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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess maternal mortality (MM) in Brazilian Black, Pardo, and White women. METHODS We evaluated the maternal mortality rate (MMR) using data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health public databases from 2017 to 2022. We compared MMR among Black, Pardo, and White women according to the region of the country, age, and cause. For statistical analysis, the Q2 test prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS From 2017 to 2022, the general MMR was 68.0/100,000 live births (LB). The MMR was almost twice as high among Black women compared to White (125.81 vs 64.15, PR = 1.96, 95%CI:1.84–2.08) and Pardo women (125.8 vs 64.0, PR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.85–2.09). MMR was higher among Black women in all geographical regions, and the Southeast region reached the highest difference among Black and White women (115.5 versus 60.8, PR = 2.48, 95%CI: 2.03–3.03). During the covid-19 pandemic, MMR increased in all groups of women (Black 144.1, Pardo 74.8 and White 80.5/100.000 LB), and the differences between Black and White (PR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.64–1.95) and Black and Pardo (PR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.77–2.09) remained. MMR was significantly higher among Black women than among White or Pardo women in all age ranges and for all causes. CONCLUSION Black women presented higher MMR in all years, in all geographic regions, age groups, and causes. In Brazil, Black skin color is a key MM determinant. Reducing MM requires reducing racial disparities.

Este artigo objetiva examinar a ocorrência de relações discursivo-argumentativas em textos do gênero comentário online que são postados em redes sociais, paralelamente à reflexão sobre a abordagem da argumentação no ensino de Língua Portuguesa. Caracteriza-se como estudo exploratório, de natureza qualitativa e delineado por pesquisa bibliográfica. O corpus de análise é composto por um post de notícia publicado no perfil do jornal Estadão, no Instagram, e pelos comentários reativos à postagem. Os resultados da análise indicaram a ocorrência de diferentes relações argumentativas nos comentários em que os enunciados são encadeados por articuladores textuais, o que sugere a importância do trabalho com os elementos linguístico-discursivos no ensino da argumentação, sobretudo em textos contemporâneos veiculados virtualmente.

Abstract Santana et al. (2022) described a new genus and species of fossil crab, Chronocancer camilosantanai, from carbonate concretions of the Romualdo Formation of the Araripe Sedimentary Basin. The journal in which the description appeared was published online only and the new name did not include a ZooBank registration number (LSID), as required for validation of new names in electronic-only publications. The present note serves to validate the name Chronocancer camilosantanai by fulfilling the ICZN conditions for nomenclatural availability. The date and authorship of the specific name, accordingly, are those of this note, not Santana et al. (2022).

ABSTRACT The objective of this essay is to discuss the social desirability bias in qualitative health research. The social desirability bias consists of a systematic research error, in which the participant presents answers that are more socially acceptable than their true opinions or behaviors. Qualitative studies are very susceptible to this type of bias, which can lead to distorted conclusions about the studied phenomenon. Initially, I present the theoretical-conceptual aspects of the social desirability bias. I discuss how its occurrence can be intentional or unintentional, with a distinction between the concepts of self-deception and impression management. Then, I discuss the determining factors of this bias from four dimensions: study design; study context; interviewee's characteristic; interviewer's posture. Finally, I present a systematization of six strategies to be used by qualitative researchers for identifying and controlling social desirability bias.

ABSTRACT Coffee farmers do not have efficient tools to have sufficient and reliable information on the maturation stage of coffee fruits before harvest. In this study, we propose a computer vision system to detect and classify the Coffea arabica (L.) on tree branches in three classes: unripe (green), ripe (cherry), and overripe (dry). Based on deep learning algorithms, the computer vision model YOLO (You Only Look Once), was trained on 387 images taken from coffee branches using a smartphone. The YOLOv3 and YOLOv4, and their smaller versions (tiny), were assessed for fruit detection. The YOLOv4 and YOLOv4-tiny showed better performance when compared to YOLOv3, especially when smaller network sizes are considered. The mean average precision (mAP) for a network size of 800 × 800 pixels was equal to 81 %, 79 %, 78 %, and 77 % for YOLOv4, YOLOv4-tiny, YOLOv3, and YOLOv3-tiny, respectively. Despite the similar performance, the YOLOv4 feature extractor was more robust when images had greater object densities and for the detection of unripe fruits, which are generally more difficult to detect due to the color similarity to leaves in the background, partial occlusion by leaves and fruits, and lighting effects. This study shows the potential of computer vision systems based on deep learning to guide the decision-making of coffee farmers in more objective ways.

Resumo Este artigo objetiva avaliar o desempenho dos conselhos de saúde (CS) em municípios de pequeno e médio porte. Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa com a utilização do método spidergram adaptado à realidade dos CS. A matriz avaliativa foi composta por cinco dimensões: autonomia, organização, representatividade, envolvimento comunitário e influência política. O estudo foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Nova Canaã e Itapetinga, ambos no estado da Bahia, por meio de análise documental, observação das reuniões e 31 entrevistas com conselheiros de saúde. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo temática para a categorização dos dados. Os CS apresentaram baixo nível de desempenho, com resultados mais desfavoráveis ao menor município. Verificaram-se limitações na autonomia, como fragilidades no apoio técnico, estrutura física e dotação orçamentária. A dimensão organização revelou irregularidades na realização das reuniões e a inexistência de comissões temáticas. Foram evidenciadas fragilidades da relação entre representantes e representados. Sobre o envolvimento comunitário, observou-se o esvaziamento dos CS e baixos índices de comparecimento dos representantes. A influência política revelou diminuta capacidade dos CS em influenciar na definição das políticas de saúde locais. A adaptação da matriz avaliativa se mostrou oportuna e adequada. Os dois casos avaliados demostraram insuficiências no processo participativo e na capacidade de influência política.

ABSTRACT: Adding ionophores to ruminant diets is a strategy to manipulate ruminal fermentation and improve milk yield. This study evaluates the effects of narasin supply to lactating ewes on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, and performance of the lambs. Thirty lactating Santa Inês and Santa Inês × Dorper ewes fed a basal diet containing 50 % coastcross hay and 50 % concentrate were randomly assigned to two treatments: control (CON; without ionophores) or NAR (addition of 13 mg narasin kg–1 DM). From the 2nd to 10th week of lactation, DMI of ewes was determined, and once a week, their milk production and composition was measured over a 3-h interval. At the 10th week of lactation, lambs were weaned and their average daily gain (ADG) and starter DMI continued to be evaluated for two more weeks. Narasin supply did not affect weight and DMI of ewes. Ewes fed NAR had greater feed efficiency for milk production and displayed tendency for higher milk yield. Narasin supply reduced milk protein levels, but it did not affect other milk component levels. Ewes fed NAR had greater production of milk urea nitrogen and showed tendency for higher production of fat and total solids. Starter DMI of lambs was not affected by treatments; however, there was a tendency for greater weaning weight for NAR lambs. At the end of experiment, no differences were observed in the performance of lambs. The supply of 13 mg narasin kg–1 to lactating ewes improved milk yield efficiency and tended to increase the weaning weight of their lambs.

Pattern minas cheese is a product developed with pasteurized milk, fermented with mesophilic cultures, and with the final addition of rennet. This cheese undergoes an artisanal maturation process and possesses a firm shell of yellowish color and striking and acidic flavor. Our study objective was to evaluate the microbiological quality of pattern minas cheese. We collected 40 samples from two micro regions (Uberlândia and Patos de Minas) of the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba mesor regions of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The microbiological test results were recorded as counts of enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, coliforms at 35°C, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella spp. In the Patos de Minas micro region, the results were 45%, 35%, 20%, and 20% higher than 103 CFU/g for the counts of enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, coliforms at 35°C, and Staphylococcus coagulase-positive, respectively. Five percent of the analyzed samples were positive for Salmonella spp. in the Uberlândia micro region. Based on the findings of the microbiota in the cheese analyzed from the micro regions (Uberlândia and Patos de Minas), we concluded that the hygiene conditions in the manufacturing, handling, transport, and storage stages were precarious, requiring the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) systems, including Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP).

ABSTRACT The considerable volume of data generated by sensors in the field presents systematic errors; thus, it is extremely important to exclude these errors to ensure mapping quality. The objective of this research was to develop and test a methodology to identify and exclude outliers in high-density spatial data sets, determine whether the developed filter process could help decrease the nugget effect and improve the spatial variability characterization of high sampling data. We created a filter composed of a global, anisotropic, and an anisotropic local analysis of data, which considered the respective neighborhood values. For that purpose, we used the median to classify a given spatial point into the data set as the main statistical parameter and took into account its neighbors within a radius. The filter was tested using raw data sets of corn yield, soil electrical conductivity (ECa), and the sensor vegetation index (SVI) in sugarcane. The results showed an improvement in accuracy of spatial variability within the data sets. The methodology reduced RMSE by 85 %, 97 %, and 79 % in corn yield, soil ECa, and SVI respectively, compared to interpolation errors of raw data sets. The filter excluded the local outliers, which considerably reduced the nugget effects, reducing estimation error of the interpolated data. The methodology proposed in this work had a better performance in removing outlier data when compared to two other methodologies from the literature.

ABSTRACT: Narasin is an antibacterial agent that may change rumen fermentation. Two experiments were proposed to evaluate the efficiency of narasin inclusion for lambs fed a diet containing high amounts of ground flint corn. Thirty rumen-cannulated wethers were used to evaluate nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen metabolism (Exp. 1); and forty-five lambs were used to evaluate performance (Exp. 2) of animals fed with narasin for high flint corn diets. The experimental diets were: control or basal diet without additives (C); 25 mg of monensin kg−1 of dry matter (DM) (M); and inclusion of 5 (N5), 10 (N10), and 15 (N15) mg of narasin kg−1 of DM. The statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Monensin increased DM digestibility compared to C ( p = 0.01) and increasing doses of narasin linearly increased DM digestibility ( p < 0.01). There was a quadratic effect ( p = 0.10) for molar proportion of acetate peaking at N15. Monensin inclusion increased ( p = 0.07) propionate compared to C; however, it did not differ from narasin. The increasing levels of narasin linearly decreased the total volatile fatty acids concentration in the rumen ( p = 0.02). Monensin and C showed a similar performance. The increasing levels of narasin linearly increased ( p ≤ 0.04) average daily gain and feed efficiency. Monensin and narasin changed rumen fermentation and improved overall nutrient digestibility. However, lambs that received narasin showed improved performance when compared with animals that received M.

ABSTRACT: The adaptation of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology to fit the needs of farmers requires knowledge of the accuracy level delivered by a GNSS receiver in working conditions. To date, no methodology indicates the minimum number of replications to perform a statistical comparison. This study aims to advance knowledge on the methodological approach for evaluating the static and dynamic performance of GNSS receivers commonly used in agricultural operations. For the static test, a supporting frame in the ground carried all the receivers with coordinates properly transported. In the dynamic test, a circular rail with a 9.55 m radius was installed at ground level with a platform driven by an electric motor to carry the receivers at a constant speed. The transversal error of the receiver to the circular reference line was measured. The error with 95 % probability (E95) to receivers without differential correction ranged between 4.22 m and 0.85 m in the static test, and 2.25 m and 0.98 m in the dynamic test. Receivers with differential correction had E95 values below 0.10 m in the static test and 0.16 m in the dynamic test. Receivers with C/A code require five replications at minimum and 13 replications are needed for L1/L2 with differential correction signals in the dynamic test. The static test needs nine replications for C/A and five for L1/L2 with differential correction signals.

ABSTRACT Two experiments were proposed to evaluate the addition of monensin for lambs fed diets containing a high level of mature ground flint corn. The experimental diets were as follows: no inclusion of monensin (M0) and inclusion of 8 (M8), 16 (M16) and 24 mg kg–1 of monensin (M24). In experiment 1, eight cannulated wethers were divided into a double 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design to evaluate nutrient digestibility, plasma parameters and rumen fermentation. The experiment lasted 112 days, divided into four periods of 28 days each. In experiment 2, ninety-two lambs were used in a randomized block design to evaluate the performance over 56 days. In experiment 1, doses of monensin had no effect on nutrient intake (p ≥ 0.07) and digestibility (p ≥ 0.09). There was a quadratic effect for acetate molar proportion (p = 0.01), acetate to propionate ratio (p = 0.04) and rumen pH (p < 0.01). However, there was no effect on the molar proportion of propionate and butyrate. The monensin decreased linearly the total SCFA concentration (p < 0.01). The inclusion of monensin increased glucose (p < 0.01) and decreased lactate concentration in plasma (p = 0.05). In experiment 2, monensin decreased dry matter intake (p = 0.04). However, there was a quadratic effect for average daily gain (p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p < 0.01), with the greatest values observed for the M8 diet. Thus, the inclusion of 8 mg kg–1 of dry matter diet (DM) improves ruminal fermentation and plasma parameters, resulting in greater growth performance in lambs.

Essential oil (EO) from Brazilian red pepper leaves contains antimicrobial compounds that control Gram-positive bacteria in the rumen content, improving the efficiency of ruminal fermentation. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of the Brazilian red pepper leaves EO (Schinus terebinthifolius) as a substitute for monensin on performance, occurrence of coccidiosis by Eimeria ssp., carcass characteristics and meat composition of feedlot lambs. Forty-four lambs, 16 males (12 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês and 4 Santa Inês) and 28 females (16 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês and 12 Santa Inês), with 21.4 ± 1.05 kg of initial body weight (BW), were used in a randomized complete block design. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into 2 periods of 28 days each. The treatments were defined by the inclusion of 8 ppm of monensin (MON), and the doses 0.14% (14EO), 0.28% (28EO) and 0.42% (42EO) of red pepper leaves essential oil (EO). At the end of 56 days, 32 lambs were slaughtered for the measurement of carcass parameters and meat composition. There was no interaction among treatments and periods for average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE) and oocyst of Eimeria ssp. in feces. The treatments did not affect the ADG, DMI and FE; however, the monensin inclusion decreased the oocyst of Eimeria ssp. (P = 0.01). There was a tendency (P = 0.06) of increase in hot carcass yield for lambs fed 28EO compared to 14EO. In addition, the cold carcass yield was higher (P = 0.02) in the animals fed 28EO and 42EO. The subcutaneous fat thickness was not affected by the experimental diets; however, there was a tendency for lambs from 28EO and 42EO treatments to present higher body wall thickness (P = 0.07) and Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.07) when compared to MON. The higher doses of red pepper leaves EO increased the percentage of crude protein (P < 0.01) and mineral matter (P = 0.02) in the chemical composition of meat. Although the performance of lambs did not change, the inclusion of 0.28 and 0.42% red pepper leaves EO improve the carcass characteristics and change the meat composition, demonstrating the potential of the use of this additive in confined lamb diets. However, the monensin has greater potential to control coccidiosis in feedlot lambs compared with red pepper leaves EO.

ABSTRACT This text aimed to analyze characteristics and challenges of the 16th Brazilian National Health Conference based on the conference three thematic axes: Health as a right; Consolidation of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) principles; Adequate and enough funding for SUS. Given the initiatives to dismantle the social security model and the setbacks of social protection policies, to delimitate health in an expanded sense is essential to defend the SUS project. We analyzed the proposal of Universal Health Coverage as an alternative to universal systems. We then presented the restrictions of universal coverage and how the restrictions can threaten the SUS principles. We also discussed insufficient SUS funding and possible worsening in the face of fiscal austerity policies. To strengthen social participation and to monitor the proposals approved at the conference are necessary.

ABSTRACT: The mapping of sugarcane yield is still not as widely available as it is for grain crops. Sugarcane harvesters cut and process the cane in a single or maximum of two rows, facilitating the monitoring of cane yield and its behavior on a small scale. This study tested a method for sugarcane yield data cleaning, investigating if the data recording frequency influences the characterization of yield variations in mapping high-resolution spatial data within a single row. Four data sets from yield monitors of single row harvesting were used. A cleaning process with global and anisotropic filtering in a single sugarcane row was applied. The local outlier cleaner compares the yield value of a point with its nearest neighbors within the same row. Even after the elimination of outliers, there is great variation in yield between the rows, and this variation is much smaller in a single row. A frequency of 2 Hz was required for identifying and characterizing small yield variations within the sugarcane rows whilst other frequencies tried (0.2 and 0.1 Hz) resulted in loss of information on yield variability within the row. The difference between the root mean square error (RMSE) of ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) techniques is large enough to suggest the use of an individual yield line. Individual yield lines saved information in the data generated by the yield monitor unlike IDW and OK interpolation methods which omitted information over short distances within the rows and compromised the quality of high-resolution maps.

Essential oil (EO) from Brazilian red pepper fruit contains compounds with antimicrobial activity, and could be possible substitutes for the antibiotics commonly used in ruminant nutrition. Te objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efects of the Brazilian red pepper fruit EO (Schinus terebinthifolius) as a substitute for monensin on performance, carcass characteristics and meat of lambs fed high concentrate diets. Forty-eight lambs were used, 24 males (20 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês and 4 Santa Inês) and 24 females (24 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês), with 21.54 ± 0.88 kg of initial body weight (BW) and 78 ± 2.4 days of age, in a randomized complete block design. Te experiment lasted 56 days, divided into 2 periods of 28 days each. Te treatments were defned by the inclusion in diets of 8 ppm of monensin (MON), and the doses 0.14% (14EO), 0.28% (28EO) and 0.42% (42EO) of red pepper fruit EO. Te additives were included in a base diet with a 10:90 of forage to concentrate ratio. At the end of 56 days, 32 animals were slaughtered for the measurement of carcass parameters and meat composition. Tere was no interaction among treatments and periods for average daily gain (P = 0.08), DM intake (P = 0.36), feed efciency (P = 0.24) and oocyst of Eimeria ssp. in feces (P = 0.46). Te treatments did not afect (P > 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efciency. Lambs fed diets containing monensin had less (P < 0.01) oocyst/g compared with the diet 14EO. Tere was no efect of diets on carcass characteristics. Te treatments with higher doses of the Brazilian red pepper fruit EO had reduced mineral content of meat compared to monensin. Te red pepper fruit EO demonstrated the potential to replace monensin in feedlot lambs fed high concentrate diets, maintaining performance and carcass characteristics. However, the monensin has greater capacity to control coccidiosis in feedlot lambs.

Bovine herpesvirus 5 is an alphaherpesvirus that causes nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in cattle. This disease occurs naturally in either outbreaks or isolated cases, and exhibits low morbidity and high lethality. Although previous studies elucidated crucial aspects involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, there is a paucity of information regarding the molecular events contributing to infection and replication of BoHV-5. The objective of the present study was to determine the in vitro gene expression pattern of BoHV-5 (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma genes) and host cells genes (GAPDH and 18S) over time utilizing different quantities of inoculated virus. Three BoHV-5 genes (bICP0, UL9, US4) and one structural bovine cell gene had their expression accessed by real-time PCR. While the expression of BoHV-5 genes increased during the course of infection, GAPDH gene expression decreased in the host cells, evidencing the effect of viral infection on the expression of bovine cell genes. The 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was constitutively expressed throughout BoHV-5 infection. Our data clearly demonstrates that GAPDH gene should not be used as a reference gene in studies of BoHV-5 infection because it was influenced by viral infection. However, 18S rRNA was constitutively expressed and, therefore, is recommended for normalization of BoHV-5 infection studies in bovine cells. The expression of viral genes transcripts was not altered by increasing number of viral particles added to the culture. All viral genes included here demonstrated the same expression pattern over time and there was no difference in the expression of viral genes among the various time points. Our data show important differences comparing to classical studies regarding herpesvirus alpha, beta, and gamma genes expression. More research is necessary to improve our understanding about the BoHV-5 biology during infection. Studies employing next-generation sequencing (i.e., RNA-seq), using both in vitro and in vivo models, would be the next logical step to grasp the virus and host cell’s transcriptome changes over the course of infection.

Neste artigo, apresenta-se como objetivo compreender como se configuram as estruturas de governança, ao se considerarem custos de transação (ECT) e recursos estratégicos (VBR), nas relações envolvendo produtores e processadores em destilarias no estado do Paraná. Sua compreensão justifica-se quando se tem em vista a forte interdependência produtiva dessas partes. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e de corte transversal, com perspectiva longitudinal. O estudo envolveu entrevistas semiestruturadas com gerentes agrícolas e produtores contratados de cinco, das sete, destilarias presentes no estado do Paraná. Os resultados demonstraram forte tendência para estruturas tendendo à integração vertical, que se dão, em sua expressiva maioria, por meio de parceria do tipo arrendamento. A segunda opção de arranjo organizacional tem sido o contrato de parceria agrícola, seguido pelo contrato de fornecimento. A integração vertical e o mercado não são normalmente empregados. Em relação aos recursos estratégicos capazes de gerar vantagens competitivas para as destilarias, a localização e a distância média das propriedades contratadas foram os mais citados. Além desses, a capacidade de expansão (devido a fertilidade do solo, abundância de áreas mecanizáveis e ausência de competidores), a transparência, bem como a reputação, a fidelidade, a tradição e o conhecimento foram outros recursos estratégicos identificados. A complementaridade é ratificada a partir da consideração de que os recursos e capacidades internos das destilarias, tais como localização, distância, conhecimento, entre outros, influenciam na escolha de estruturas de governança mais integradas verticalmente. Essas, por sua vez, são escolhidas para explorar, proteger e obter vantagens competitivas por meio do controle obtido sobre esses recursos.El objetivo en este trabajo es comprender cómo se configuran las estructuras de gobernanza cuando se tienen en cuenta los costos de transacción (ECT - economía de los costos de transacción) y los recursos estratégicos (VBR - visión de la empresa basada en recursos), en las relaciones entre productores y elaboradores de destilerías en el estado de Paraná. Dicha comprensión se hace necesaria delante de la fuerte interdependencia productiva de las partes. Con este fin, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y transversal, con perspectiva longitudinal. El estudio incluyó entrevistas semiestructuradas con directivos agrícolas y productores contratados de cinco de las siete destilerías presentes en el estado de Paraná. Los resultados demostraron una fuerte tendencia hacia estructuras proclives a la integración vertical, que se configuran, en su mayor parte, por medio de colaboraciones de tipo contrato de arrendamiento. La segunda opción de arreglo organizacional es el contrato de colaboración agrícola, seguido del contrato de suministro. Con relación a los recursos estratégicos que pueden generar ventajas competitivas para las destilerías, la ubicación y la distancia media de las propiedades contratadas fueron los más frecuentemente citados. Asimismo, se identificaron otros recursos estratégicos, tales como la capacidad de expansión (debido a la fertilidad del suelo, abundancia de áreas de posible mecanización y ausencia de competencia), la transparencia, la reputación, la fidelidad, la tradición y el conocimiento. La complementariedad se confirma a partir de la consideración de que las capacidades y recursos internos de las destilerías, como la ubicación, distancia, el conocimiento, entre otros, influyen en la elección de las estructuras de gobernanza más integradas verticalmente. Esas, a su vez, se eligen con el fin de explorar, proteger y obtener ventajas competitivas por medio del control sobre esos recursos.This article seeks to understand how to configure governance structures, by considering transaction costs (TCE) and different capacities and resources (RBV), in relationships between producers and processors in the case of distilleries in the state of Paraná. For this, a qualitative and descriptive study was conducted, employing both a cross-sectional and longitudinal perspective. The study involved semi-structured interviews with managers and agricultural producers associated with five of the seven distilleries located in the state of Paraná. Unusually, the results showed a strong tendency towards vertical integration, occurring for the most part through partnership-type leases. Other choices of organizational arrangement included agricultural partnership contracts, followed by supply contracts. Location and distance of the average contracted properties were the most cited strategic resources capable of generating competitive advantages for the distilleries. Others included capacity expansion (due to soil fertility, abundance of mechanized areas, and absence of competitors), transparency and reputation, loyalty, and tradition and knowledge. Complementarity arises from the consideration that distilleries' internal resources and capabilities such as location, distance, knowledge influence the choice of more vertically-integrated governance structures. These in turn are chosen to exploit, protect, and gain competitive advantage obtained through control over those resources.

Neste artigo, apresenta-se como objetivo compreender como se configuram as estruturas de governança, ao se considerarem custos de transação (ECT) e recursos estratégicos (VBR), nas relações envolvendo produtores e processadores em destilarias no estado do Paraná. Sua compreensão justifica-se quando se tem em vista a forte interdependência produtiva dessas partes. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e de corte transversal, com perspectiva longitudinal. O estudo envolveu entrevistas semiestruturadas com gerentes agrícolas e produtores contratados de cinco, das sete, destilarias presentes no estado do Paraná. Os resultados demonstraram forte tendência para estruturas tendendo à integração vertical, que se dão, em sua expressiva maioria, por meio de parceria do tipo arrendamento. A segunda opção de arranjo organizacional tem sido o contrato de parceria agrícola, seguido pelo contrato de fornecimento. A integração vertical e o mercado não são normalmente empregados. Em relação aos recursos estratégicos capazes de gerar vantagens competitivas para as destilarias, a localização e a distância média das propriedades contratadas foram os mais citados. Além desses, a capacidade de expansão (devido a fertilidade do solo, abundância de áreas mecanizáveis e ausência de competidores), a transparência, bem como a reputação, a fidelidade, a tradição e o conhecimento foram outros recursos estratégicos identificados. A complementaridade é ratificada a partir da consideração de que os recursos e capacidades internos das destilarias, tais como localização, distância, conhecimento, entre outros, influenciam na escolha de estruturas de governança mais integradas verticalmente. Essas, por sua vez, são escolhidas para explorar, proteger e obter vantagens competitivas por meio do controle obtido sobre esses recursos.

Soil electrical conductivity (ECa) is a soil quality indicator associated to attributes interesting to site-specific soil management such as soil moisture and texture. Soil ECa provides information that helps guide soil management decisions, so we performed spatial evaluation of soil moisture in two experimental fields in two consecutive years and modeled its influence on soil ECa. Soil ECa, moisture and clay content were evaluated by statistical, geostatistical and regression analyses. Semivariogram models, adjusted for soil moisture, had strong spatial dependence, but the relationship between soil moisture and soil ECa was obtained only in one of the experimental fields, where soil moisture and clay content range was higher. In this same field, coefficients of determinations between soil moisture and clay content were above 0.70. In the second field, the low soil moisture and clay content range explain the absence of a relationship between soil ECa and soil moisture. Data repetition over the years, suggested that ECa is a qualitative indicator in areas with high spatial variability in soil texture.

El propósito central de este artículo es presentar algunas reflexiones de carácter crítico sobre las relaciones entre las transformaciones en el campo de la salud y los procesos de globalización. Para ello partimos de los aportes de nuestra disciplina de origen, la Antropología social, pero también ocupan un papel central las teorías del filosofo francés M. Foucault. La idea es que estas reflexiones puedan abrir un espacio de debate con otros profesionales del campo socio-sanitario. En la primera parte el texto plantea el reto que supone pensar acerca de los nuevos procesos sociales ligados a la salud, debido a la aparición de modelos explicativos y de intervención en los cuales determinados aspectos que podríamos denominar "culturales" parecen haber pasado a ocupar un lugar central. Después pasa a sugerir, desde una perspectiva procesual las dinámicas emergentes que podrían estar tomando los procesos ahora globales de medicalización de la vida, tratando de apuntar sus paradojas, como el desbordamiento de los límites tradicionales de los saberes sanitarios y el ensamblaje de nuevas practicas que parecen traducir al campo medico realidades hasta ahora fuera de su alcance.The core proposal of this article is to present a series of reflections of a critical nature on the links between changes in the field of health care and processes of globalisation. A lot of our work is founded on our discipline of social anthropology; however, the theories of the French philosopher M. Foucault also play a central role in this paper. Our intention is that these reflections may contribute to subsequent debate among professionals in the social-health arena. The first part of this article talks about the challenge that supposes to think about the new social processes related to the health, due to the appearance of explanatory and interventional models, in which some aspects that we could denominate "cultural" seem to occupy a central place. Later, the text suggests, from a processual perspective, the emergent dynamics that could be taking the global medicalization processes of the life now, trying to point his paradoxes as the underflow of the traditional limits of the medical knowledges and the assemblage of new practices that they seem to translate to the medical field realities outside of his reach until now.

The design of site-specific management zones that can successfully define uniform regions of soil fertility attributes that are of importance to crop growth is one of the most challenging steps in precision agriculture. One important method of so proceeding is based solely on crop yield stability using information from yield maps; however, it is possible to accomplish this using soil information. In this study the soil was sampled for electrical conductivity and eleven other soil properties, aiming to define uniform site-specific management zones in relation to these variables. Principal component analysis was used to group variables and fuzzy logic classification was used for clustering the transformed variables. The importance of electrical conductivity in this process was evaluated based on its correlation with soil fertility and physical attributes. The results confirmed the utility of electrical conductivity in the definition of management zones and the feasibility of the proposed method.O delineamento de unidades de gerenciamento diferenciado, que pode determinar com sucesso regiões uniformes em termos de atributos da fertilidade dos solos que são de importância para o desenvolvimento das culturas, é uma das mais desafiadoras etapas da agricultura de precisão. Um método destacado consiste na utilização da informação associada à estabilidade da produtividade das culturas, contida nos mapas de produtividade; no entanto é possível se executar esse delineamento a partir de informações do solo. Nesse estudo o solo foi amostrado para condutividade elétrica e onze outras propriedades, buscando definir unidades de gerenciamento com uniformidade nessas propriedades. Análise de componentes principais foi utilizada para agrupar variáveis e lógica fuzzy foi utilizada para classificar as variáveis transformadas. A importância da condutividade elétrica nesse processo foi avaliada assim como as suas correlações com as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo. Confirmou-se a utilidade da condutividade elétrica na delimitação de unidades de gerenciamento diferenciado e a exeqüibilidade do método de delimitação proposto.

Aborda-se a questão da modernidade agrícola que, apesar de promover ganhos substanciais na produtividade, não conseguiu afastar o espectro da fome para grandes contingentes populacionais, com impactos na saúde. Procura-se verificar se no estudo de populações, pauperizadas no processo de modernização na agricultura, se aplicariam os modelos explicativos baseados nos paradigmas das transições epidemiológicas e nutricionais. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de Monteiro Lobato e Santo Antônio do Pinhal. Verificou-se a inserção dos municípios na chamada modernização agrícola através do uso de insumos agropecuários. A transição epidemiológica foi verificada por meio dos coeficientes de mortalidade geral e curva de mortalidade proporcional e a transição nutricional pela Tendência Secular de Crescimento, prevalência da obesidade e hábitos alimentares. Verificou-se que apesar da queda significativa da mortalidade infantil, que a tendência secular de crescimento naqueles que nasceram ou passaram a primeira infância nos municípios efetivou-se, de forma discreta, somente para as mulheres, indicando deficiência no consumo energético. Por outro lado, é alta a prevalência de obesidade, principalmente entre as mulheres. A dieta da população é monótona, com baixa densidade energética. Observa-se que os paradigmas da transição epidemiológica e da transição nutricional, baseados em uma visão etapista e desenvolvimentista dos processos de morbimortalidade são incapazes de explicar a complexidade das situações descritas neste trabalho.This paper approaches the query on why agriculture modernization, although promoting substantial gains in productivity, did not succeed in chasing away the specter of famine for great portions of the world population, with significant impacts over their health. It intends to verify whether or not the paradigms of epidemiological and nutritional transitions would apply to the study of populations that were rendered deprived in the process of modernization of agriculture in the municipalities of Monteiro Lobato and Santo Antônio do Pinhal, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The insertion of these municipalities into the so-called agriculture modernization was assessed through the use of farming and cattle raising inputs. Coefficients of general mortality and curve of proportional mortality were used to verify the epidemiological transition. Nutritional transition was addressed to through the secular tendency of growth, prevalence of obesity and, feeding habits. It was observed that, notwithstanding the significant fall in infant mortality, the secular tendency of growth for those who were born or who have passed their first infancy within those municipalities was rendered effectively true, in a discrete fashion, only for women, indicating, this way, a deficiency in terms of energy consumption. On the other hand, the prevalence of obesity is high, mainly among women. The population's diet is monotonous, with low-energy density. It concludes that the paradigms of epidemiological and nutritional transitions, based on a phase- and developmental-wise approaches of the morbid-mortality processes, are neither able nor enough to explain the complexity of the situations described in this paper.

O cenário mundial contemporâneo vem sendo caracterizado por significativas mudanças nas áreas social, política e econômica, com reflexos diretos no ambiente empresarial, através da imposição de novos padrões de competitividade e uma necessidade de alterações nos processos de trabalho e nas práticas de gestão. Neste contexto, a informação contábil tradicional não responde totalmente às demandas novas dos usuários com interesses diferentes daqueles contemplados nos relatórios contábeis clássicos. A Demonstração do Valor Adicionado é parte integrante deste novo grupo de relatórios desenvolvidos pela contabilidade para assistir melhor essas necessidades emergentes, visando, principalmente, a evidenciar o papel social das empresas, apresentando claramente a riqueza gerada, para que toda a sociedade conheça sua função positiva na criação de valor para a comunidade. Este trabalho apresenta aspectos relacionados ao valor adicionado pela atividade empresarial e analisa a importância deste relatório ao facilitar o entendimento da informação sócio-econômica sobre a companhia e sua relação com o ambiente onde está localizada.Nowadays, the global environment is characterized by significant changes in the social, political and economic areas with direct impacts on managerial activities, through the imposition of new patterns of competitiveness and a need to change work processes and managerial practices. In this context, the traditional accounting information does not totally attend the users' new demands, whose interests are different from those contemplated in the traditional accounting reports. The Value Added Statement is part of this new group of accounting reports created to attend to those emerging needs in a better way, mainly seeking to disclose companies' social activities, clearly presenting the generated wealth so that the whole society knows about the its positive function in the creation of value for the community. This paper presents aspects related to the value added by enterprises and analyzes the importance of this report in making it easier to understand socioeconomic information about the company and its relationship with the environment in which it is located.

OBJETIVO: Verificar alguns fatores de risco para a baixa estatura em adolescentes escolares e trabalhadores. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi estratificada, constituída por 50% dos escolares da quinta série ao terceiro colegial das duas maiores escolas dos municípios de Monteiro Lobato e de Santo Antonio do Pinhal, em 1999, uma de zona urbana e outra de zona rural, com um total de 756 indivíduos. A desnutrição foi definida pelo indicador altura/idade, segundo o padrão do National Center for Health Statistics (1977). Foram feitas a distribuição da altura/idade na população amostrada e uma análise multivariada, utilizando o método "stepwise", em que a baixa estatura foi a variável dependente. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que 12,7% (96) dos adolescentes estavam abaixo do P5 do padrão, 24,4% (184) entre os centis 5 e 15 e 47,1% ( 356) entre 15 e 50. A chance de baixa estatura foi associada à idade: tomando-se como base a faixa etária entre 10 e 13 anos, para os indivíduos entre 14 e 17 anos, encontrou-se mais do que o dobro de chance de baixa altura (ORaj=2,49) e, para aqueles de 17 a 19, o triplo (ORaj=3,37). Estar desempregado aumenta o risco de baixa estatura (ORaj=2,86) em relação aos que trabalham. Também são maiores as chances de baixa estatura entre os que trabalham em tempo parcial (ORaj=1,81). CONCLUSÕES: Constataram-se determinantes econômicos no risco de desnutrição crônica entre os adolescentes, na medida em que o trabalho é parte imprescindível da estratégia de sobrevivência desse grupo. Ressalta-se que a aplicação da legislação referente ao trabalho do menor deve ser acompanhada de políticas públicas compensatórias.

OBJETIVO: Verificar alguns fatores de risco para a baixa estatura em adolescentes escolares e trabalhadores. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi estratificada, constituída por 50% dos escolares da quinta série ao terceiro colegial das duas maiores escolas dos municípios de Monteiro Lobato e de Santo Antonio do Pinhal, em 1999, uma de zona urbana e outra de zona rural, com um total de 756 indivíduos. A desnutrição foi definida pelo indicador altura/idade, segundo o padrão do National Center for Health Statistics (1977). Foram feitas a distribuição da altura/idade na população amostrada e uma análise multivariada, utilizando o método "stepwise", em que a baixa estatura foi a variável dependente. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que 12,7% (96) dos adolescentes estavam abaixo do P5 do padrão, 24,4% (184) entre os centis 5 e 15 e 47,1% ( 356) entre 15 e 50. A chance de baixa estatura foi associada à idade: tomando-se como base a faixa etária entre 10 e 13 anos, para os indivíduos entre 14 e 17 anos, encontrou-se mais do que o dobro de chance de baixa altura (ORaj=2,49) e, para aqueles de 17 a 19, o triplo (ORaj=3,37). Estar desempregado aumenta o risco de baixa estatura (ORaj=2,86) em relação aos que trabalham. Também são maiores as chances de baixa estatura entre os que trabalham em tempo parcial (ORaj=1,81). CONCLUSÕES: Constataram-se determinantes econômicos no risco de desnutrição crônica entre os adolescentes, na medida em que o trabalho é parte imprescindível da estratégia de sobrevivência desse grupo. Ressalta-se que a aplicação da legislação referente ao trabalho do menor deve ser acompanhada de políticas públicas compensatórias.OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors for low height and students and working adolescents in cities of State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A stratified sample , consisting of 50.0% of students from 5th grade to last year of high school, of State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1999, was drawn from two largest schools of two different cities (urban and rural). A total of 756 individuals were studied. The height/age indicator, according to the 1977-NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) standards, defined malnutrition. Height/age distribution and multivariate analyses were carried out using the stepwise method and low-height as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Of the adolescents, 12.7% (96) fell below percentile 5; 24.4% (184) between percentiles 5--15; and 47.1% (356) between percentiles 15--50. Low height was associated with age: taking age-group 10-13 as reference, low-height was twice as likely in students aged 14-17 years (OR adj.=2.49). For those aged 17-19 years, low height was three times as likely (OR adj.=3.37). Being unemployed increases the risk for low-height (OR adj.=2.86) when compared to working adolescents. Also, low height is higher (OR adj.=1.81) among part-time workers. CONCLUSION: Economical determinants contribute to the risks for chronic malnutrition among students, since these adolescents rely on work to live on. It is worth emphasizing that underage labor legislation should be enforced in conjunction with compensation public programs.

A crise de credibilidade na arbitragem, as cenas de guerrilha urbana nos estádios, a perda dos parâmetros financeiros na gestão das esquadras, somadas à denominada "invasão dos estrangeiros", representada em especial pelos atletas africanos, inter-relacionavam-se para compor a fórmula explosiva do calcio às vésperas do Terceiro Milênio. A partir de uma perspectiva teórica informada pelo quadro de referência da sociologia e da antropologia do esporte, o texto aborda esta conjuntura histórica e destaca as questões entrelaçadas do imaginário racista das torcidas ultras de extrema direita - exacerbado pelo avanço do futebol global - e a destreza simbólica dos jogadores negros, refletida na dupla habilidade de se desvencilhar das representações negativas e de articular novas significações sociais para o jogo

O artigo se propõe analisar as idéias expressas pelos principais personagens de Canaã, de Graça Aranha, em torno dos vínculos entre raça e cultura, do processo de mestiçagem e do futuro embranquecimento da população brasileira numa utopia fraterno-solar. Essas idéias são correlacionadas, de um lado, às preocupações de Silvio Romero, Euclides da Cunha e Araripe Júnior com a adequação entre meio geográfico, raça e cultura, e, de outro lado, ao empenho do modernismo paulista em definir um caráter nacional brasileiro. Empenho discernível, no nível da representação simbólica, em Macunaíma e, no da teorização mais sistemática, em Retrato do Brasil, que chega a falar de eugenia ao discutir o futuro tipo étnico brasileiro.The article purports to examine the ideas which the main characters of Canaã, by Graça Aranha, express on the relations between race and culture, as well as on the racial melting process and the future whitening of the population of Brazil in a brotherly and solar Utopia. These ideas are correlated, on one side, to the concern of Silvio Romero, Euclides da Cunha and Araripe Jr. with the adequation between geography, race and culture; on the other side, to the concern of S. Paulo's Modernist movement to define a Brazilian national character. This concern can be seen, on the level of symbolical representation, in Macunaíma and, on the level of a more systematic theorizing, in Portrait of Brazil, which goes so far as to mention eugenics when discussing the future Brazilian ethnical type.

Este trabalho visa analisar o papel dos programas de microcrédito em diferentes países, focalizando sua natureza, seu desempenho e, quando possível, o impacto sobre o nível de renda das famílias, ou sobre a performance dos pequenos e microempreendimentos. Em especial destacamos a importância da microfinança no espectro das políticas públicas que são desenvolvidas na América Latina com o objetivo de ampliar o bem-estar dos estratos mais pobres e de se aproximar das Metas do Milênio da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU).

Pasteurella multocida e Mannheimia haemolytica (P. haemolytica) estão associadas a enfermidades no sistema respiratório de ovinos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a susceptibilidade in vitro destes microrganismos frente aos antimicrobianos, foram colhidas amostras de nasofaringe (n=180) e orofaringe (n=82) de ovinos com e sem enfermidade respiratória. Dentre os antimicrobianos testados, a sensibilidade foi maior para enrofloxacina (100%) e florfenicol (100%), considerando-se ambas as espécies bacterianas. Observou-se resistência de M. haemolytica e P. multocida à tetraciclina (15,64% e 17,65%, respectivamente) e penicilina (1.82% e 4.2%, respectivamente).

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of implementing long-stay beds for patients of low complexity and high dependency in small hospitals on the performance of an emergency referral tertiary hospital. METHODS For this longitudinal study, we identified hospitals in three municipalities of a regional department of health covered by tertiary care that supplied 10 long-stay beds each. Patients were transferred to hospitals in those municipalities based on a specific protocol. The outcome of transferred patients was obtained by daily monitoring. Confounding factors were adjusted by Cox logistic and semiparametric regression. RESULTS Between September 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014, 97 patients were transferred, 72.1% male, with a mean age of 60.5 years (SD = 1.9), for which 108 transfers were performed. Of these patients, 41.7% died, 33.3% were discharged, 15.7% returned to tertiary care, and only 9.3% tertiary remained hospitalized until the end of the analysis period. We estimated the Charlson comorbidity index – 0 (n = 28 [25.9%]), 1 (n = 31 [56.5%]) and ≥ 2 (n = 19 [17.5%]) – the only variable that increased the chance of death or return to the tertiary hospital (Odds Ratio = 2.4; 95%CI 1.3;4.4). The length of stay in long-stay beds was 4,253 patient days, which would represent 607 patients at the tertiary hospital, considering the average hospital stay of seven days. The tertiary hospital increased the number of patients treated in 50.0% for Intensive Care, 66.0% for Neurology and 9.3% in total. Patients stayed in long-stay beds mainly in the first 30 (50.0%) and 60 (75.0%) days. CONCLUSIONS Implementing long-stay beds increased the number of patients treated in tertiary care, both in general and in system bottleneck areas such as Neurology and Intensive Care. The Charlson index of comorbidity is associated with the chance of patient death or return to tertiary care, even when adjusted for possible confounding factors.

São revisados conceitos fundamentais para o tratamento dos distúrbios do ritmo cardíaco na sala de urgência. O tratamento das taquicardias, das bradicardias e, em particular, da fibrilação e do flutter atrial é revisto em maior detalhe devido a sua prevalência.

This paper deals with the Brazilian unemployment insurance system in relation to the transformations taking place in the labor market, as well as to the need to integrate this instrument to other labor related public policies. Based on the international experience, a consolidation ofthe Public Employment System is proposed, following the lines of Convention number 88, of the International Labor Organization. The system must integrate all government actions needed to improve the work of the unemployment insurance mechanism. It must take into account the operating parameters determined by the market, as well as be submitted to continuous performance evaluation, in a way as to improve efficiency and efficacy in labor market.

Efetuou-se um levantamento soro-epidemiológico, abrangendo 898 crianças, para a verificação da imunidade aos poliovírus 1, 2 e 3 por meio da determinação dos títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes. De 522 crianças, ou seja, de 58,1% da população estudada, foi possível a obtenção de informações referentes à situação vacinal a partir de anotações existentes nas próprias Cadernetas de Vacinação. Neste último sub-grupo foi estudado o estado imunitário em relação ao número de doses de vacina oral tipo Sabin recebidas. Os resultados mostraram alta proporção de imunes para os três tipos de poliovírus entre as crianças estudadas, porém também revelaram a existência de lacuna imunitária nos menores de um ano, especialmente no primeiro semestre de vida. Não foram observadas diferenças importantes na proporção de imunes segundo o sorotipo considerado. Salientou-se a necessidade de um alerta constante e permanente em relação à ocorrência de possíveis surtos epidêmicos em segmentos mais vulneráveis da população, particularmente entre crianças menores de 1 ano.An epidemiological analysis was carried out on 898 children, in order to study the immune response to polioviruses 1, 2 and 3 by means of the measurement of neutralising antibodies. Information was obtained from 522 (58.1%) of the children with regard to their vaccinal position by examination of the observations recorded on the individual vaccination certificates. In this subgroup the immune status in relation to number of Sabin type oral vaccine doses was analysed. The analysis demonstrated a high proportion of protected children for three types of polivirus, but also an immune response failure among the children of less than one year old, mainly during the first semester after birth. There were no relevant differences in relation to the proportion of protected individuals according to the considered serotype. The need for persistent and continuous vigilance in view of the possible occurence of epidemic outbreaks in high risk segments of the population, principally among children under one year of age was emphasized.

Foram estudadas algumas características, de interesse epidemiológico, do comportamento da poliomielite na Região da Grande São Paulo, Brasil, salientando a importância da sua ocorrência em menores de um ano. Foram analisados os resultados de um inquérito sorológico, por provas de neutralização, em gestantes atendidas em Centros de Saúde de 16 Distritos Sanitários dessa Região. Com base nessas observações, foi dado destaque para determinadas condições que propiciam a infecção por poliovírus muito precoce, das crianças da área em estudo. Foi proposta a imunização, com a vacina Salk, das gestantes nos 5º e 6º meses de gravidez ou a imunização das crianças, com vacina oral trivalente tipo Sabin, em período anterior aos dois meses de idade, ou seja, em torno do terceiro dia de vida, mas sem prejuízo da aplicação, em seguida, do esquema básico de imunização preconizada pelo Calendário de Vacinação oficial em vigor. Tais medidas visam à eliminação de possível lacuna imunitária na faixa etária de menores de um ano.Some characteristics of epidemiological relevance of the behavior of poliomyelitis in some Health Districts of Greater S. Paulo were studied, special emphasis being put on its occurrence in children of less than one year of agre. Next, the results of serological investigation, performed by means of neutralization tests, on pregnant women attended by Health Centers in sixteen Health Districts of Greater S. Paulo were analysed. Based on these observations the authors draw attention to certain conditions poliovirus infection in children. The immunization of pregnant women with Salk vaccine, during the fifth and sixth months of pregnancy, or, alternatively, the immunization of children with oral trivalent Sabin-type vaccine in the period before the age of two months, possibly about the third day after birth, is proposed; without, however, any change in the normal later application of the basic immunization project recommended by the official Vaccination Calendar. Such steps would aim at the elimination of conceivable immunity lacunas in children of less than one year of age.

Abstract The aim of the present study is to understand contractual relations through the complementarity of the Transaction Costs Theory, Measurement Costs Theory, and the Resource-Based View. Initially, we sought to define an analytical model appropriate to the complementarity objective, considering the categories of each approach. The proposition was: given the possibility of measuring the attributes of products, the contractual relationship can be used to guarantee property rights over assets of high specificity and strategic value, avoiding the costs of vertical integration. Secondly, a qualitative descriptive cross-cut (2014 and 2015) study was carried out. In this phase, the complementarity proposition was analyzed based on data obtained through semi-structured interviews with logistics, production, and purchasing managers of automakers located in the state of Paraná, and some of their direct suppliers. Our proposition indicates that when there is the possibility of measuring product attributes, the contractual relationship can be used to secure property rights of high-specificity assets and strategic resources, avoiding the costs of vertical integration. This proposition was verified because, in the case of high-specificity auto parts, the measurability of their dimensions ensures protection of specific and residual property rights. In the case of strategic resources, when there is a possibility of measurement and control, contracting is allowed, even including the acquisition of innovations that bring competitive advantage (Bluetooth, integrated GPS with SD card, back-up sensor, air bags). It was observed that, even though competitive advantages constitute valuable and rare resources for automakers at their launch, this did not prevent contracting. Verification can offer an alternative path to rational Transaction Costs Theory, as proposed by Williamson, and the use of vertical integration as a form of controlling strategic resources, recommended by the Resource-Based View, which still requires further studies in order to overcome persistent limitations in the model.

OBJETIVO: Verificar alguns fatores de risco para a baixa estatura em adolescentes escolares e trabalhadores. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi estratificada, constituída por 50% dos escolares da quinta série ao terceiro colegial das duas maiores escolas dos municípios de Monteiro Lobato e de Santo Antonio do Pinhal, em 1999, uma de zona urbana e outra de zona rural, com um total de 756 indivíduos. A desnutrição foi definida pelo indicador altura/idade, segundo o padrão do National Center for Health Statistics (1977). Foram feitas a distribuição da altura/idade na população amostrada e uma análise multivariada, utilizando o método "stepwise", em que a baixa estatura foi a variável dependente. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que 12,7% (96) dos adolescentes estavam abaixo do P5 do padrão, 24,4% (184) entre os centis 5 e 15 e 47,1% ( 356) entre 15 e 50. A chance de baixa estatura foi associada à idade: tomando-se como base a faixa etária entre 10 e 13 anos, para os indivíduos entre 14 e 17 anos, encontrou-se mais do que o dobro de chance de baixa altura (ORaj=2,49) e, para aqueles de 17 a 19, o triplo (ORaj=3,37). Estar desempregado aumenta o risco de baixa estatura (ORaj=2,86) em relação aos que trabalham. Também são maiores as chances de baixa estatura entre os que trabalham em tempo parcial (ORaj=1,81). CONCLUSÕES: Constataram-se determinantes econômicos no risco de desnutrição crônica entre os adolescentes, na medida em que o trabalho é parte imprescindível da estratégia de sobrevivência desse grupo. Ressalta-se que a aplicação da legislação referente ao trabalho do menor deve ser acompanhada de políticas públicas compensatórias.