional transmission of 10-Gb/s millimeter-wave (mm-wave) quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal in E-band (71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz) optical wireless link. Single-mode fibers (SMF) are connected at both sides of the antenna for uplink and downlink which realize 40-km SMF and 2-m wireless link for bidirectional transmission simultaneously. We utilized multi-level modulation format and coherent detection in such E-band optical wireless link for the first time. Mm-wave QPSK signal is generated by photonic technique to increase spectrum efficiency and received signal is coherently detected to improve receiver sensitivity. After the coherent detection, digital signal processing is utilized to compensate impairments of devices and transmission link.

A sample-grating distributed Bragg reflector (SG-DBR) laser with 18 preprogrammed channels operating at 1540-1580 nm is characterized and compared for use as a source of tunable diode laser gas absorption spectroscopy. Two gases, CO and CO2, were targeted in this study by direct absorption spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection. In addition, the detectability of sample optical thickness is reported. Potential extensions of this research in the future are assessed using the SG-DBR diode laser as a source for tunable diode laser gas absorption spectroscopy.

We propose and demonstrate a novel WDM-CAP-PON based on optical single-side band (OSSB) multi-level multi-band carrier-less amplitude and phase modulation (MM-CAP). To enable high-speed transmission with simplified optical network unit (ONU)-side digital signal processing, 4-level 5 sub-bands CAP-16 is used here, which is generated by the digital to analogue converter (DAC). Optical single-side band (OSSB) technology is applied to extend the transmission distance against the spectrum fading effect. As a proof of concept, the experiment successfully demonstrates 11 WDM channels, 55 sub-bands, for 55 users with 9.3-Gb/s per user (after removing 7% overhead for forward error correction (FEC)) in the downstream over 40-km SMF.

We propose a novel scheme based on asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) for upstream transmission in next-generation passive optical networks, which features low power consumption, colorlessness, and cost effectiveness. An experiment with 5 Gbits/s ACO-OFDM upstream transmission has been carried out to investigate its performance. Meanwhile, a 2-ONU upstream transmission scheme utilizing ACO-OFDM has also been proposed, and important issues such as optical beat interference and symbol delay are studied.

In this work, we demonstrate thermo-optical quasi-digital optical switch (q-DOS) using silicon microring resonator-coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The optical transmission spectra show box-like response with 1-dB and 3-dB bandwidths of ~1.3 nm and ~1.6 nm, respectively. Such broadband flat-top optical response improves the tolerance to the light source wavelength fluctuation of ± 6 A and temperature variation of ± 6 °C. Dynamic characterizations show the device with switching power of ~37 mW, switching time of ~7 μs, and on/off ratio of > 30 dB. For performance comparison, we also demonstrate a carrier injection-based electro-optical q-DOS by integrating lateral P-i-N junction with the microring resonator, which significantly reduces power consumption to ~12 mW and switching time to ~0.7 ns only.

In this paper an injection-locked optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (ILO-OFDM) method is presented using an optically injection-locked laser. In an ILO-OFDM system, an optically injected semiconductor laser operating in stable locking is utilized to directly modulate the OFDM signal on the optical carrier intensity. To design this system, we first compute the optimal operating condition for the directly modulated injection-locked laser by numerically solving the rate equations. The goal is to achieve the maximum enhanced modulation bandwidth with desirable flatness and simultaneously reduce signal distortions due to the effects of laser nonlinearity. These properties of the injection-locked laser suggest an appealing solution for high-data-rate transmission using OFDM. Next, we design the ILO-OFDM system by directly modulating the RF OFDM signal on the injection-locked laser with the enhanced features. The performance of the proposed method is assessed by numerical simulations, and the advantages of this method over existing optical OFDM systems are explained.

We propose and demonstrate all-optical amplitude regeneration for the wavelength division multiplexing and polarization division multiplexing (WDM-PDM) return-to-zero phase shift keying (RZ-PSK) signals using a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and subsequent filtering. The regeneration is based on the cross phase modulation (XPM) effect in the saturated SOA and the subsequent narrow filtering. The spectrum of the distorted signal can be broadened due to the phase modulation induced by the synchronous optical clock signal. A narrow band pass filter is utilized to extract part of the broadened spectrum and remove the amplitude noise, while preserving the phase information. The working principle for multi-channel and polarization orthogonality preserving is analyzed. 4-channel dual polarization signals can be simultaneously amplitude regenerated without introducing wavelength and polarization demultiplexing. An average power penalty improvement of 1.75dB can be achieved for the WDM-PDM signals.

Carrier-less amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation can be a good candidate for short range optical communications for considerable computational complexity reduction and simple system structure. In this paper, a detailed investigation on the digital filters in CAP modulation system is presented. An adaptive equalizer based on cascaded multi-modulus algorithm (CMMA) is used for the demodulation at the receiver. The impact of digital filter taps on system performance is investigated through comprehensive simulations and a 10 Gb/s CAP16 modulation system is demonstrated experimentally. The BER performance for different length of fiber link is measured. Compared with back-to-back (BTB) transmissions, 2 dB and 3.5 dB receiver power penalty are observed at BER of 10(-3) for 20 km and 40 km fiber link respectively. It clearly demonstrates the feasibility of the CAP16 modulation for the short range transmission systems.

In this paper, we report on an experimental validation of dynamic distribution of wireless-over-fiber by employing optical switching using semiconductor optical amplifiers; we also provide a channel distribution scheme and a generic topology for such an optical switch. The experiment consists of a four wavelength-division-multiplexed channel system operating on a WiMax frequency band and employing an orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing modulation at 625 Mbits/s per channel, transmission of the data over 20 km of optical fiber, and active switching in a 1 × 16 active optical switch. The results show a negligible power penalty on each channel for both the best and the worst case in terms of inter-channel crosstalk. The presented system is highly scalable both in terms of port count and throughput, a desirable feature in highly branched access networks, and is modulation- and frequency-band independent.

A phase-shifting laser diode interferometer that uses direct pulse modulation is proposed and demonstrated. We found that a laser beam with a wide range of wavelength variation at constant optical power could be generated when a pulsed current was injected into the laser diode. We constructed a highly accurate interferometer by using a pair of interferometers. Several experiments, such as observations of temporal interference signals and spatial interferograms, measurement of a concave mirror, and duplicate measurements, confirmed the characteristics of pulse modulation and demonstrated the effectiveness of our technique.

High-throughput real-time optical integrators are of great importance for applications that require ultrafast optical information processing, such as real-time phase reconstruction of ultrashort optical pulses. In many of these applications, integration of wide optical bandwidth signals is required. Unfortunately, conventional all-optical integrators based on passive devices are usually sensitive to the wavelength and bandwidth of the optical carrier. Here, we propose and demonstrate a passive all-optical intensity integrator whose operation is independent of the optical signal wavelength and bandwidth. The integrator is implemented based on modal dispersion in a multimode waveguide. By controlling the launch conditions of the input beam, the device produces a rectangular temporal impulse response. Consequently, a temporal intensity integration of an arbitrary optical waveform input is performed within the rectangular time window. The key advantage of this device is that the integration operation can be performed independent of the input signal wavelength and optical carrier bandwidth. This is preferred in many applications where optical signals of different wavelengths are involved. Moreover, thanks to the use of a relatively short length of multimode waveguide, lower system latency is achieved compared to the systems using long dispersive fibers. To illustrate the versatility of the optical integrator, we demonstrate temporal intensity integration of optical waveforms with different wavelengths and optical carrier bandwidths. Finally, we use this device to perform high-throughput, single-shot, real-time optical phase reconstruction of phase-modulated signals at telecommunications bit rates.

We demonstrate photothermally induced optical switching of ultra-compact hybrid Si-VO2 ring resonators. The devices consist of a sub-micron length ~70nm thick patch of phase-changing VO2 integrated onto silicon ring resonators as small as 1.5μm in radius. The semiconductor-to-metal transition (SMT) of VO2 is triggered using a 532nm pump laser, while optical transmission is probed using a tunable cw laser near 1550nm. We observe optical modulation greater than 10dB from modest quality-factor (~103) resonances, as well as a large –1.26nm change in resonant wavelength Δλ, resulting from the large change in the dielectric function of VO2 in the insulator-to-metal transition achieved by optical pumping.