Search

Aim. Develop a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in livestock farms with rotational management of the pasture according to botanical composition. Materials and methods: Dairy farms from Cotopaxi, at 2800-3590 meters above sea level, were compared. Farm 1: load of 1 and 1.2 AU/ha, with 50% Plantain (Plantago lanceolata), 50% White Clover (Trifolium repens). Farm 2: Load of 1 and 1.2 AU/ha, 85% Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-15% White clover (Trifolium repens). Farm 3: Load of 1 and 2.1 AU/ha, 33% Ryegrass-33% Plantain-34% White Clover. Fertilization, balancing and crossbred, New Zealand and North American type Holstein animals and grass rest were used. Results: There were differences in land use, coinciding in farms 1 and 3, in family labor. On Farm 1, rest was 15 to 28 days and NDF from 47.38 to 28.03 and 1.96 to 2.45 Mcal of energy and in 3, Metabolizable Energy values from 1.99 to 40 days and 2 .11 to 35 days, less milk/cow than 3 and higher than 1. In milk production/ha, farms 1 and 3 higher with 24 kg vs 19 kg. This was positive for ACV on those farms. There was potential to convert more of the system's energy into products. Conclusion: In the LCA, a coincidence was found with indicators of specialized systems in milk production, nitrogen balances, energy and their relationships with the environment and emissions, although efficiency can be recovered with improvements in management and without extra inputs to the farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advances in molecular biology techniques, such as PCR testing, and the use of polymorphic sequences of mitochondrial DNA in the d-Loop region, have been frequently used to describe maternal lines in animals, especially in birds. Aim. To conduct a review of laboratory techniques applied to molecular genetics, and their importance in the preservation of zoogenetic resources. Development: Molecular markers, especially microsatellites, became more useful and profitable, as protocols and technology were optimized; genetic methods provide reliable information that helps in the preservation of zoogenetic resources, particularly when the most traditional methods are inadequate. Conclusions: The utilization of molecular techniques offers objective measurements of the diversity among, and inside races, which permits to study their genetic relations, and to provide evidence of unique genetic attributes or genetic isolation phenomena from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: La eficiencia técnica (ET) se refiere a la habilidad de obtener el máximo producto posible según los factores de producción y nivel de tecnología. Objetivo. El objetivo del artículo fue la revisión del efecto de factores como la mano de obra, ubicación geográfica y el tamaño de la granja, con la ET de sistemas lecheros. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en relación a los factores de mano de obra, ubicación geográfica y tamaño de granja y como pueden afectar la eficiencia técnica (ET) en sistemas lecheros. En relación al nexo entre la región, la mano de obra y el tamaño de los rebaños se ha indicado incluso una evolución en incrementos en el total de vacas y del área con la ET en los sistemas lecheros. Los estudios que informan del tamaño de la granja y el total de vacas, mostraron relación positiva con la ET, esto hizo suponer que las granjas lecheras grandes tienen mayor ET que las más pequeñas, no obstante, la relación tamaño-eficiencia no se muestra muy robusta. Conclusiones: Se encontraron relaciones de la eficiencia técnica con la mano de obra, con la preparación técnica y la extensión rural en modo diferencial, sin embargo no se encontró una relación significativa sostenida entre el tamaño de la granja y la eficiencia técnica en varios países y diferentes tipos de productores, con una relación negativa entre la eficiencia y el tamaño de la granja en algunos, lo que también podría reflejar la complejidad adicional de administrar un conjunto más amplio de recursos y lograr eficiencia técnica a diferentes escalas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Technical efficiency (TE) refers to the ability of obtaining the highest possible amount of products, depending on production and technology factors. Aim: The aim of this paper was to review the effect of factors like labor, geographical location, and farm size on the TE of dairy systems. Development: Document review was conducted to study factors such as labor, geographical location, and farm dimensions, and the influence of these factors on technical efficiency (TE) in dairy systems. An evolution in the increase of total cows and the number of TE in dairy systems has been reported, regarding the existing relation with location, labor, and herd size. Studies of farm size and total cows showed a positive relation with ET, which suggested that large dairy farms have higher TE than smaller farms; however, the size-efficiency ratio does not look very strong. Conclusions: The relation of technical efficiency with labor, technical training, and rural extension in differential mode, were observed. However, no significantly sustained relation was observed between farm dimensions and technical efficiency in several countries and by different kinds of farmers, showing a negative relation with efficiency and farm size in some. This might also reflect the additional complexity of allocating more resources and accomplishing technical efficiency at different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this work was to perform balances of energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus in pre-fattening and fattening bovine systems at Turiguanó Livestock Breeding Company, in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Materials and methods: The botanical composition of the farms evaluated was determined, and energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances were performed. Results: The annual energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances were negative on the farms in the study. Conclusions: New strategies are required to enhance energy and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) use to increase beef production during the final stage. Accordingly, improvements in recycling, balance, and efficiency in the use of energy and these minerals are linked to increases in live weight/day, and better final weights for the industry during that stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A five-year study (2008-2012) was made to determine the bioproductive and financial behavior derived from the structures and resources available on ten private rustic farms, in the province of Ciego de Avila, Cuba. The pasture and forage yields were estimated for evaluation of their contribution and efficiency. Decomposition of seasonal time series was performed to determine the annual behavior of births, through a multiplicative model. Variance analysis for farm comparison was based on efficiency of dairy production, and financial indicators (SPSS, 15.0. 2006). Overall, the availability and quality of pastures and forages was insufficient, with negative annual forage balances. The farms evidenced birth seasonability, particularly farm No. 7 (April-May). However, the general birth rates were very low, as a result of inadequate reproduction management. The best productive and financial results were observed on farm No. 7 (1 061 kg/milk/ha/year, and $ 0.87 CUP/kg of milk produced, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the work was to describe and group units of fattening of commercial Zebu bulls grazing with low supplementation. We studied 44 bovine meat production units belonging to credit and service cooperatives by private farmers, in the municipality Sibanicú, Camagüey province, Cuba. Visits to each of the units were carried out for three years and took the official records of each producer for the variables: the resources, animals, management, production and economics. The major statisticians for this variables were calculated. The average initial weight, final weight, the weight gain and the production by hectare were 202,6; 371,6; 0,501 and 326,2 kg 339,7 days of fattening. Five principal components rotated (Varimax) were obtained. The Principal Analysis Components (PCA) showed a higher than 0,66 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient, a coefficient of sphericity of significant Bartlett (P < 0,01) and eigenvalues greater than 1. Pooled units in two groups using two cluster analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of determining the productive reach in bovine Cebú when using as supplement Norgol + molasses- urea to 3 % during the stage of growth-it feeds low shepherding system, 60 properly uniformed toretes was used as for weight and characteristic racial conforming to subjected four experimental groups at nine daily hours of shepherding, on grass PITILLA (Dichantium annulatum) + Tejana (Paspalum notatun) of regular quality; 3 kg of forage of Penisetum Cuba CT - 115; 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg of Norgold for the groups I, II, III and IV, respectively and salt mineral and it dilutes ad libitum. The weight alive initial was determined and final, absolute growth, daily half gain and I consummate as well as was considered the benefit/cost. The animals of the treatment four were able to reach 401 kg of live weight, that is to say, 47.43 % of their weight regarding the weight live initial in 180 days and like average, for the whole period, a daily half gain and conversion of 716.66 g and 10.37 food kg / kg of weight lives respectively. It concludes that the treatments where it is included 2.0 and 1.5 Norgold kg respectively they achieved earnings daily stockings and conversion alimentary superiors significantly (P = 0.05) to the systems that traditionally have been orchestrated with the help of molasses-urea and the employment of other by-products, as well as the meat production that is achieved allows a relationship positive benefit / cost, that which means that the system is feasible, productive and economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three buffalo dairy farms from a livestock center in Camagüey province, Cuba, were sampled to assess dairy and beef Bufalipso-breed herds impact upon environment. 3.0-2002.09.05 version of RIAM (Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix by Pastakia) methodology was applied. Sociological and cultural outcomes were satisfactory for the three buffalo dairy farms; however, physical and chemical results as well as biological and ecological ones were negatively evaluated due to soil components and lack of trees, respectively. On the other hand, economic and operational outcomes were unsatisfactory because of high feeding expenses, cost per peso (national currency), and total expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the purpose of characterizing the bovine livestock raising on the basin of San Pedro River in Camagüey, Cuba, direct observations were made, and statistical information was analyzed (28 variables), about the situation of the main components of the nature, the cattle production and the people linked to this activity, in 40 entities (basic structures of production), and their environmental impact was also evaluated. The matrix of evaluation of impacts showed that in the Nature Subsystem, the fauna resource, basically represented for the bovine livestock, resulted the most affected one, with an indicator of -334, continued by flora resources and vegetation, landscape and soil with indicators of -188, -185 and -112, respectively. In the Socioeconomic Subsystem, the indicator of material goods production and consumption was elevated (-148), while the population one was very low and positive (54), it was related with the employment guarantees, education, health and feeding that the residents receive. The mayor indicators of impacts found, are linked with deforestation (-219), erosion of soil (-203), affectation to the flora (-154) and to drainage (-124). It were concluded that the bovine cattle raising has caused a high grade of affectation to the basin in study, with a general indicator of impact of - 1 094 and that there is a high heterogeneity among the productive entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to classify entities involved in bovine livestock on the basin of San Pedro River in Camagüey, Cuba; to assist the proposal of an alternative livestock management that must be introduced in the region, in order to get an environmental conversion for this economic activity. Firstly a separate grouping of entities located in the upper basin of which are located at the bottom was carried out, according to the obvious climatic differences between these two locations. The classification was done through statistical analysis of the k-means clustering. The variables that were used in the analysis were previously standardized with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. A first cluster was prepared in each locality, to discriminate those variables not contributing to the formation of groups and then proceeding to group only the variables that give come contribution. Statistical analysis showed the existence of three groups of entities at the top and four at the bottom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this second part of the review is to show our considerations in relation to the global and regional aspects of production, trade and consumption of cattle products. The predictions informed by specialized organisms as FAO and IFPRI, indicate a fall in the world cattle production of 1,3 and 5 annual %, and they attribute it to the poor cattle yields in developing countries and difficulties in big countries of Europe. The processed milky and its added value for the market due to its high demand have, according to FAO (2000), an industrial volume that reaches ranges from a 85 to 99% in developed countries, while the markets of Latin America are between the 10 and 60%, and Oceania the range is between 91 and 95%. It is of highlighting that the added value of these products reaches 8% in sterile flowing milk, 8-12% in yogurt and 11-22% in cheeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to identify, with the opinion of a group of experts, livestock management actions to be applied and to assess the environmental impact that would cause their application. For the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) a RIAM (Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix) methodology, version (3.0-2002.09.05) was used, which provides analysis of each option on four areas: Physical-chemical (CF), Biological- ecological (BE), Socio-cultural (SC) and Economic-operational (EO). It was concluded that the proposed technologies can reconvert the environmental management of cattle on the basin under study, with a very favorable balance in relation to development and conservation of the ecosystems. It is recommended to continue the present work, checking and assessing the results achieved in productive entities linked to the implementation of the proposed actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy flow and sustainability in a forest-livestock system comprising 309,6 ha on a number 1 agroproductive category soil with 28,9 °C average mean temperature, 88,3 % average relative humidity, and 2 011 mm annual rainfall level were assessed. Data recorded at the livestock unit was used for the energy and nitrogen balance study. Sustainability indexes determined were: energy balance, nitrogen balance, economic efficiency, animal traction use, organic manure, areas without vegetation, products, reforestation, worker productive rate, and worker stay-at-labor rate. Energy and nitrogen balances proved positive. Species conservation with adequate diversification as well as good conditions of soil and arborization related factors were achieved. Social factor showed general favorable characteristics towards the system improvement. Economic results were not favorable due to higher wages. The system main deficiency was the low cattle production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of a development project approach for livestock extension was assessed at a number of cooperatives from the dairy production center "Triñangulo Tres" in Camagüey province. Goods, equipment, accessories, and other resources were bought to this purpose. Producer teams from different cooperatives gathered in working sessions. The strategy to carry out this project, based on technology investments and cattlemen working groups, was discussed. The project centered itself in solving a number of limitations within three aspects: 1 Technology application, 2. /I+D/ activities, and 3. Working groups discussion towards a lower cost for technology disemination. Technology application and extension development were linked to changes in grazing methods with a higher number of cowsheds which allowed the grazing ground restoration, a milk production and birth rate increase, and a investment cost decrease concerning food needs. Another aspect was weed control favoring dairy cattle production and dairy farms environmental conditions. Gross gains per dairy farm increased from 38 465 pesos (national currency) during the first year to 46 915 pesos in the third year. The project approach favorable effect on livestock extension and development was proved on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research was carried out at a livestock dairy production center in Camagüey province, Cuba, comprising 100,9 ha, three of them dedicated to sugar cane sowing and the rest to grazing grounds. Paspalum virgatum, Dychrostachis glomerata, and wastelands cover a 32,1 % of the grazing grounds. Dominant native pasture grasses include Bothriochba pertrusa, Paspalum notatum, Dichanthium caricosum, and Panicum maximum. A balance of energy and of some of the main sustainability factors, within a milk production system was performed. Data recorded at the center were used to study energy and protein balance as well as sustainability factors. A liter of milk was taken as the equivalent to a kilogram of this product. The system energy input (Mcal/years= 109 951,33) was higher than its output (22 378) with a negative balance (87 573,3 Mcal/year). As to raw protein balance, a higher input (7 824,6 kg) and a lower output (3 602,9 kg) with a negative balance (-4 221,7 kg) was also found. Therefore, energy-protein balances are negative, showing energy inputs 8 and 4 fold higher than energy outputs, respectively. It was also proved a number of deficiencies concerning sustainability essential components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of a teaching program to train people as rural extension workers was evaluated at livestock centers in Camagüey province, Cuba, from 1996 to 2006. This project, named Rural Extension and Agricultural Technology Office (OFERTA), is and agricultural extension working tool developed by CEDEPA affiliated to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences from Camagüey University. The highest impact of this program was centered on the project management and integration as well graduate and postgraduate teaching to train people as rural extension workers for regional livestock centers. Qualified personnel can be found at every production structure level; however, they are not always oriented towards the communication with simple producers, technology transfer, their own re-qualification, and the links and feedback with alike universities and research centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El trabajo tiene como objetivo dar solución a la problemática actual sobre la baja producción de leche y pobre eficiencia de este proceso a través de un grupo de simulaciones realizadas con diferentes % de animales pariendo a inicios del periodo seco y de la primavera con un mínimo de gastos y con una mejora de las áreas de pastoreo-forraje de una vaquería comercial para definir posibles respuestas bio-económicas de estas combinaciones y proponer la mejor solución como parte de un posible plan de desarrollo a la dirección de esta entidad, este estudio se llevó a cabo en la unidad de producción Asilo perteneciente a la Empresa Pecuaria Florida, ubicada en el municipio de Florida en la provincia de Camagüey, Cuba donde se estudiaron los rendimientos y la composición botánica de las áreas de la vaquería para todo el año, lo cual junto a otros indicadores permitió considerarlo para la ejecución de un análisis Ex-antes, los indicadores de eficiencia láctea que se obtienen de la simulación, se acercaron al potencial de este rebaño en las condiciones estudiadas, y demuestran las posibilidades de respuestas si se mejoran los patrones de parición y la base forrajera de la finca, los mejores resultados de eficiencia láctea se alcanzaron con el 70 y 90% de pariciones concentrada al inicio del periodo lluvioso, con los máximos índices de producción por hectáreas y por unidades de trabajo y la mejor rentabilidad sobre el capital de operaciones con valores de 63 y 61.3% respectivamente (249) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esta reseña tiene el objetivo de llevar a los implicados en los procesos de los sistemas de producción bovina, e incluso a los consumidores, nuestras consideraciones sobre la necesaria apreciación acertada del contexto socio-económico global y regional y sus efectos sobre la ganadería. La ganadería bovina se ha deprimido en sus principales indicadores bio-económicos, debido a su dependencia de suplementos y agro-tóxicos, que deben ser empleados para evitar el creciente deterioro del sistema, lo que está influído por la situación socio-económica internacional. Las consecuencias de la crisis se reflejan en la agricultura global considerando las necesarias inversiones que provocan una demanda de insumos para alcanzar producciones de alimentos y servicios que generan capital, así vemos que este proceso está afectado en forma negativa, disminuyendo la difusión del capital, que provoca perturbaciones en la cadena productor primario-mano de obra- agroindustria- mercado- consumidores, dentro de toda una amplia gama de sistemas de producción comercial. La preocupación actual por la producción de alimentos de origen animal, en criterio de muchos, es que la misma puede ser resuelta por la introducción de tecnología agrícola de punta, ello constituye una visión limitada del asunto, creando dependencias de recursos costosos. El problema puede solucionarse con una mejora de los procesos en los modelos de sistemas de producción, esto se logra, tomando en consideración el contexto socio-económico global y regional de los sistemas, y las consecuencias que de su interpretación se derivan directamente, lo cual permitirá mejorar su organización y alcanzar mayor eficiencia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of calving time upon a number of efficiency indexes from commercial dairy heifers at the beginning of the highest grazing ground growth season is discussed. These milk production efficiency indexes are influenced by dry matter supplementation to grazing according to grazing ground growth rates and lactation. To this end, 108 grazing Holstein x Zebu (Siboney) crossing breed heifers were sampled and distributed by a completely randomized design into four groups taking into account heifers' calving time every fifteen days from May to June. Significant differences (p<0,01) were detected for this principal milk production indexes and forage supplementation to grazing from 170 to 180 days in both calving times on May compared to calving times on June. Production cost per milk kilogram were 0,27; 0,34; and 0,38 cuban pesos vs. 0,46 cuban pesos for the four calving times, respectively. Therefore, May calving times showed a higher production efficiency regarding the assessed indexes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk production system from Jimaguayu municipality in Camaguey province, Cuba, were submitted to a four-period analysis comprising: I. An initial production development period (1959-1967) in a number of areas in Jimaguayú, in which the mayority of farms were involved in beef production and husbandry, grazing grounds were rotationally managed using low loads, and Andre Voisin's ideas had their starting point.- II Livestock infraestructure development and rotational grazing initial period (1968-1974). Characterized by the enhancement of a milk production development program within the region. All this was achieved by constructing dairy farms, rearing calves and breeding developing cattle, and even establishing human settlements and building paved way. III. Productive technology, creation of high utilies, and machinery use to support the milk production system productivity were the distinctive features marking this third period (1975-1990), which involved the use of forage grazing grounds, conservation through hay and silage, rotational grazing with a higher stabled cattle level, creation of scientific and technical working groups and grazing units as a new production structure. In this perios, there were some annual records on milk production ranging from 10 to 12 million kilograms, and birth rate reached values from 60 to 70%. IV. A Changing period in regards to the technological conception of the livestock milk production systems due to unfavorable economic conditions (1991-2062) in which cattle ranchers and dairy production center have developed a number of strategies for lower utilities making possible a significant increase in annual milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nine-year research was carried out at the Mixteca poblana in Mexico to determine the performance of a productive model for diversifying livestock using Mexican White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus mexicanus) as a wildlife resource. The studied area is located at 18° 19' 44'' N and 97° 49' 22'' W with an altitude ranging from 1 298 m snm to 2 080 m snm. Dominant ecosystems are lowland caducifolia forests and xerophile thickets on a wild, rocky, and eroded-patches topography. Although agricultural productivity is low, shrub, tree, and cactus genera biodiversity is high. The possible effect of this productive model implementation and its profitability were evaluated in times of deer rational utilization. Based on that and using the pressure-state-response matrix as a tool, a sustainability analysis with an endogenous and participatory approach including those benefitting from the project and researchers was performed. Fauna resource regional distribution showed that Mexican White-Tailed Deer extended across 52% of the whole area, i.e., around 547 550 ha indicating the model implementation potentiality. The model financial assessment proved its validity and sustainability, corroborated by developing the pressure-state-response matrix at the initial and final stage of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study simulating productive and economic responses from three calving intensification percentage levels associated with two variants of improved forage stock was validated against actual productive conditions. This study was carried out during the first six weeks form April to August on seven dairy farms with Cuban Siboney cattle breed herds affiliated to Triángulo 1 Livestook Center, Jimaguayú municipality, Camagüey province, Cuba. An ex-ante analysis was performed based on the farms annual production yield and botanical composition. Milk production per dairy cow and weaning, and total milk production were estimated by simulation. Values from these indicators nearly matched those from dairy herd potential under the studied conditions due to an increase in forage grazing followed by three intensification calving percentage levels at the beginning of the rainy season. Better productive and economic results were obtained by the steady increase in calving numbers associated with both forage stock improvement technologies. Natural protein source exhibited the best outcomes in 30 % of grazing grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the work was to bring about a case study represented by a dairy farm unit (UPL) with a calving concentration pattern at beginning of the rainy season within 69 and 79 %, in relation to other units with less calving concentration at that time. The institutionalized information of every UPL for the 2001-2006 quinquennium was considered. Several indexes like production/cow/day, and production per hectare/year per work unit (UT)/year were calculated. The results of the economic behavior of calving patterns were calculated from the certificates of expenses and incomes of the company and the profitability on the total bulk incomes per year the incomes-expenses (net incomes), and cost per kg of milk. The unit 8, of best productive behavior of pattern III, with a calving concentration at the beginning of the rainy season of 69-79 % was selected. It was demonstrated the obvious superiority in productive results in relation to pattern I and II averages. In relation to that, it had a difference of more than 100 000 kg of milk per year and more than 1000 kg per hectare, with very inferior costs per kg of milk. According to the analysis carried out for the assessed phase, the results actually validate the favorable effect of calving concentration at the beginning of the rainy season on the indexes of productive and financial efficiency of the units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to assess the indicators of economic efficiency and its behavior in dairy farm systems when they show different levels of calving concentration at the beginning of the rainy season. The results derived from the economic behavior of the calving pattern were calculated by the standard procedures which regulate these processes, it means using the certificates of expenses and incomes of the company and the profitability on the total bulk incomes per year. The kept procedure gave the possibility of calculating the cost per kg of milk. A simple analysis of variance for the economic indexes, applying the Tukey post test, was carried out. The values for the economic efficiency of pattern III, which showed significant differences (p<0-.050) in relation to the other two, and which even though being the pattern of greatest total expenses; it obtained, at the same time, total incomes over 180 000 CUP and incomes- expenses (net incomes) very superiors, which also showed significant differences (p<0.05) in relation to the others, what indicates a better financial efficiency of this one. It is concluded that the economic responses achieved by this mode of analysis for pattern III, are superior to the rest of the patterns and are an advantageous consequence of the greater calving concentration at the beginning of rains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the work was to analyze the behavior of yields for fundamental milky components, as a function of calving concentration at the beginning of the rainy period, in commercial dairy farms. The contents of solids, fat, protein and lactose were in every case calculated using transformation coefficients in relation to the total production. The values were 12.1%, 3.5%, 3.2%, and 4.5% respectively. The patterns were: PI = 48-56% of birthing assumed between April and August in relation to the whole rainy season, PII = 58-68% of birthing, and PIII = 69-79% of birthing. An analysis of simple variance for components was carried out by means of Tukey's test, and Systat, 7.0 statistical package. The Pattern III stood out for the production of total solids per cow a year and the total solids per hectare a year, showing significant differences (P <0.05) in relation to the others. For the remaining milky components, the superiority of this pattern III was significant (p <0.005) for protein, fat and lactose, as a consequence of the largest calving concentration and greater use of nutrients of the grasslands at the best period of productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the work was to achieve a mode of analysis of the behavior of productive indicators in dairy farms, as a function of calving concentration at the beginning of the rainy period and its alimentary base. The study was carried out between April-2001 and March-2006 in 10 dairy farms of "Triángulo Uno" Company, Municipality of Jimaguayú, Camagüey. The soils are of category 3; the climate is humid tropical of inner plain, with 1 114 mm of annual precipitation and 79% of rains occurring amid May and October. The animals were cross-bred Holstein with Zebu, at a rotational shepherding system with an average of five meadows and consuming NORGOLD® as supplement. The patterns were: PI = 48-56% of birthing between April and August in relation the whole rainy season, PII = 58-68% and PIII = 69-79%. The total production of milk and per work unit a year shows significant differences (P <0.05) among the patterns. The pattern III was the one of greater production. As for the production of milk per hectare a year, pattern III behaved significantly superior (P <0.05) to the others. It was concluded that pattern of more calving concentration was superior to the rest in the core productive indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve improved grassies from the genera Andropogon, Brachiaria, Cenchrus, Cholris, Cynodon, Digitaria, and Panicun on a red-brownish ferromagnesial fersialitic soil in a non-fertile savanna north to Camagüey province, Cuba, were sampled. The improved grassies were applied a randomized block design with three replicas in 30 m² spots under cutting every 35 and 60 days during dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Spots were fertilized with N, P, and K at a ratio of 100, 120 and 100 kg/ha/year, respectively. N was fractionated during the rainy season. No watering was applied. A gayanus cv. CIAT 621 showed a highly significant yield in comparison to the other species, reaching values of 20,3 and 19,3 tons of dry matter/ha/year for the first and second years, respectively, B. decumbens cv. CIAT 606 also showed a significant yield. C. dactylon cultivars, in contrast, showed the lowest yield. P. maximum cv Likoni reached the highest content values of raw protein (9,3 % and 7,5 % during rainy and dry seasons, respectively); however, A. gayanus showed much higher P levels (P<0,01) in comparison to the other species whose Plevels were very low. In relation to Andropogon gayanus and Brachiaria decumbens endurance, they resulted in the best populations at the end (84 % and 86 %, respectively). It is recommended to evaluate the species with a better behavior in grazing grounds and gradually spread them over the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of six improved grassies under cutting on a lower-fertility red-brownish ferromagnesial fersialitic soil was studied. A completely randomized design with three replicas consisting in 0,25 ha spots under grazing conditions every 30 to 35 days during rainy season and 40 to 50 days during dry season with 12 lambs/ha load was applied. Grassy species were fertilized with N, P, and K at a ratio of 100; 80 and 100 kg/ha/year, respectively. Nitrogen was fractionated during the rainy season. Availability was measured by rotational grazing, and botanical composition was determined at the initial and final stages of the experiment. Andropogon gayanus cv. CIAT 621 showed the highest dry matter availability, followed by Brachiaria decumbens cv. CIAT 606, which showed no significant differences in relation to Andropogon in the first year during the rainy season and the second and third years during the dry season. In contrast, Brachiaria purpurascens cv. Aguada showed the worst behavior to the above mentioned index. Andropogon and Brachiaria 606 endurance was higher (P<0,001), but the other species population decreased by the third year. It is recommended to spread Andropogon gayanus cv. CIAT 621 and Brachiaria decumbens cv. CIAT 606 over the region due to edaphic and climatic conditions in this place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the factors that affect efficiency in a Leucaena leucocephala cv Perú association with pastures for bovine fattening, 22 Zebu fattening cycles were studied on a farm of the Rectángulo Livestock Company, in Camagüey, Cuba, between 2002 and 2012. The local soil is brown without carbonates. The climate is tropical humid, and annual precipitation averages 1 183 mm . The factors evaluated were, food balance, duration of the fattening cycle, and quantity of animals/cycle. The daily weight gain and expenses/income per operation were also analyzed. The pasture and Leucaena percents were determined by plant counts. Food balances were made. Leucaena cv Perú reached final values of 93 % (P < 0.05) with an increase in common Bermuda grass and others. Short duration tests showed much higher gains (P < 0.05), with values above 1.0 kg/animal/day. The number of animal/cycle (P < 0.05) produced higher gains with fewer animals. Forest grazing in association with Leucaena leucocephala cv Perúgraminaeae in drylands produced mean daily gains above 0.800 kg/animal/day in the final stage of fattening bulls, according to food balances with adequate biological and economic results, and the best behavior in the shortest cycles, where the highest final weight/animal values were achieved, with fewer expenses and higher income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of a strategy of changes to manage the bio-economic efficiency of a Murrah Buffalo production system in the province of Camagüey, Cuba, located 210 north and 770 west, 217 meters above sea level. The climate is tropical humid (Aw) plain. The mean annual precipitations average 1 180 mm (71 % between May and October), and temperature is between 24 and 29° C. The local soil is carbonated brown, brown without carbonates, and reddish-brown fersiallitic. The system comprises 5 100 ha and has 536 workers/year. A strategy to introduce management changes in agro-technology, food, reproduction, replacement, health, salary policies, and training was implemented as part of an innovation package with a systemic and participatory approach. The evaluation lasted eight years, and it was critical to increase dairy production in more than 200 000 kg/year in 2012, in comparison to 2004, with improvements in natality and reduction of operational expenses of the system. It was concluded that the strategy had a determining effect on the system's indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Algarroba (Prosopis juliflora (S.W.) DC.) trees on nitrogenenergy forage contents, on Ecuadorian dairy farms grasslands. The study was made at ESPAM bovine facility, 15 meters above sea level, in Manabí, 00°49'23'', south latitude, and 80°11'01" west longitude, with 962.4 mm annual precipitation, between September 2011 and December 2014. The stocking rate was 1.09 LU/ha. There were 1-4 algarroba trees/ha by 2011, and 8-35 trees/ha, in 2014. Evaluations of forage nitrogen and energy were based on the effects of arborization. As a result, 52 t of DM were estimated in 2014, in comparison to the 21 t of 2011. Nitrogen was higher with increased arborization between 2011 (60.9 kg/ha), with greater nutrient intake from external sources, and 2014 (39.3 kg/ha), with less input of supplements and mineral fertilizers, and greater N2 contribution by arborization. Energy was higher in 2014, with an increase in algarroba population/ha. The increase of trees/ha favored forage yields, with improved N2 and energy efficiency, which was linked to the benefits acquired by the grassland, the contribution of livestock to the ecosystem, and the reduction in feeds and fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A meat market study was conducted in Bolivar canton, as part of this research. The population included in the study (380 persons) was taken from the total number of inhabitants of the canton (37 262). A number of questions were made about the meat market system in the city of Calceta and other areas in Bolivar canton. Supply analysis made to several other similar products available in the area explained the behavior through time. Also included in the study were national meat processing plants that sell cured meat cuts and other meat products, in general. The chain study concluded that 96 % of meat consumers preferred fresh beef from butcheries and traditional markets, though with an increasing perception to consume safer cuts with less supermarket packing. They were also more prone to buy up to 1.8 kg/week of trademark fresh beef, sausages and smoked meat. It revealed a higher inclination to develop a local university industry offering standard processed and meat products, reducing health risks due to wrong production practices at the local slaughterhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the effect of superovulation (SOV) with synchronization of ovarian follicular wave (SOFW) and natural estrus (NE) on the quality of embryos obtained in Holstein cows. 20 Holstein cows were selected as donors with a body condition score: 2.75 to 3.5; aged between 40 and 60 months; normal cycles; and who have not submitted reproductive problems. The cows were randomly assigned to treatment SOFW (n = 10) and NE (n = 10) treatment. The SOFW group was synchronized with intravaginal progesterone device plus estradiol benzoate at day 0 and FSH in decreasing doses for 4 days, 2 times a day from day 4; at day 6 the implant was removed and applied prostaglandin; on day 8, they were inseminated to 6:00 a.m. and 6 pm. At NE group, FSH was applied twice daily for 4 days in decreasing doses from day 10; prostaglandin on day 12 was applied and inseminated on day 14 at 6 am and 6 pm. In both groups embryos non-surgically seven days after the first IA recovered. The results obtained in transferable embryos were 5.7 + 0.76 and 2.8 + 0.31 (P < 0.05) SOF and CN, respectively. It is concluded that the protocol SOFW produces more transferable embryos (grade 1 and 2) that the protocol NE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The productive response of dairy grazing cows using ground cornstalks was assessed. The study was developed in two different Ecuadoran settings (Costa Region and Sierra). At the Costa, on a 29.1 ha farm, the cows grazed on star clusters (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and panic grass(Panicum máximum), with legumes of different genera, such as Alysicarpus, Centrosema, Desmodium, Galactia, supplemented with corn stalks, cv. INIAP 125. The animals received 0.46 kg from the third kg onward, and ground corn stalks in 30- and 28- day periods, respectively (M-30 and M-28), and a control group without stalks for 36 days (M-0). In another region, the estate had 14.2 ha and 23 milking cows, grazing on clusters of West African pennisetum (P. clandestinum) and ryegrass- white clover (L. perenne and T. repens) and whole corn stalks (60 -70% ripe grain), at a ratio of 18 kg green/cow/day for 48 days and balanced at a ratio of 0.5 kg/l of milk following the fourth kilogram, and minerals. In both cases, stalks effected (P < 0.05) on cow response. In the Sierra region, the milk yield increase observed was 1.68 kg/cow, and in the Costa region, it was between 1.1 and 2.5 kg/cow. Corn stalks meant nutritional supplementation to grazing clusters in both regions, increased milk/animal yields, and cost reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) arborization on grazing cow behavior and milk production was assessed. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures were used per arborization treatment (low arborization, 1-7 trees/ha; mid arborization, 12-16 trees/ha; high arborization, 20-27 trees/ha). The time of each animal during activity, and the number of animals, were registered. Milk production values were compared using ANOVA, following a randomized design with six replicas. The significant differences were registered (P < 0.05) positively toward greater arborization grazing (155-173 min), and the indexes had a very similar behavior for months. In poorly arborized grazing lands cows consumed less pasture, whereas in highly arborized lands, cows stayed longer and produced more milk (11.02 and 12.50 kg/cow/day). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) arborization on grazing cow behavior and milk production was assessed. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures were used per arborization treatment (low arborization, 1-7 trees/ha; mid arborization, 12-16 trees/ha; high arborization, 20-27 trees/ha). Rational grazing was performed. The grass rested for 21-28 days, and sprinklers were used for irrigation. Each animal's activity time, and the number of animals, were registered. Milk production values were compared using ANOVA, following a randomized design with six replicas. No significant differences were observed in the morning grazing (118 -203 min),but there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the afternoon, positively toward more arborization (103 -125 min), whereas in lands with mid and high arborization, cows ruminated longer, with higher water consumption and milk production, and values between11.85 - 13.76 kg/v/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy farms productive performance was evaluated according to year-round calving highest numbers. Fifteen small-scale dairy farms affiliated to the Livestock Center "Triángulo 1" in Camagüey, Cuba, were sampled. These farms have an average area ranging from 12,28 ha to 23,01 ha, 24-26 cattle units, and about 20 dairy cows. Grazing grounds botanical composition was determined. Seasonal forage demand and pasture yield were estimated. Three calving patterns were established based on data from the livestock center: I. 14 % and 58 % of calvings during the rainy and dry season, respectively; II. 52 % and 58 % of calvings during the rainy and dry season, respectively, and III. 67 % and 33 % of calvings during both seasons, respectively. Productive indicators performance, milk production, and feeding and financial efficiency for each calving pattern were assessed. Most of indicators showed significant differences (productive efficiency: 1 493 kg milk/ha/year; feeding efficiency: 19,82 kg ST/DM pasture; profitability: $ 1,06 pesos) associated with the third calving pattern, much higher (P < 0,05) when compared to the other two pattern. Therefore, better utilization of available pasture potential and validity of seasonal calving herd strategy were evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-five dairy farms from three basic units of cooperative production (A, B, and C) affiliated to Triángulo Uno Livestock Center in Jimaguayú municipality, Camagüey province, Cuba, were studied to determine anion-cation balance in dairy herds through food and water mineral supply. Production data were gathered from 2000 to 2006. Farms are located on typical brown soils, brown soils without carbonates, and grayish brown soils. Annual rainfall ranged between 870 mm and 1 270 mm; temperature reached 22,6 °C during the less rainy season and 26,1 °C during the rainy season; dominant pastures are Pannicum maximum, Paspalum notatum, and Cynodon nlemfuensis. Water availability was rated as fair. 400 g Norgold were supplemented every 2 l milk. Feeding and anion-cation balances were performed. Pastures, supplement and water were observed. Anion-cation balance (A. C. B. (mEq/kg) = [mEq Na+ + mEq K+] - [mEq Cl-+ mEq S=]) was unfavorable. The three cooperatives (A, B, and C) result for down-calving cows were -43,18; -34,80 y -6,38 mEq/kg, respectively, according to pasture, supplement, and water mineral composition, while for drying-off cows were +200,77; +83,73 and +100,17 mEq/kg depending on pasture and water mineral composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims at assessing a number of factors possibly affecting bioeconomic and environmental efficiency in seasonal dairy farming systems to be implemented as an alternative to traditional annual ones. Researchers carried out from March 1988 to February 2011 about the performance to 210 dairy farms and even livestock dairy production centers from Camagüey, Ciego de Ávila, and other provinces were reviewed. Concerning statistical data, several factors were evaluated: world milk production, productivity and quality of tropical pastures and their association with consumption based on animal load, seasonal calving patterns for dairy cows as an alternative to annual calving patterns, evaluations of seasonal calving periods and time, advantages of body reserves mobility process in dairy cows, herd reproductive performance status and its effects on milk production, economy, and profitability, as well as the perspective of implementing this seasonal dairy farming systems. Results showed that seasonal milk production possibilities were scientifically and economically valid based on seasonal calving intensification levels over 60 % at the beginning of the rainy season. This is translated into potential savings in convertible currency by a marked decrease in imports of dairy products and concentrated foods supplies, a better utilization of pastures and forage as a cheaper animal food supply, lower production costs by a reduction in powder milk manufacture, and environmental benefits by diminishing negative impacts through technological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-six dairy farms having an area between 93,5 ha and 112,1 ha, and a herd ranging from 109 to 126 cows were sampled to evaluate feeding efficiency based on variations in calving compaction levels at the beginning of the highest grass growing season. These farms are affiliated to six livestock production centers from Camagüey and Jimaguayú and located at 21,5° N and 71,2° W, 93 m above sea level. Soils are classified as types 2 and 3 within the agroproductive category. Climate is humid tropical complementary to inland plains. The mean annual rainfall is 1095 mm with 67 % of rains between April and October. The dairy farms calving percentages from April to August were registered according to three patterns: PI = 43 - 56 %, PII = 58 - 68 %, PIII = 70 - 82 %. Performance of feeding efficiency indicators was better (p<0,05) for PIII with a higher calving compaction level showing values of 0,48 milk/forage tons and 0,44 milk tons/food tons/cow compared to values for PI and PII. In addition, fat + protein production also reached higher values for PIII (p<0,05), i.e., 94 kg/cow/and 106 kg/ha. Findings support that feeding process is more efficient when calving compaction levels are higher and pastures and forage nutritional utilization is also higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annual calving distribution impact upon economic and productive-efficiency indicators was determined on 22 commercial dairy farms affiliated to Triángulo Uno Livestock Enterprise. To this end, farms were divided into four groups based on calving percentages every three-month intervals all year round. Efficiency was measured by physical and financial indicators. Dairy farms from Group 4 showed the best results (P < 0,05) in milk production efficiency (0,26 t milk/t forage), productive efficiency (1 237 kg milk/ha), and economic efficiency ($ 0,61/kg milk). These farms reached 65 % of calvings from April to June. One of them exhibited a markedly higher increase in productive efficiency (1 419 kg milk/ha) and economic efficiency ($ 0,52/kg milk) under restricted grazing as well as higher calving percentages associated with the highest grass growing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A follow-up study from April 2002 to March 2007 was carried out to evaluate the effect of markedly higher calving percentages at the beginning of the rainy season upon milk production from seven commercial dairy farms affiliated to Triángulo Uno Livestock Enterprise in Jimaguayú municipality, Camagüey province, Cuba. These farms have similar conditions with regards to facilities, agrotechnological management, animal load and feeding. Taking into account that 60 % and 68 % of calvings were registered from April through August, two six-week time spans were sampled, i.e., from April 1 to May 12 (Period I) and from May 13 to June 24 (Period II). Milk production indexes per dairy cow, hectare, and cowboy, as well as total milk production per period were evaluated by comparison tests including two independent mean values, Student-t, and two-rate comparison. No significant differences were detected between both periods concerning herd composition, weaning, reproductive performance indicators, mortality, and milk daily production per cow. Milk production per hectare and cowboy, and annual milk production showed a better performance (P < 0,05) for period I. Therefore, the better grazing grounds utilization during the first six weeks from April on due to a markedly calving percentage increase resulted in higher productivity indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A follow-up study from April 2002 to March 2007 was carried out to evaluate the effect of markedly higher calving percentages at the beginning of the rainy season upon milk components on seven commercial dairy farms affiliated to Triángulo Uno Livestock Enterprise in Jimaguayú municipality, Camagüey province, Cuba. These farms have similar conditions with respects to facilities, agrotechnological management, and also animal load and feeding. Two six-week time spans were assessed, i.e., from April 1 to May 12 (Period I) and from May 13 to June 24 (Period II). Milk components indicators evaluated were total milk solids, fat, lactose, and protein, each one per dairy cow, hectare, and cowboy, as well as their total amount. Evaluation was performed by comparison test including two independent mean values and Student-t. Period I showed higher scores (P < 0,05) for every milk component. Findings indicated that a better utilization of grazing grounds during the first six weeks from April on due to a markedly calving percentage increase resulted in higher scores for milk nutritional components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate seasonal calving effects on milk components at the beginning of the rainy season in Camagüey province. Commercial dairy herds were assessed during four periods with ever 68 % of annual seasonal calvings. Each period comprised five months, i. e., March-July, April-August, May-September, and June-October. Variables measured were total solids production, milk protein, fat, and lactose, and their correlation with dairy cow, work unit, hectare, and total amount was determined. A conversion coefficient for each component was estimated. The statistical method used was a covariance analysis. The best seasonal calving period was April-August (P < 0,05) with the highest scores for every milk component index. Forage better utilization according to calving time resulted in a significant favorable effect (P < 0,05) upon milk component indexes during the April- August period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate seasonal calving effect on milk production at the beginning of the rainy season in Camagüey province. Commercial dairy herds were assessed during four periods with 68 % of annual seasonal calvings. Each period comprised five months, i. e., March-July, April-August, May-September, and June- October. Variables measured were milk production per dairy cow, milk production per work unit, milk production per hectare, and annual total milk production. The statistical method used was a covariance analysis. The best seasonal calving period was April-August (P < 0,05) with the higher scores for the studied variables: milk production per dairy cow (4,5 ± 0,14 kg), milk production per hectare (1 281 ± 15,8 kg), milk production per work unit (33 383 ± 11 kg), and annual total milk production (139 417 ± 291 kg). Therefore, efficiency of dairy stock systems improves during the April-August period. Further studies on beef production under different environmental conditions are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five-kilogram nylon bags containing citrus pulp from orange and sugar cane bagasse pith silage in ratios of 100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30, and 60:0 % , respectively, were sealed and opened go days later to determine in vitro digestibility parameters. The in vitro gas production technique using bovine feces as inoculum as well as the p = a + b (1-e-ct) equation were applied to find out the potential (a + b) parameters and gas production (c) speed. After a 60-hour incubation period, the energy contribution to all silage ruminal microorganisms was minimal. Significant differences (P<0,05) concerning treatments in in vitro gas accumulative production at 24; 48, and 72 incubation hours were detected. This finding together with in vitro digestibility parameters showed a higher food value associated to a higher content of citrus pulp from orange. Silages with 100 % and 90 % citrus pulp from orange content proved their higher food value for ruminant feeding, and their quality can be compared to that of the best forage. The inclusion of bagasse pith up to a 10 % level in these silages is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two calving peaks in dairy cows at the beginning of grass maximal growth on dry farming systems with low productive capital were compared through their economic indicators. Physical and productive conditions on the sampled dairy farms were highly similar. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate expenses, incomes and, costs of milk production per kilogram. Taking into account that 60 % of annual calvings were registered from April through August, two six-week time spans were set from April on: Period I and Period II. Significant differences (P < 0,05) between both periods with regards to incomes and costs were registered. Period I showed higher incomes lower costs ($ 0,85 /kg milk); on the contrary, Period II reached $ 0,96 /kg milk. Findings support calving peak advantages in decreasing expensive feedstuff consumption due to higher utilization of grazing grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]