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Objective: Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) is an important group of cryptogenic strokes that are in evidence due recent ongoing trials. We reviewed medical records at discharge from the stroke unit of all patients who met ESUS criteria and attended our institution between February 2016 and July 2017. Among 550 stroke patients, 51 had ESUS. We found that hypertension (60%), diabetes mellitus (34%), and smoking (36%) were the most prevalent risk factors. The mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were 7 at admission and 4 at discharge, while median scores on the modified Rankin scale were 0 and 2 at admission and discharge, respectively. Our sample had similar ages, risk factors prevalence and NIHSS scores at admission and discharge when compared with European and North American cohorts. Although a small cohort, our study suggests that the ESUS population is similar in countries with different health financing.

NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are involved in spinal transmission of nociceptive information in physiological and pathological conditions. Our objective was to study the influence of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists on pain control in the trigeminal system using a formalin-induced orofacial pain model. Motor performance was also evaluated. Male Rattus norvegicus were pre-treated with topiramate (T) (n=8), memantine (M) (n=8), divalproex (D) (n=8) or isotonic saline solution (ISS) (n=10) intraperitoneally 30 minutes before the formalin test. Formalin 2.5% was injected into the right upper lip (V2 branch) and induced two phases: phase I (early or neurogenic) (0-3 min) and phase II (late or inflammatory) (12-30 min). For motor behavior performance we used the open-field test and measured latency to movement onset, locomotion and rearing frequencies, and immobility time. Pre-treatment of animals with M and D only attenuated nociceptive formalin behavior for phase II. T increased locomotion and rearing frequencies and reduced immobility time. Treatment with M increased immobility time and with D reduced locomotion frequency. Our results showed that the NMDA antagonist (M) is more potent than the non-NMDA antagonists (D and T) in the control of pain in the inflammatory phase. The non-NMDA topiramate improved motor performance more than did D and M, probably because T has more anxiolytic properties.

Fibrolipomatous hamartoma is a rare benign neoplasm that in some cases is associated with macrodactylia. We describe a 31-year-old man who had a tissue enlargement in the wrist, second and third fingers of the left hand since infancy. At 23-years-old he began with continuous, progressive and high intensity pain that occurred more frequently at night, localized in the left hand. It was associated with paraesthesias and hypostesias predominantly at the fingers described above. Investigation with X-ray, ultrasonography, electrodiagnosis, magnetic resonance image of the left wrist and hand showed carpal tunnel syndrome with macrodactylia by fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve. The patient did not a have good response to clinical therapy, so he was submitted to a surgical decompression of the left carpal tunnel, and after three months of follow up is asymptomatic.

McArdle disease (glycogenosis type V) is a metabolic myopathy with symptoms of exercise intolerance caused by deficiency of the enzyme myophosphorylase. In these patients, the motor nerve conduction studies after a short period of maximal voluntary muscle contraction or repetitive stimulation reveals characteristic findings of the disease. A 37-year-old man presented symptoms of exercise intolerance, muscular fatigue and cramps in the beginning of the physical activity with "second wind" phenomenon. The motor nerve conduction studies after a voluntary contraction of 30 and 90 seconds presented decrease in the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential in median, ulnar and deep peroneal nerves; and decrement after 200 stimulation at the 40 Hz in deep peroneal nerve. The electromyography presented myopathic pattern and during the ischemic exercise electric silence was not proven. The characteristic of electrophysiological studies are discussed with emphasis at the importance of the motor nerve conduction studies in the patients with suspicion of metabolic myopathy.

Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) perfusion images of the brain of individuals with complete visual loss before the age of 14 were carried out and compared to those of visually normal subjects, in order to assess hypothetical differences in brain structural and metabolism between the two groups. Study group was comprised by 2 females and 3 males, aged 30 +/- 10 years. Controls were composed by 6 females and 5 males aged 41.5 +/- 3.8 years. All individuals were submitted to physical and neurological examinations, and to MRI and to SPECT. Blind subjects presented larger perfusion measurements bilaterally in their medial temporal lobes (p=0.030, right side; p=0.01, left side), but smaller perfusion measurements in their left frontotemporal area than controls (p=0.026). Intragroup analysis of the study group disclosed asymmetric perfusion, lesser in the left temporal and parietal areas (p=0.026 and p<0.0001, respectively) compared to the right side. In the healthy controls, reduced perfusion was also noted at the left parietal areas when compared to the right side (p=0.035). The study revealed that completely blind patients that became visually impaired before the age of 14 in spite of not having MRI detectable changes in their brain's anatomy do present increases in perfusion of their left and right medial temporal lobes, and a reduction in the perfusion of the left frontotemporal area, as compared to normal controls. While the increases in blood flow may reflect compensatory mechanisms for visual deprivation, the significance of the diminished perfusion in the left frontotemporal area remains elusive.

Chronic headaches, associated with papilledema and pulsatile tinnitus without any neuroradiologic, cytobiochemical or cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities are suggestive of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). However the absence of the papilledema does not rule out this diagnosis. The reason why some patients do not develop papilledema in IIH is ignored, however there are some hypotheses concerning the structure of the optical nerve. In this study we described two female patients that presented diagnosis of IIH with papilledema, with subsequent resolution of papilledema without the due resolution of intracranial hypertension. The long-term behavior of the optic nerve (ON) facing an increased intracranial pressure was evaluated through repeated measurements of the intracranial pressure. We concluded that the ON submitted to high intracranial pressure for a certain length of time can adapt itself with subsequent disappearance of the papilledema. The presence or not of papilledema in IIH can be related to the period in which the diagnosis is accomplished.