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The reliability of the pertinent parameters set of Johnson-Cook constitutive model is highly linked with the friction condition at the tool-chip-workpiece interface. In the present work, a study on the influence of Coulomb’s friction coefficient on the observables such as forces, chip thickness and chip curvature by FE simulation of orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V alloy has been carried out. A FE model with an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach is employed to simulate the cutting process for different cutting conditions. The simulated results, for a wide range of friction conditions, are analyzed and compared with experimental results. The analysis show that the Coulomb’s friction coefficient has a direct link with the observables. The paper reveals that for accurate prediction of observables an optimized value of the coefficient of friction in correlation with the parameters values of the constitutive model is imperative.

The microstructure of materials has a significant influence on tool life, however most of the research in modelling to date considers the material as homogeneous. This research aims to develop a microstructure-based Finite Element Model in order to qualitatively analyze the influence of the scale of the microstructure on the generated tool wear. In particular, this paper is focused on the orthogonal cutting process of a ferrite-pearlite dual-phase steel using uncoated carbide tools. Based on individual mechanical properties of these phases, a 3D coupled Eulerian Lagrangian heterogeneous model was developed. An empirical tool wear rate prediction model was implemented by a user subroutine in both models (heterogeneous and homogeneous) to predict wear and wear rate values. A comparison between the microstructure-base model (heterogeneous) and the homogeneous model considering wear and wear rate values was made. The results demonstrate the validity of microstructure-based Finite Element Model for an improved prediction of the wear phenomena.

The final aim of finite elements modelling is to help in the choice of the cutting parameters and in the comprehension of the involved phenomena. Representing correctly the behaviour of the machined material is hard due to the extreme conditions encountered, although this is a key parameter to develop a realistic model. Four laws are used in this paper to represent the Ti6Al4V. They are all based on the Johnson-Cook law. This study shows that the influence of the behaviour law is high on the chip morphology and on the forces and that the strain softening phenomenon should be taken into account. For the cutting conditions adopted, it is however necessary to add damage properties in the chip to obtain a morphology and a cutting force evolution close to the experimental reference.

Inconel 718 superalloy is one of the difficult-to-machine materials which is employed widely in aerospace industries because of its superior properties such as heat-resistance, high melting temperature, and maintenance of strength and hardness at high temperatures. Material behavior of the Inconel 718 is an important challenge during finite element simulation of the machining process because of the mentioned properties. In this regard, various constants for Johnson–Cook’s constitutive equation have been reported in the literature. Owing to the fact that simulation of machining process is very sensitive to the material model, in this study the effect of different flow stresses were investigated on outputs of the orthogonal cutting process of Inconel 718 alloy. For each model, the predicted results of cutting forces, chip geometry and temperature were compared with experimental results of the previous work at the different feed rates. After comparing the results of the different models, the most suitable Johnson–Cook’s material model was indentified. Obtained results showed that the selected material model can be used reliably for machining simulation of Inconel 718 superalloy.

In recent years titanium alloys demand has increased considerably. Although many progresses have been made during the last years, machining titanium alloys still is considered as quite challenging. This paper shows the results of the fundamental research carried out to understand the thermochemical loads when machining Ti-6Al-4V. A comparative study of empirical and modelling results is carried out on cutting forces and temperatures in orthogonal conditions. Empirical cutting forces are obtained with a piezoelectric sensor while the temperature fields are obtained with an infrared camera. The commercial software AdvantEdge (finite element modelling) is employed to obtain temperature and forces. In 3D, analytical modelling based on energy approach is used to estimate cutting forces while finite difference method is employed to obtain temperature fields. Results show a good correlation among all the approaches.

Surgical procedures that affect the human bone structure often entail drilling operations of bone. The post-operative evolution of these interventions is conditioned largely by the damage generated during the operation. The aim of this study was to determine clearly the influence of the cutting conditions on temperatures and forces when drilling bovine cortical bone, in the interests of further optimization of cutting conditions to minimize the generated damage. The infrared thermography technique and a piezoelectric dynamometer were employed as measurement devices. It was observed that the main parameter affecting temperatures was the feed per tooth. The temperatures obtained were lower when drilling with high feed per tooth, even though an opposite effect was noticed on the feed force and torque, with an increase of them. From the experimental results, prediction models of temperature rise, feed force and cutting torque were created, in order to predict the response based on the selected cutting conditions.

The paper presents a predictive cutting force model in drilling of anisotropic materials. Three dimensional chip flow in drilling is interpreted as a piling up of the orthogonal cuttings in the planes containing the cutting velocities and the chip flow velocities. The cutting models in the chip flow are determined to calculate the cutting energy using the orthogonal cutting data. Then, the chip flow direction is determined to minimize the cutting energy. The cutting force can be predicted in the determined chip flow model. The cutting force with anisotropy in the material is modeled as the change in the shear stress on the shear plane. The shear stress changes with the rotation angle of the cutter. The cutting force prediction is verified in drilling of a titanium alloy. The anisotropic parameters are identified to minimize the model error between the measured and the predicted cutting forces. The periodical oscillation of the cutting force is also predicted by anisotropy in the shear stress.

This article describes a practical machining training aiming that the students acquire the theoretical-practical knowledge of chip formation process. The training takes place after theoretical lessons of machining processes. Thus, this practice allows strengthening the knowledge gained during the lessons. The practical training lasts for five hours, and the student assisted by the teacher analyses the influence of some machining entry parameters (cutting speed, feed rate...) on exit parameters like: (I) cutting forces and power consumption, (II) surface roughness, and (III) chip typology. The practical session is carried out on an experimental set-up (Lathe CNC Danobar 65) equipped with sensors and devices to measure forces (sensor Kistler 9121) and power consumption. In addition, a portable rugosimeter (Hommelwerke) is employed to perform surface roughness measurements. No especial devices are needed for the chip typology analysis. In the case of cutting forces and power consumption, the following input parameters influences are analysed: feed rate, depth of cut and cutting speed. In the case of surface roughness analysis, the following input parameters influences are analysed: feed rate and nose radius of the cutting insert. Finally, regarding chip typology feed rate and depth of cut are examined. The experimental results are compared with model predictions (theoretical calculations) for the three issues studied. The students have to compare both results: theoretical an empirical and they need to explain the reasons when discrepancies appear. Results obtained during the last years demonstrate the student acquires better knowledge of the machining process, and at the same time realises of the process complexity.

Heat-resistant alloys like Inconel 718 are used in critical components such as aircraft engine turbine discs. Surface integrity is a critical issue in this kind of components and specially residual stresses are a key aspect. Currently, the development and optimization of the machining process with regards to the residual stresses is done through expensive experimental trial and error methods. This article shows the research work made on the development of a machining model in three dimensions with the finite element code Abaqus / ExplicitTM aiming to predict residual stresses. Results obtained in different working conditions are compared with those of commercial programs as DeformTM and AdvantEdgeTM, so as with experimental results obtained in turning. The results obtained show on the influence of working conditions (cutting speed, feed per revolution) on the cutting forces and temperatures and the high degree of qualitative agreement with finite element modeling in the generation of surface residual stress.