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The article reports on the conversion of the challenges related to higher education experienced by Great Britain into the strengths of Europe. It notes that British people tend to regard the aspects of the Bologna Process as unfair to their country while Americans and others see such as well-adapted to a globalised world. It cites several disadvantages of the process such as the damage of thousands of trans-border institutional collaborations and friendships in higher education. It adds that such challenges can be regarded as a factor of diversity.

The article discusses the 9th Bologna Process ministerial meeting held by Armenian government in conjunction with the fourth Bologna Policy Forum of interested third countries in Yerevan, Armenia to sign off a communique and set the agenda to be completed by the 2018 ministerial meeting in France.

The author talks about the need for fellow academics and colleagues to show a lot more support for the Europeanisation of higher education. Topics discussed include the Erasmus programme which drove inter-institutional cooperation, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 which would never invalidate national systems, and the Bologna Process which aims to improve regional unity through higher education.

The author reflects on whether ministers of the European Higher Education Area, called the Bologna ministers, will accept the candidacies of Belarus, mainland Europe's last surviving dictatorship, and Kosovo, an ethnically divided state born of the break-up of Yugoslavia. Topics discussed include the precedents to a possible acceptance of Belarus, the obligations for participating countries, and the possible consequences should Belarus were to join the Bologna Process.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of attending a workshop on the internationalisation of higher education in Europe at the University of Luxembourg.

In the article, the author examines the possible effects of the change in leadership in the European Commission to the research and higher education sectors as of late 2014. It claims that the new commission President is Jean-Claude Juncker, while the education-related commissioners are Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation Carlos Moedas and Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport Tibor Navracsics.

Focuses on Sir Ron Dearing committee of inquiry into higher education's treatment of students from other European Union member states studying at British universities. Recommendation to impose a contribution to tuition fees; Recommendation about a national framework for university awards.

Features Claude Hagege, one of the consultants of the French government about making French the compulsory language of public life. Point on essence of separating out the functioning of the language from the way it is used with other languages; Opinion on the use of English; Background accounts.

The article discusses the ways by which the Bologna Process, a collaboration among European countries to establish comparable higher education qualification standards across the region, has helped higher education in Armenia.

The article presents a personal narrative which explores author's experience as an early reader of Treaty of Rome, writing a paper on the implications of Treaty of Rome's policy, and Europe and its universities.

The article discusses the pamphlet "Robbins Revisited: Bigger and Better Higher Education," by Great Britain's Minister of Universities and Science David Willetts as of November 7, 2013. It highlights the references to Europe made by Willetts to compare the country's higher education system with those of its European counterparts. Willetts' assertion that the British system is better than Europe's higher education programmes is highlighted.

In the article, the author discusses the developments in the higher education sector in the European Union (EU) as of mid-2013. She cites the launching of the Erasmus+ brand name for the educational programmes in the entire region. Among the educational schemes under the brand are the Leonardo da Vinci programme for vocational education and training, the Jean Monnet Action professorships and the Comenius School Partnerships.

The article discusses how to make cooperation work to benefit Europe-wide higher education and how it can help underpin European Union (EU) strategies for emerging from the financial crisis. It cites the launching by European Council of its growth strategies on the basis of the Open Method of Coordination (OMC). It notes that as the rest of Europe strengthen the cooperative Bologna strategy for mobility, bright minds took their academic potential to Spain, France and Finland instead of Britain.

The article offers a tribute to Ladislav Cerych, a pioneer of comparative policy analysis of higher education at a cross-national level. It highlights Cerych's contributions to European thinking on higher education diversity, particularly his work at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). He died in August 2012 at the age of 86.

The article offers information on a meeting of higher education ministers from 47 countries of the European continent in Bucharest, Romania on April 26-27, 2012, including the discussion of the Bologna Process and the construction of the European Higher Education Area.

The article discusses Sir Peter Scott's report at the Bologna Process Researchers' Conference. Scott, professor of higher education at the Institute of Education at the University of London, discussed issues such as whether the euro crisis means that the European Union is failing and what are options for the process and the European Higher Education Area (EHEA).

The article features the Bologna Process which started in 1999 as a weak intergovernmental initiative among 29 countries to create the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and to develop compatibility and comparability across university systems. After a decade, EHEA now represents 30 million students and more than 6,000 institutions from 46 nations including poorer and non-European Union (EU) nations. The achievements of the Bologna Process and the challenges facing EHEA are also discussed.

Reports the honorary degrees received by the Erasmus scheme for university cooperation and student exchange in the European Union countries. Application of students and academics for exchange grants; Strength of the initiative for modeling trust between institutions; Progress of the model from idea to institution.

Looks at the approach to the history curriculum in Great Britain. Choices about the history curriculum; View of teachers and government on the history curriculum; Why the Franco-British council is publishing a collection of essays to mark the 60th anniversary of General de Gaulle's broadcast.

Analyzes the decision taken by European governments at Bologna, Italy to work towards a European higher education space in ways that specifically exclude the European Commission. Details on the commitment to create a European Higher Education Area by 2010; Institutional players on European university issues; Achievements on higher education policy; History of universities and the European Community.

Opinion. Discusses whether Gillian Shephard, Education and Employment Secretary and France's education minister Francois Bayrou, have similar educational grievances. Shephard and Bayrou's contributions to higher education; Issues they agree on.

Praises the late French president Francois Mitterrand and reports on the formulation of his government's educational policy. British coverage of his burial; Backing down on the Socialist Party's goal of single, secular education; Catering to French parents' desire to retain the choice between secular and Catholic education; Lack of concern for school and university problems.

Looks at the national curriculum in France. Historical background of France's educational system; High constitutional profile of French education; France's view that schools are the basis of the French society and nation.

Narrates the author's experience in trying to raise her sons to be bicultural. Reasons behind this decision; Results of her experiment.

Reports on British Education Secretary Gillian Shepherd's claim that the British government is investing more in education than the governments of Germany and Japan. Spending of Britain on nursery education; Education statistics in the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report entitled, `Education at a Glance.'

Reports on Lionel Jospin's campaign sortie in Arras, France. Background of Jospin's experience in education administration; Employment conditions in the area; Values symbolized by Jospin.

Reports on the United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) annual philosophy conference held in France in March 1995. Theme of the conference; Participants; Speakers; History of the organization.

Reports on the changes in the focus and emphasis on language education in Europe. Views of Edith Cresson, European commissioner for education, on the importance of emphasizing French language in various academic institutions; Law and legislation in Europe proposing compulsory French language education for students; Features of various language educational programs instituted.

Discusses various aspects related to the education system of Europe. Education systems as products of history and political wills; Impact of the economic trends on the education system; Education policies and systems of various European governments.

Opinion. Focuses on Great Britain's non-selective secondary education. Labour Party education spokesman David Blunkett's focus on local democratic framework for schools; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's educational indicators; Ensuring of quality and consistency of education systems.

Profiles French politician Martine Aubry. Education; Career history; Activities of the Foundation Agir Contre L'Exclusion which Aubry presided over in 1993; Views on education and employment.

Profiles Edith Cresson, former prime minister of France. Career history; Educational background; Reason for resigning as prime minister.

Profiles the public-sector school of Lycee Hoche in Versailles, France. Insight into educational ability of students; Application of performance indicators by the French ministry; Attempts for the elimination of external social factors; Demand for league tables; Provision of public lycees; Examples of evaluation designs.

Reports on the protest rally of school principals in Paris, France. Reasons for the mass protest; Cases illustrating the sorry plight of French principals; Financial frustrations; Remarks.

Reports on French Minister of Education Francois Bayrou's efforts to establish clear frontiers in school between acceptable and unacceptable manifestations of religious belief. Governments' traditionalist stand on the relationship of private beliefs and public behavior; Acceptability of wearing discreet signs; Intolerance to Muslim's `hidjab'; Council of State's incompetence to judge religious symbolism.

Reports that British couple Fred and Anne Jarvis were made honorary citizens of the community of Sainte Cecile-les-Vignes in the south of France. Accomplishments of the Jarvises.

Reports on European Union (UE) education Commissioner Antonio Ruberti's education and training programs. Academic background; Campaign for a right to lifelong learning; Continuing education and training strategy; EU's Force program; Work with employers in training.

Examines the education policies of the European Union (EU). Need to increase skill levels; Incorporation of a European dimension in schools and colleges; Reliance on the diplomatic process.

Features Glenys Kinnock, prospective Member of the European Parliament for South Wales East and a Labour MEP constituency in Great Britain. Benefits from being part of the European Union (EU); British perception of the EU; Balance of power between key European bodies; Elections on June 1994.

Calls on European Commissioners to rewrite plans for a shake-up of educational and training programs in the European Union. Warning from the European Parliament on guarantees on schemes for young adults; Concerns on vocational guidance for the young; Difficulties in the Socrates and Leonardo programs; Guidelines of the Youth Initiative Project.

Examines the career of Luc Ferry, appointed chairman of the French National Council for the Curriculum. Professorship in philosophy at the University of Caen; Writing career in L'Express; Role of the Counsel National des Programmes (CNP); Qualifications; Plans for the French curriculum; Reactions on Ferry's appointment.

Cites Council of Europe secretary general Catherine Lalumiere's views on the role of teachers in Europe's multicultural societies. Council's members as states which have ratified the European Convention of Human Rights; Lalumiere's career highlights; Defense of group minority rights.

Features the Languedoc-Rousillon region of France in a study of European integration. Effect of decentralization on the political scene; Chairmanship of Jacques Blanc of the European Committee of Regions; Systematization of the evaluation of French schools; Trend of students aiming for college degrees.

Reports on the plans to cut school geography subjects in Great Britain. Concern of headteachers over the near-disappearance of environmental education and other cross-curricular themes; Reduction and redefinition of curriculum content; Row over the history curriculum for English and Welsh schools.

Features the `1993 Guide to European Community Programmes in the Fields of Education Training and Youth,' a guide published by the European Commission. Run-down of existing schemes provided for by the European Union; Schemes promoted by other sections of the Commission; End of the task force programs in December 1994.

Reports on the French government's plan to pass a law to enable private schools to have the same access as the public sector to capital funds from local authorities. Private schools as mainly Roman Catholic; Reaction from the public sector; Unconstitutionality of a clause in the law.

Reports on the upgrade of the European Commission's educational wing of the European Commission, the Task Force for Human Resources, Education, Training and Youth to a directorate level. Move reflecting the Commission's economic policy shift to developing human resources; Remarks from Domenico Lenarduzzi, the Task Force's manager of general educational questions.

Reports on the vocational training policy for the European Union proposed by Professor Antonio Ruberti, Commissioner for Education Research and Development. Plans of Dr. Ulrich Haase, deputy director of vocational training in the German Ministry of Education and Science; Dispute on the principle of `acquis communautaire.'

Reports on the 1993 high technology fair `Salon International des Technologies Avancees' (SITEF) in Toulouse, France. European Commission as star exhibitor; Other demonstrations; Revolutionary products; Interest of educators and students in the exhibition.

Discusses efforts by the Federation of African Women Educationists (FAWE) to encourage the international community to set off Africa's debt burden against schemes for educational development. Number of illiterate people in Africa; Women's education as beneficial in raising family standards of living and economic output; Lowering of infant and maternal mortality; Upgrading of teachers' training; More.