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Diabetes mellitus (DM), closely related to diabetic nephropathy, is one of the major public health problems worldwide. Today, with the increasing understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of DM, new oral anti-diabetic treatment strategies are being developed. Vanadium is a transition element that is widely distributed in nature, and its oral administration has been reported to improve DM in humans and a variety of diabetic animal models. The purpose of the research is to explore the effect of vanadyl sulfate (VS) administration on the different enzyme activities associated with kidney injury in streptozotocin- (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Male rats were assigned into groups as follows: untreated control, control animals given VS (100 mg/kg), diabetic (a single dose of intraperitoneal STZ, 65 mg/kg), and diabetic + VS (same dose) group. VS was administered orally for 60 days after the induction of diabetes. On the 60th day of experiment, kidney samples were taken for analysis. According to the data obtained from the biochemical analysis, the activities of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase decreased, whereas superoxide dismutase activity elevated in the kidney tissue of VS treated hyperglycemic animals. The results suggested that VS improved the diabetic renal injury, probably by VS insulin-mimic and antioxidant behavior through decreased oxidative stress and increased antioxidant capacity. Therefore, vanadyl sulfate might be used as a potential oral anti-diabetic compound in the treatment of the diabetic nephropathy, and as an important control for elevated blood glucose levels in the diabetic state.

Application of Pistacia atlantica Leaves Powder as Natural Material To Remove Nitrate and Phosphate Ions From Domestic Wastewater by Characterization, Bio-removal, and Phytotoxicity StudiesObaida Alhajali1* , Adnan Ali-Nizam1 , Rasha Almostafa2 1Damascus University, Department of Plant Biology, Damascus, Syria.2International University for Science and Technology, Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Syria. Abstract: Description of Pistacia leaves powder using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), specific surface area according to nitrogen adsorption (SBET) and methylene Blue (MB), and point of zero charge determination (pHpzc). A series of batch adsorption tests were conducted to study effect of various factors (plant powders dose, contact time, temperature, pH) on the percentage of nitrate and phosphate removal from domestic wastewater. The adsorption kinetics, regeneration ability test of plant powder, and phytotoxicity tests for treated water and spent powder on germination were studied. Results of SBET analysis showed that Pistacia leaves powders have a low surface area and microscopic pores, SEM images revealed rough surfaces with uneven cavities, EDX analysis showed that there are high percentages of carbon and oxygen, good percentages for nitrogen, and few percentages of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur and chlorine, and FTIR analysis showed that there are more than five distinct absorption peaks. The maximum value of nitrate and phosphate removal was 76.47% and 52.20%, respectively, at powder dose of 2 g/L, temperature 25 °C, and pH 5, and the percentage of nitrate and phosphate removal increased with increasing contact time until equilibrium was reached after 120 min for nitrate and 180 min for phosphate, and It was found that adsorption of ions follows kinetics of reaction from pseudo-second-order model, and powders can be Regeneration and used for two successive cycles with a slight decrease in removal efficiency. Germination tests on Lepidium sativum indicate no phytotoxicity. That is, Pistacia leaves powder is one of the natural products that are effective in removing nitrate and phosphate from domestic wastewater.

Sickle cell anemia is one of the single point mutation diseases with symptoms such as stroke, lethargy, chronic anemia, and increased mortality, and it causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. In the study, a biosensor system was developed to detect this mutation quickly and cost-effectively. This biosensor system was prepared by forming a SAM layer with 4-Aminothiophenol (4-ATP) on the gold electrode, and coating it with amino graphene. It was then modified with SG-RNA with the sequence of the target mutation after CRISPR-dCas9 immobilization. The nanomaterial used in the preparation of the biosensor increased the sensitivity of the method by increasing the surface area. The biosensor prepared in this way was optimized and made to perform DNA analysis. As a measurement method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used. Electrochemical measurements were carried out in 50 mM pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution, which includes 5 mM Fe(CN)64- /3- and 10 mM KCl, as redox probe solution by CV and EIS in this redox probe solution. EIS parameters were 10,000–0.05 Hz frequency, 10 mV AC and 180 mV DC potentials, and CV parameters were between - 0.2 to 0.5 V potential, 100 mV/s scan rate for 5 cycles. The DNA measurement time of the biosensor system was determined by the chronoimpedance measurements taken by applying a frequency of 500 Hz under 200 mV DC current. Measurement time of the biosensor was found to be 100 seconds. With the CRISPR-Cas9 based electrochemical biosensor system, which gives faster results compared to the measurement methods in the literature, a linear measurement between 40 pM and 1000 pM with a length of 400 base pairs was taken.

Diminishing supply and environmental pollution of fossil fuels are the vital factors leading to the search of alternative sources of energy like biodiesel. Biodiesel is one of the eco-friendly substitutes of energy which is mainly utilized in diesel engines. Ricinus communis (castor plant), which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae yields an oil rich beans and plays important role in the production of biodiesel. Recently, the demand of castor oil and its products has been raised in the world market due to its versatility to use and simplicity to produce. Therefore, this study investigates the extraction of castor oil and its conversion in to biodiesel via alkali catalyzed transesterification. The seed oil of the plant was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the quality of the biodiesel was examined using the standard procedures of American standards for testing methods. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the extracted oil was examined using GC-MS. The seed oil was liquid at room temperature (25 °C), golden yellow in color with a nutty odor. The extraction processes yielded 324 g (9.25% w/w) and 78% of oil and biodiesel respectively. The density (0.86 g/mL), viscosity (5.42 mm2s-1), flash point (87 °C), acid value (0.35 mg KOH/g), water content (0.80%), iodine value (108.60), and cetane number (58.00) were reported in this study and showed a good agreement with the standards of biodiesel. GC-MS analysis of the seed oil also showed the presence of 10 different fatty acids (9-Octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, methyl ester, [R-(Z)] took the highest composition) which plays significant role for the production of methyl esters. So, the study can assure that castor oil can be used for commercial production of biodiesel at cost effective scales.

In this survey, some methods of extraction of thorium such as selective extraction of thorium using phosphorodiamidate, selective cloud point extraction of thorium, extraction of thorium from sulfuric acid baking and leaching of monazite, extraction of thorium from chloride solution using Schiff base were discussed. The decomposition of monazite was manifested by sulfuric acid baking and leaching at an elated temperature. The recovery of thorium (Th) from various sources of rare earth and some selective extraction of thorium by using phosphorodiamidate as an extractant was also reported. Using a special synthesized surface-active ionic liquid extractant (SAIL), the cloud point extraction of thorium was analyzed. A synthesized Schiff base was applied for the extraction of thorium in the strategic solvent extraction method. Thorium, using α-amino phosphate extractant from bastnaesite, recovered by using Cyanex 572 and N1923, recovery of Th from industrial residues and recovery of Th from radioactive waste by using IREPO and monazite leached solution were discussed. In this study, the recovery of thorium from the industrial residue as well as from radioactive residue was also discussed.

The objective of this paper was preliminary to extract and characterization of purified pectin from lemon wastes. Dry lemon waste was extracted applying citric acid solvent or water at various concentrations under a similar condition (85 ºC for 4 h). It was found that the highest yield of pectin (20.8% dry basis) was achieved using hot water extraction with an esterification degree of 47.8%. It contained 63.2 ± 0.74% galacturonic acid, followed by 17.4 ± 0.76% total sugar. The monosaccharides found in pectin were arabinose (2.7 ± 0.20%), galactose (2.3 ± 0.01%), glucose (1.4 ± 0.09%), mannose (0.4 ± 0.01%), fructose (0.4 ± 0.05%), and xylose (0.1 ± 0.01%). The found pectin had a high atomic weight of 2060 kDa with a wide polydispersity index of 4.41, decided by high-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC). The extricated lemon waste pectin was grouped into low methoxyl pectin, depends on the methoxyl content and degree of esterification affirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and rheological properties. In conclusion, the discoveries of the study show that lemon waste can be investigated as a promising elective for the commercial manufacturing of pectin.

Drug repurposing studies have played a crucial role in fighting the Covid-19 pandemic. Discovering a new drug molecule for disease takes a very long time. However, repurposing a drug molecule developed for another disease can accelerate new treatments for a disease. Thus, several drug repurposing studies were carried out targeting essential proteins for SARS-CoV-2. Nsp16-Nsp10 interaction was targeted in this work since this interaction is needed for SARS-CoV-2 to evade the human immune system. Therefore, docking calculations of approved 2126 drug molecules obtained from the Drugbank database were performed using the AutoDock Vina program. These docking calculations, drugs Ledipasvir Elbasvir, Venetoclax, Digitoxin, Irinotecan, Dexamethasone, Acetyldigitoxin, Dactinomycin, Lumacaftor, and Simeprevir, have the highest docking scores. Significant interactions for these drug molecules were presented. © 2021, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Modern agriculture depends upon the wide variety of natural and synthetically produced chemicals such insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and other pesticides This work studied the effect of synthetic and biological insecticides on microbial population and microbial activities in soil samples. The insecticides used in this study are cypermethrin, chloropyrifos, neem extracts and ginger extracts. Bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified from the soil samples. TBC, TCC and TFC were determined. Dehydrogenase activity, microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon in the soil samples were also examined. The control soil samples recorded the highest TBC, TFC, TCC, dehydrogenase activity, microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon. Soils treated with chloropyrifos recorded the lowest total coliform count of 0.10×105 ± 0.00 cfu/g, while cyperforce treated soils recorded the lowest total bacterial count of 0.58×105 ± 0.025cfu/g. Cyperforce treated soils had the lowest effect on CO2 respired in the soil with a value of 1687.50 ± 1.500 mg/kg. 500 g/ml Neem leaf extract had the highest microbial biomass carbon value of 9.40 ± 0.100 KgC/m2. This work has shown that treatment with both synthetic and bio-insecticides resulted in significant drop in microbial population and microbial activity of soil samples.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the most important staple food crops grown in Nigeria. This study determined the phytochemical, proximate and mineral contents of cassava leaves and nutritive value of associated arthropod pests. Phytochemicals, proximate, mineral and vitamin contents of samples were analyzed using the method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Results showed high amounts of crude protein, crude fat, moisture content, carbohydrate and mineral content in all arthropod insects examined. The highest quantity of Ca (1152.84±0.67 mg/100g) was obtained in ABF4 followed by ABF5 (1148.72±1.09 mg/kg). The lowest phenol content of 0.10±0.00 ppm was obtained in the cassava branch. The leaf recorded the highest phenol value of 0.74±0.01 ppm. Alkaloid had the highest value of 3.51±2.45ppm in Manihot esculenta branch. The highest crude protein and crude fat values of 3.41±0.13 % and 4.83±0.02 % were obtained in ABF5. Vitamin C was found in very high quantities compared to the other types of vitamins examined in this work. The highest Vitamin C content of 34.930±0.136 mg/100g was obtained. Cassava leaves and the arthropod pests are good sources of nutrients. Cassava leaves could also be used as an antimicrobial agent.

The main advantage of standard gas sampling methods is their capability to keep a consistent gas composition from sampling till analysis. On the other hand, the disadvantages include the price and possible fragility of the sampling equipment, and the speed of sampling. Thus, a new tool was required that should have low cost, could be used for fast sampling and during fieldwork. Disposable plastic syringes fulfil all these requirements with the additional advantage that they can be used multiple times to take gas samples. With the utilisation of 3-way stopcocks, a filter media and a butterfly needle, a simple but efficient sampling system was prepared. Even though the holding time of certain components is not as high as it is for a standard sample holder, the precise analysis of the gas samples is possible. Syringes have been successfully utilised in the field of applied pyrolysis, for small and pilot scale experiments, and can even be used in industrial environment.

Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have been considered as promising materials for gas storage applications due to their highly porous structures and tunable characteristics. In this work, high-throughput molecular simulations were performed to screen the recent Computation-Ready Experimental COF Database (CoRE-COF) for H2 storage a first time in the literature. Predictions for H2 uptakes were first compared with the experimental data of several COFs. Motivated from the good agreement between simulations and experiments, we performed Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to compute volumetric H2 uptakes of 296 COFs at various temperatures and pressures and identified the best candidates which exhibit a superior performance for H2 storage. COFs outperformed several well-known MOFs such as HKUST-1, NU-125, NU-1000 series, NOTT-112 and UiO-67 at 100bar/77K adsorption and 5bar/160K desorption conditions. We also examined the effect of Feynman-Hibbs correction on simulated H2 isotherms and H2 working capacities of COFs to consider quantum effects at low temperatures. Results showed that the Feynman-Hibbs corrections do not affect the ranking of materials based on H2 working capacities, but slightly affect the predictions of H2 adsorption isotherms. We finally examined the structure-performance relations and showed that density and porosity are highly correlated with the volumetric H2 working capacities of COFs. Results of this study will be highly useful in guiding future research and focusing experimental efforts on the best COF adsorbents identified in this study.

The binding mechanism and polymer–fluorescence probe interactions between polyethyleneimine (PEI) and Rose Bengal (RB) was investigated by using UV–Vis absorption, steady- state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy techniques since they remain major research topics in photophysics. The spectroscopic data indicated that an unusual interactions for PEI-RB system was occurred. Binding constants (KSV) and quantities of binding were calculated with high linearity. Significant photophysical parameters as band shifts, fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes were determined to comprehend how photophysical and spectroscopic features of the dye compounds were affected by the polymer. With this respect, this study is significant in terms of gaining dye-polymer relationship to the literature.

In this study, a green chemistry approached was employed in the preparation of Hyphaene thebaica fiber grafted polyacrylic acid via microwave assisted method using potassium persulfate as chemical initiator. The optimum percentage grafting 92% was achieved under 5g concentration of acrylic acid, 0.2g concentration of potassium persulfate (KPS) and 2 minutes reaction time. The grafted sample was characterized using the following techniques, FTIR, SEM and XRD. The prepared graft copolymer was examined for adsorption of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution in batch mode systems. The adsorption parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration and contact time were also studied. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to simulate the equilibrium adsorption experimental data. The Langmuir model fitted well with experimental data with maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 20.37 mg/g at 45 minutes. Higher regression coefficient obtained confirmed the suitability of the Langmuir isotherm model which assumed monolayer coverage on the adsorbent surface. The adsorption studies revealed the efficacy of the grafted fiber for removal of Pb (II) ions from dilute aqueous solutions.

Gjilan is one of the largest cities of the Republic of Kosovo. Groundwaters samples with depth (8-60) m have been taken in this neighborhood called Arbëria, where the samples were taken in three research areas. These groundwaters are used as drinking water and to ascertain that these waters comply with the WHO regulation on chemical physical parameters. Parameters analyzed are: NO2- N, NO3- N, NH3- N,, HCO3-, alkaline (A-HCl), carbonic strength (CS), NTU, pH and conductivity in water (CW). The results of this study display the quality of these groundwater based on the WHO regulation.

Imidazole is a common and important heterocyclic fragment of many biologically important molecules. 5-imidazole-carbaldehydes containing mono-(N-1) methyl (or aryl) analogs are commonly used as building blocks in medical chemistry. In this study, starting from 4-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carbaldehyde, the N-1 atom of the imidazole ring is derived with different alkyl groups. In addition, both N atoms of the starting imidazole-carbaldehyde were methylated to give 5-carbaldehyde-1,3,4-trimethyl-3-imidazolium salt. The salt which possess quite reactive carbaldehyde group could be used as a precursor for synthesis of other imidazolium derivatives. Furthermore, 4-methyl-5-imidazole carbaldehyde was converted into the benzoxazole, benzothiazole and benzoimidazole by a two-step reaction over the aldehyde group. These new compounds could display some biological activities. © 2019, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved. Düzce Ãœniversitesi: 2012.05.03.097 Bülent Ecevit Ãœniversitesi: BAP 2014-72118496-06 The authors are grateful to the Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University (Grant No.: BAP 2014-72118496-06) and Düzce University (Grant No.: 2012.05.03.097) for the financial aid of this study.

In this study, iron oxyborate (Fe3BO6 was synthesized through the solution combustion method as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Urea, glycine, citric acid, carbohydrazide, hexamethylene tetramine, and starch were used as fuel sources and the effects of the fuels were investigated. The obtained materials were structurally characterized by FT-IR, powder-XRD, solid UV-Vis, TGA and VSM. The pure crystalline Fe3BO6 was synthesized at low temperature and short reaction time using glycine-assisted solution combustion method. It was thermally stable up to 945 °C with a non-uniform morphology and a highly porous structure. The magnetic properties were also studied and Fe3BO6 shows antiferromagnetic behavior. © 2019, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

© 2019, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved.MgFe2O4-B/Ag3VO4 visible light active photocatalyst was successfully synthesized for the photocatalytic decolorization of organic pollutants. Malachite green (MG) was selected as a model dye representing those pollutant chemicals. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Malachite green (MG) decolorization was carried out by visible light irradiation of a 105 W tungsten light source. Decolorization yield and kinetic studies were traced by the help of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Kinetic model of decolorization was derived from Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model and found coherent to first order kinetics. Catalysis reaction showed high dependency on pH especially out of 5-7 range which gave high decolorization. Photocatalytic activity also depended on concentration with dual character in which high concentration hindered the light coming to catalyst surface but on the other hand it supported the activity by boosting the dark adsorption resulting in a decolorization time changing from 40 to 100 min. After the reaction was completed, powders of catalyst were effortlessly removed from the medium by a magnet bar. It was shown that MgFe2O4-B/Ag3VO4 photocatalyst has a potential to be simple and efficient alternative material for the removal pollution resources from wastewaters.

Electrochemical behavior of naphazoline hydrochloride on a carbon paste electrode that was modified with aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) was investigated in a Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer (pH 7.0) using various voltammetric techniques. The results support the presence of an irreversible and diffusion-controlled electrochemical oxidation signal of naphazoline hydrochloride which is approximately at 0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl. A selective, accurate, and simple square-wave anodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric method was proposed for naphazoline hydrochloride detection. The linear response was within the range of 5.0 × 10-8-3.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 2.6 × 10-9 mol L-1 (0.642 ?g L-1). In addition, the proposed method was also utilized for naphazoline hydrochloride determination in human serum sample. © 2019, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved. 00.10, YL.14.03 This work was funded by Nam?k Kemal University Research Fund. Project No. NKU BAP. 00.10.YL.14.03. The authors would like to thank to Prof. Esma K?l?? at Ankara University for helpful discussions. This work was funded by Namık Kemal University Research Fund. Project No. NKU BAP. 00.10.YL.14.03. The authors would like to thank to Prof. Esma Kılıç at Ankara University for helpful discussions.

Water pollution is a global concern. Inorganic and organic pollutants constitute primary pollutants in water resources. Therefore, it is of great concern to develop advanced sorbent materials for effective and efficient removal of metals and oil from water. In this study, synthesis of new LDH composites which would be used for sorption of heavy metals and oils from polluted water. For this purpose, MgAlOH- ɣ -Fe 2 O 3 -MoS 2 composite was prepared and characterized were made via FT-IR and XRD. The XRD powder pattern of the composite showed that it contained g -Fe 2 O 3 (PDF card no:00-002-1047), MgAl(OH)14.XH 2 O (PDF card no:00-043-0072) and MoS 2 (PDF card no:00-037-4492). Thermal stability of the composite was investigated via DTA/TG technique. MgAlOH- ɣ -Fe 2 O 3 -MoS 2 composite was shows highly efficient sorption for vegetable oil up to 418% times its own weight. The ablity of MgAlOH- ɣ -Fe 2 O 3 -MoS 2 composite for removing Pb 2+ ions from aqueous solution. Pb 2+ analysis was made by ICP-OES. The effect of Pb 2+ amounts, PH, sorbent amounts and solvent flow rate on t he adsorption capacity of MgAlOH- ɣ -Fe 2 O 3 -MoS 2 composite were also ivestigated.

The aim of the present study is to develop hydroxyapatite modified PEG-DA and PEG-DA/HEMA based hydrogels for release of Donepezil HCl for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. [2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone] (Irgacure 651), 1 Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (Irgacure 184) and 2-Hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure 2959) were used as photo-initiators in the synthesis of hydrogels and hydroxyapatite was used for modifying hydrogels. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and digital microscope were utilized to investigate the characteristics properties of hydrogels. Photopolymerization technique was selected to synthesize for hydrogels. Swelling and drug release studies have been performed under different pH conditions.

Biochemical confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of oxicam-based pharmaceutical compositions was performed by the determination of the level of one of the main markers of inflammation-C-reactive protein. Biochemical studies were carried out on laboratory animals (white WAG rats) to study the anti-inflammatory effects of meloxicam, piroxicam, caffeine, and pharmaceutical compositions consisting of meloxicam and caffeine, piroxicam and caffeine compared to the reference drug - sodium diclofenac. The content of CRP in serum of rats was determined using the CRP latex test kit (State registration number 1248/2002, Kharkiv, Ukraine). It was shown that composition of meloxicam and caffeine reduced the content of CRP by 16 times compared with formalin-induced edema, and by 2 times in comparison with the reference drug diclofenac sodium, which is statistically significantly different from the control, i.e. caffeine increases and potentiates anti-inflammatory action of meloxicam.

This paper is about measurements of environmental radioactivity in samples taken from a lake bed and from different depths. The study is based on gamma spectrometric analysis of some radioisotopes encountered in sediment samples. For this purpose, sediments that have accumulated for thousands of years were used. Three core samples were taken from Kulakcayiri lake by drilling and taken from heights of 5-5.5 m, 10-10.5 m and 15-15.5 m at the same point and then moved to the laboratory. The analyses of the samples were carried out in the laboratory with the semiconductor HPGe detector. According to the results, the K-40 concentrations of the samples were 325 ± 18 Bq/kg, 353 ± 19 Bq/kg and 367 ± 19 Bq/kg, while their Th-232 concentrations were 38 ± 6 Bq/kg, 43 ± 6 Bq/kg and 42 ± 6 Bq/kg, respectively. Their concentrations of Ra-226 were calculated as 29 ± 5 Bq/kg, 26 ± 5 Bq/kg and 26 ± 5 Bq/kg, while the Cs-137 concentrations of the three samples were calculated as ?MDA (Minimum Detectable Activity) and existed at very low concentrations. The average activities of K-40, Th-232, Ra-226 and Cs-137 were found to be about 348 ± 186 Bq/kg, 41 ± 6.3 Bq/kg, 27 ± 5.1 Bq/kg and ?MDA, respectively. The results were compared with those of similar studies. These findings and assessments are expected to be an example for future studies and to be of reference quality. © 2018, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved.