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Mud pumping that is deliberately avoided in the design of a ballastless high-speed railway still occurs and induces extraordinary track vibrations. In this study, in situ investigations and laboratory tests were performed to disclose the initiation and development of mud pumping detected in the field. The in situ investigations indicated that mud pumping principally appeared at both ends of the concrete base up to a maximum distance of 2 m. Precipitation, instead of groundwater, was found to be the water source triggering mud pumping; this infiltrated the graded gravel roadbed through the detachments of the ends of the overlying concrete bases due to the whipping effect. Once mud pumping occurred, the vibrations of concrete bases were aggravated and caused severe track settlements under train loads. The results of laboratory tests indicated that the infiltrated rainwater was retained in the roadbed above the less permeable subgrade, and the roadbed contained an unstable particle skeleton with excessive plastic fine particles, both of which provided favourable conditions to form mud pumping under dense high-speed train loads. Soil particles of less than 7·1 mm in diameter migrated during mud pumping; these first accumulated at the lower roadbed, then gradually migrated to the upper roadbed, actuated by the hydraulic gradient generated, and were finally pumped out through the detachments around the expansion gaps, thereby resulting in large amounts of voids in the roadbed and a vicious cycle if not treated in a timely fashion. These features of mud pumping in ballastless tracks differ from those of ballasted tracks and will benefit the development of remediation measures and improvement of slab track designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of undrained cyclic torsional shear tests was conducted to investigate the development of local deformations of silica sand specimens directly using an image-based technique and a transparent membrane. The results for saturated sand specimens with varying densities showed that the vertical slippage of sand particles relative to the membrane was initiated at the liquefaction stage. Additionally, the quantity of vertical slippage of dense specimens was lower than that of loose specimens tested under the same conditions. Moreover, measured on the surface of the specimen, the large accumulated movement during cyclic shearing significantly increased the potential for inducing vertical slippage. A comparison of local deformation among the different tests revealed that the threshold of shear strain to generate non-uniform local deformations decreased with an increase in the relative density of the specimen. A lower liquefaction resistance layer, which formed at the upper part of the specimen after initial liquefaction, would accelerate the concentration of local shear strain; this was especially distinct when the specimen was completely liquefied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]