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The increased volatility of commodity prices caused by the entry of financial investors within the framework of so-called financialization, makes macroeconomic management more complex, especially for economies with a high incidence of primary products in their international trade. The purpose of this paper is to measure the exposure to export price risk for the Argentine case during the 1993-2018 period. The Value at Risk (VaR), typically used in finance, is employed in a novel way to design an export portfolio of commodities that operate daily in international markets. Among the main results is that 2.90% of the total exported is exposed to a monthly price risk from 2004 to 2018 in Argentina compared to 1.73% registered between 1993 and 2003. This indicator contributes to the design of fiscal rules that allow planning expenses based on structural income in contexts of high volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los rasgos emprendedores en las egresadas de la carrera de Contaduría Pública, impartida por la Universidad de Los Andes, en su Núcleo Universitario Rafael Rangel (NURR), ubicado en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela. A partir de un estudio descriptivo con diseño de campo, de un muestreo probabilístico al azar simple de 399 egresadas, y de una encuesta con preguntas de selección simple se encontró que las egresadas están provistas de rasgos emprendedores, como parte esencial de su personalidad y que a su vez son directriz de su comportamiento. Lo anterior permite concluir que las egresadas en estudio tienen propensión positiva a iniciar un proyecto emprendedor, destacando en éstas percepciones evaluativas altas de sí mismas o autoestima acentuado; no obstante, su propensión al riesgo es considerablemente baja, lo que supone un aspecto que contrarresta la posible puesta en marcha de una iniciativa emprendedora.

This paper is part of a study intended to elucidate the current modalities of social intervention on children at risk in Argentina, as part of what is known as child protection and from a rights-based approach. I attempt to comprehend these modalities of intervention by focusing on the actions of the institutional agents of a state organism for the protection of children's rights in a mid-range area of Buenos Aires. The material presented here stems from an ethnographic and narrative approach to the actions carried out by these agents in relation to the families with which they interact, in order to access some of the significant schemes that frame them. I conducted my fieldwork in 2018, during a fivemonth internship in the organization, using participant observation as the main research technique. I argue that the trust that permeates the bond between state agents and the families targeted by the interventions is conceived as a moral value that conveys the instructive work carried out, fundamentally, on womenmothers. This characteristic does not serve to make relationships more flexible, but rather reestablishes itself to stylize control and surveillance mechanisms. At the same time, families make use of available institutional rhetoric as a way of translating their social experience into the language of rights, thus effecting the expected transformation. This work shows how current models of intervention involving children and their families incorporate new elements such as trust and affection, which, however, are woven with enduring power mechanisms typical of the scope of the state's protective services. It also discusses the place of families in the interaction with state agents to enable an understanding of their actions based on the use and appropriation of the language of rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exacerbated environmental problem known as "climate change" has led to further action to combat it, but they have been insufficient and slow in the face of the magnitude and urgency required. "Anthropocene" approach is reviewed and the idea of "common space" is explored with the purpose of raising them as levers to drive more precise approaches than climate change, emphasizing human actions and overcoming the dichotomy between the public and what dilute responsibility for environmental decisions. Given the documented prospect of the increased risk of drastic negative involvement human and general life on the planet, there is an urgent need to act responsibly in construction of spaces that we recognize as common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El establecimiento de un modelo para el estudio de la cibercultura organizacional en torno a la innovación del conocimiento es el objetivo del presente trabajo. Se llevó a cabo un estudio documental con una selección de fuentes indexadas a repositorios nacionales a fin de poder complejizar un modelo para el estudio de la cibercultura. Se advierten líneas de investigación concernientes a la amplificación de los repositorios, técnicas y teorías en torno a la amplificación del modelo.

Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean has shown a slight increase in recent years, setting off alarm bells, as its eradication has become a social aspiration that is far from being achieved. The research uses the Progress Out of Poverty Index to quantify the levels and risk of poverty in Colombia's 23 main departments as well as Bogotá DC between 2012 and 2019. The results suggest that the risk of poverty has increased by 1.76%. Vulnerability in the country is latent, with 57.5% of households in Bogotá being susceptible to poverty, while in departments such as Chocó and La Guajira this rate exceeds 79%. The method provides a more accurate identification of poverty and highlights the importance of considering vulnerable households when proposing public policies for its reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La morosidad es una problemática financiera de bancos y empresas que practican la venta a crédito; el objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en estudiar perfiles morosos en tarjetahabientes de bancos privados del municipio Libertador del Estado Mérida, siendo estos perfiles el resultado de una descripción de los requerimientos necesarios para optar a una tarj eta de crédito y un diagnóstico del nivel de morosidad del tarjetahabiente venezolano. Para ello, se aplicó la herramienta estadística Regresión Logística sobre datos obtenidos de bancos universales de capital privado que operan en el municipio, identifica ndo variables asociadas con la morosidad. Posteriormente, se realiza la clasificación de tarjetahabientes según el nivel de morosidad y, finalmente, un análisis de las variables que caracterizan a los tarjetahabientes típicamente morosos. Todo esto, enfoca ndo cuantitativamente una investigación de campo, descriptiva, de tipo correlacional y explicativa que demuestra una relación entre la baja calidad crediticia con el número de cargas familiares, la propiedad de la vivienda, la experiencia crediticia y labo rar para el Estado venezolano, lo que permite ofrecer información de interés sobre los grupos con mayor probabilidad de incumplir condiciones de pago contractual, evitar las pérdidas por incobrables en las empresas y proteger la calidad de los activos de l as instituciones financieras.

El emprendimiento digital entendido como un proceso de oportunidades, capacidades, innovaciones y responsabilidades ha sido estudiado como externo a Internet y aunque los estudios de adopción tecnológica y confianza en comercio electrónico han establecido algunas dimensiones cognitivas, el contraste de sus relaciones no se ha demostrado. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de la presente investigación es describir las diferencias entre usuarios con respecto a las dimensiones que el estado del conocimiento plantea a fin de examinar el emprendedurismo en Internet. Se encuestó a una muestra no probabilística de 143 estudiantes de una universidad pública a fin de contrastar la hipótesis según la cual existen diferencias entre usuarios de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación debido a su grado académico y con respecto a sus niveles de significación menor a 0,001 para los factores de empatía, riesgo, oportunidad, emprendimiento, utilidad, facilidad, compromiso, conocimiento, innovación, uso y satisfacción. Los resultados muestran que sólo en el caso de la empatía [ x 2 = 14,26 (14 gl) p = 0,000], el riesgo [x 2 = 19,36 (14 gl) p = 0,000], el emprendimiento [x 2 = 16,30 (14 gl) p = 0,000] y el uso de biblioteca virtual, simulador multimedia y centro auto-dirigido [x 2 = 19,40 (14 gl) p = 0,000] existen diferencias significativas entre tres grupos de diferente semestre.

La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad causada por la infección de un parásito protozoario del género Leishmania, transmitido por la picada de insectos hematófagos conocidos como flebotominos. El estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la presencia de flebotominos en los Distritos Sanitarios del estado Mérida y diseñar un mapa de riesgo de transmisión entomológico. Se utilizaron cuatro métodos de captura de flebotominos, los ejemplares se identificaron y se les determinó la infección natural por Leishmania. Se estimó la riqueza de especies, y se realizó un proceso analítico Jerárquico. Los resultados muestran la presencia de diversas especies de flebotominos en los Distritos Sanitarios del estado Mérida, siendo las especies de mayor frecuencia L. youngi, L. gomezi, L. ovallesi y L. walkeri. Se detectó 2,1% de infección natural con Leishmania, la cual se encontró en las 4 especies más frecuentes. Se presenta un mapa de riesgo de transmisión entomológico para el estado Mérida. El conocimiento de la situación actual de los vectores de Leishmania en el estado Mérida y el riesgo de transmisión son relevantes a la hora de considerar la prevención y posible surgimiento de nuevos brotes de leishmaniasis. Abstract (english) The leishmaniasis is a disease caused by infection with a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of blood-sucking insects known as sandflies. The study aims to determine the presence of sandflies in Merida state health districts and design a map of entomological risk of transmission. Four methods capture sandflies were used, the specimens were identified and natural Leishmania infection was determined. The richness species was estimated and analityc Hierarchie procesess was performed. The results show the presence of various species of sandflies in Merida state health districts, L. youngi, L. gomezi, L. ovallesi and L. walkeri were most abundant species. The 2.1% of natural infection with Leishmania was detected, which were found in the 4 most abundant species. A map of risk of transmission to Mérida is presented. Knowledge of the current status of Leishmania vectors in Mérida and the risk of transmission are relevant when considering the prevention and possible emergence of new outbreaks of leishmaniasis.

El propósito del presente trabajo de investigación, es analizar la importancia que tiene la asignación de activos en el proceso de inversión en portafolios diversificados internacionalmente; se describen brevemente la estructura del mercado financiero internacional, el proceso de la diversificación internacional y las pautas a seguir para la adecuada diversificación de un portafolio. La metodología a seguir atendiendo al objetivo de la investigación, se relaciona con la investigación documental, la información recopilada procede de fuentes bibliográficas tanto del área de las inversiones, como de las finanzas internacionales. La asignación de activos abarca dos conceptos básicos, el primero, la combinación de diferentes activos, y en segundo lugar, la forma en que esa combinación varía a lo largo del tiempo, como respuesta a los cambios en la economía. La compensación entre riesgo y rendimiento es un factor crítico en la asignación de activos en un portafolio de activos. La teoría moderna del portafolio, sugiere que los inversionistas no desearán exponerse a unos riesgos que pueden evitarse por medio de la diversificación. Entre las conclusiones destacan que la decisión más importante que debe tomarse con respecto a la conformación de un portafolio de inversión, es la de asignación de activos, la cual se refiere a qué clase de activos se deben incluir en el portafolio y en qué proporciones a fin de lograr un rendimiento esperado acorde con las preferencias del inversionista. La gestión internacional de portafolios es una extensión de la asignación de activos, en la que se aprovechan las posibilidades de inversión que ofrecen los mercados financieros internacionales.

El propósito de la presente investigación es dar a conocer la importancia de los mercados financieros, los cuales facilitan el flujo de fondos de las unidades superavitarias a las unidades deficitarias. Aquel en el cual fluyen los fondos de corto plazo, se conoce como mercado monetario, mientras el que facilita el flujo de fondos a largo plazo se conoce como mercado de capitales. Este, a su vez, es de vital importancia, dado que facilita la inversión y el financiamiento de los agentes económicos, estimulando el crecimiento económico. El entorno económico y las expectativas de los diferentes agentes juegan un papel fundamental en el proceso de inversión. El mercado de capitales venezolano se encuentra regulado por la Comisión Nacional de Valores (CNV), sus objetivos son velar por la transparencia del mercado de valores, para que, de esta forma se pueda contribuir a la protección de los inversionistas, al asegurar la mayor difusión posible de información financiera y el cumplimiento de las leyes, por parte de los entes intermediarios y de los emisores del mercado. Entre dichos entes se encuentran las empresas emisoras, las entidades de inversión colectiva, entidades de inversión colectiva de capital de riesgo y entidades de inversión colectiva inmobiliaria y sus sociedades administradoras, casas de bolsa, sociedades de corretaje, corredores públicos de títulos-valores, asesores de inversión, contadores inscritos ante el Registro Nacional de Valores, entre otros. En estos tiempos de alta liquidez y de control de cambio, el mercado de capitales se ha convertido en una oportunidad, y resulta fundamental dar a conocer su potencial al público en general.

The discourses of health professionals regarding the possible future lives of children in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are described and analyzed. Notions of susceptibility, risk and danger are considered as matrixes of intelligibility of the problem are considered. Primary and secondary data are used, and a variety of sources are analyzed, including specific literature and in-depth and group interviews of health professionals. The conclusion is that the processes of diagnosis and treatment of ADHD make possible an operation of the above-mentioned matrices, that is articulated in professional discourses, although divided in professional practices, thus raising clinical singularities that stress and reconfigure cardinal analytical coordinates such as normal/pathological, health/disease, prevention/intervention, and the very notion of the body itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the variables that better explain the perceptions and attitudes of Europeans regarding science and their more recent scientific innovations. The cognitive deficit hypothesis proposes that social ambivalence arises because people have little scientific knowledge and misunderstands scientific and technical advances. The article agrees with the analytic role of contextual perspective, identifies ten myths linked to the traditional explanation of social perception of science, and proposes an alternative interpretation of the relationship between knowledge, institutional dynamics, and social trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text is aimed to discuss the concept of resilience, in order to assess its heuristic interest when applied to urban vulnerability studies. The word resilience is everywhere in rethorical speech, whether in international declarations, public policies or academic research about urban risks and disasters. This article discusses the notion of resilience, in order to understand its origins and explain its underlying ideological features. At the same time, the concept of resilience raised some very interesting theoretical issues in the scientific field, as well as active debates in the social and political spheres of public policY making. Beyond the local capacity building issue, the heurisitc benefits brought by this concept of resilience for urban risk analysis comes from its complex systems theory roots. Thus, it's possible to draft new approaches, along with conceptual pilars that help in Understanding The vulnerability of large urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a discrepancy concerning resilience. International institutions such as ISDR try to promote resilience as a notion useful for preventing disasters. And some searchers, mainly coming from ecology, such as Resilience Alliance group, found the notion relevant enough to promote it as a brand for their studies on disaster prevention. Yet, the second part of the paper will verify how other searchers are still not convinced by the relevance of the notion. Territorial managers are reluctant as well, in line with the poor number of policies trying to bring resilience to reality, be it in Columbia or in France. How can we make sense of this discrepancy? The paper will stress on various political, institutional and cultural conditionings hidden behind the notion. It will also enlighten the contradictions embedded within the notion, because resilience, as disaster, depends on the scales and the actors the analysis relies on first. Which resilience to whom and at what scale? These are critical questions that should be addressed in order to give sense to these contradictions. Resilience has no absolute meaning. However, it helps identifying trends towards future disasters. This is one of the main reasons why it may be found useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document estimates the risk embraced by Colombian commercial banks, and establishes a measurement of excessive risk-taking that is consistent with such estimation. The construction of the excessive-risk measurement follows the basic efficient-portfolio framework, in which the variance of an aggregate portfolio is minimized subject to an observed return. Return and risk-taking in Colombia's banking industry appear to decrease between December 2007 and May 2011. In spite of this, the excess-risk exhibits an upward trend, and denotes an increasing suboptimality when considered as a proportion of the observed risk. Hence, a reduction in the risk embraced by Colombian banks paradoxically coincides with an increase in their instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article qualitatively links the disasters associated with landslides and flooding in Medellin with characteristics of the process of urban growth, such as double marginality and the intensive transformation of nature. It identifies the social construction of risk, a process that defines the social nature of disasters, thus suggesting ways to question the supposed natural character of such disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of its vulnerable situation, the city of Motozintla (Chiapas, Mexico) is exposed to the risk of hydrometeorological disasters. Both the rains of 1998 and Hurricane Stan in 2005 caused a great deal of damage and many casualties. The authorities responded by imposing structural measures in the xelajú River and by resettling families from risk areas. Creating the new neighborhoods of Milenio and Vida Mejor reconigured the space by disrupting social networks and redistributing risk. We expose some of the implications of the resettlement, emphasizing the need for applying participatory policies and for adapting the disaster recovery programs to the local context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes to investigate the emergence of risk management and disaster prevention in Colombian national and municipal policy, focusing on the city of Bogotá and using a methodology that combines historical and anthropological approaches. We establish its temporal framework as beginning in 1985, since the conjuncture that occurred in November of that year with the tragedy of Armero and the siege of the Palacio de Justicia just one week before generated, in the domain of political culture, a new emphasis on the issue of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban infrastructure is essential for the development of modern societies: its assessment and risk-management must be undertaken within the framework of decisions of public-interest. The fact that infrastructure is made up of networks imposes the need for a systemic approach rather than one that emphasizes individual elements. This paper proposes a hierarchical description of infrastructure systems at different levels of resolution, allowing for effective risk-assessment through the use of simpliied representations of the network for the assessment of failure probability and consequences. Finally, the approach to risk-management is undertaken by means of theory of incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuing changes in the system of guarantees in selection processes for public contracts, at a legal and regulatory level, have brought about significant jurisprudential and doctrinal shifts in relation to this insurance, a private law contract interlaced with elements of public policy. But, unlike the performance guarantee, not much has been written regarding the offer-reliability guarantee, which justifies making an analytical study, case law and regulatory-wise, regarding the concept, nature, classification and regime of this type of insurance --whether the provisions governing the insurance contract in the Commercial Code, or special rules of the administrative regulations are applicable--, its essential elements, its value, the claim and the prescription of the insurance contract. All of the above is meant to reveal the properties of this contract, as well as to identify which of the precedents and doctrinal pronouncements relating to the performance guarantee are applicable to it, given its particular nature, the presence of a public entity and the moment of its constitution, as a condition enabling the selection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk as category of analysis can not be reduced as a numeric probability, as is usually understood in public health. Risk is a topic in modern societies that has been constructed as a pivotal issue to allow its technification and management while has acquired specific social meanings within people's social practices. This article seeks to understand the origin and construction the risk as a key concept in epidemiological studies and propose an analysis of two transmissible diseases: Rocky mountain spotted fever and HIV-AIDS. Both diseases show the complexity to understand the risk due to the visibility of AIDS and invisibility of the rocky mountain Spotted fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future necessity of implement several levels of design is established. The most important variables which defined the behavior of structures under seismic actions are identified and their influence in the structural behavior is analyzed in order to obtain the risk spectra associated to a specific seismic hazard and structural vulnerability. Thus the assessment of the seismic demand associated to any level of performance, which can be used either to design new structures or evaluate existent structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]