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This study evaluated the effect of light, temperature, physiologic stage at harvest and length of time on the germination of Hyptis marrubioides seeds. Two trials were conducted. The first experiment was performed immediately after the seed harvest and consisted of a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial design with 2 environmental conditions (light and dark), 3 temperatures (20, 30 and 20/30ºC) and 3 seed harvest times (green colored seeds, light brown seeds and dark brown seeds). The second experiment was conducted in the presence of light at a temperature of 30ºC and consisted of a 4 x 3 factorial design, with 4 storage times (0, 6, 12 and 18 months) and the 3 three harvest physiologic stages used in the previous experiment. Both of the experiments were conducted in randomized blocks, with 4 replications of 100 seeds. Light did not affect germination. By contrast, a temperature of 20ºC retarded the germination process, although the percentage of germinating seeds was not affected. Seed storage and the different harvest physiologic stages affected the Speed of germination index (SGI) and the germination percentage. Seeds that were harvested at the more mature stage (dark brown color) could be stored for up to 18 months. This study evaluated the effect of light, temperature, physiologic stage at harvest and length of time on the germination of Hyptis marrubioides seeds. Two trials were conducted. The first experiment was performed immediately after the seed harvest and consisted of a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial design with 2 environmental conditions (light and dark), 3 temperatures (20, 30 and 20/30ºC) and 3 seed harvest times (green colored seeds, light brown seeds and dark brown seeds). The second experiment was conducted in the presence of light at a temperature of 30ºC and consisted of a 4 x 3 factorial design, with 4 storage times (0, 6, 12 and 18 months) and the 3 three harvest physiologic stages used in the previous experiment. Both of the experiments were conducted in randomized blocks, with 4 replications of 100 seeds. Light did not affect germination. By contrast, a temperature of 20ºC retarded the germination process, although the percentage of germinating seeds was not affected. Seed storage and the different harvest physiologic stages affected the Speed of germination index (SGI) and the germination percentage. Seeds that were harvested at the more mature stage (dark brown color) could be stored for up to 18 months.

Essential oils are odorous principles stored in special plant cells. The essential oil in the Hyptis genus is traditionally used as an anesthetic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and can induce abortion in high doses. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of seasons in essential oil content and chemical composition of species H. marrubioides. A completely randomized complete design was used with four treatments (winter, spring, summer and autumn) and six replications, totaling 60 plants. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus. The qualitative analysis of the essential oil was performed by gas chromatography (GC/MS). In summer, plant leaves showed higher essential oil content. In the other seasons, essential oil content was similar. The major compounds in the essential oil were monoterpene α-thujone and β-thujone. The peak relative concentrations of β-thujone did not show considerable difference among the seasons. The oxygenate sesquiterpenoids (cedrol and caryophyllenol) and not oxygenate (α-copaene, α-caryophyllene, germacrene D and cadalene), were found in lower quantity in the essential oil; however, quantitative differences were observed over the seasons. Os óleos essenciais são princípios odoríferos armazenados em células especiais da planta. O óleo essencial no gênero Hyptis é usado como anestésico, antiespasmódico, anti-inflamatório e pode induzir aborto em doses elevadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da sazonalidade no teor e composição do óleo essencial de Hyptis marrubioides. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (inverno, primavera, verão e outono) e seis repetições, totalizando 60 plantas. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação, em aparelho de Clevenger. A análise qualitativa do óleo essencial foi por cromatografia em fase gasosa (CG/EM). Na estação do verão, as folhas das plantas de H. marrubiodes apresentaram os maiores teores de óleo essencial. Nas demais estações, os teores de óleo essencial obtidos foram semelhantes entre si. Os componentes majoritários no óleo essencial foram os monoterpenoides α-tujona e β-tujona. As concentrações relativas dos picos correspondentes à β-tujona não apresentaram diferenças consideráveis nas quatro estações. Os sesquiterpenoides oxigenados (cedrol e cariofilenol) e não-oxigenados (α-copaeno, α-cariofileno, germacreno D e cadaleno) foram encontrados em menores quantidades no óleo essencial, entretanto observam-se diferenças quantitativas ao longo das estações.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of different levels of cattle and chicken manure organic fertilization in the chlorophyll content and anatomic parameters of leaves of Origanum vulgare L. cultivated in greenhouse. Two assays were carried out separately, one with cattle manure and the other with chicken manure. Origanum vulgare L. plants were cultivated in 10 L pots with the following treatments: Trial I: Cattle manure: 1) Soil without fertilization (control); 2) Soil + 3.0 kg m-2 of cattle manure; 3) Soil + 6.0 kg m-2 of cattle manure; 4) Soil + 9.0 kg m-2 of cattle manure; 5) Soil + 12.0 kg m-2 of cattle manure; Trial II: Chicken manure: 1) Soil without fertilization (Control); 2) Soil + 1.5 kg m-2 of chicken manure; 3) Soil + 3.0 kg m-2 of chicken manure; 4) Soil + 4.5 kg m-2 of chicken manure and 5) Soil + 6.0 kg m-2 of chicken manure. Both trials were carried out in randomized blocks with 4 repetitions and 4 pots per experimental parcel. It was observed that the levels of organic fertilization significantly influenced the chlorophyll content and anatomic parameters of wild marjoran leaves. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de níveis de adubos orgânicos bovino e avícola no teor de clorofila e características anatômicas de folhas de plantas de orégano cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios separadamente, sendo um com esterco bovino e o outro com esterco de aves. Plantas de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) foram cultivadas em vasos de 10 L, submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: Ensaio I: esterco bovino: 1) solo sem adubação (controle); 2) solo + 3,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; 3) solo + 6,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; 4) solo + 9,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; 5) solo + 12,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; Ensaio II – esterco avícola: 1) solo sem adubação (Controle); 2) solo + 1,5 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha; 3) solo + 3,0 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha; 4) solo + 4,5 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha e 5) solo + 6,0 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, e a parcela experimental foi composta por quatro vasos. Observou-se que os níveis de esterco bovino e de aves influenciaram o teor de clorofila e características anatômicas das folhas de orégano.

The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of the culture medium in the content and chemical composition of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis, evaluating three concentrations of the MS culture medium. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, with 7 repetitions, where each repetition was represented by 20 g of fresh biomass. Oil extraction was accomplished using a Clevenger modified device for 1 hour and 30 minutes, and the chemical analysis was accomplished by gas chromatography. It was observed that the content and chemical composition of the essential oil of M. officinalis was influenced by the concentration of MS medium. The plants grown in the MS medium and MS/4 presented higher content of essential oil, and the major components of these plants were geraniol (25.23 and 16.21%, respectively) and nerol (24.5 and 20.53%, respectively). The major component present in the oil of melissa plants cultivated in MS/2 was neryl acetate (18.69%). Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do meio de cultura no teor e composição química do óleo essencial de Melissa officinalis, foi realizado o presente trabalho, que avaliaram três concentrações do meio de cultura MS. O experimento foi implantado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete repetições, e cada repetição foi representada por uma amostra de 20 g de plântulas frescas. A extração do óleo foi realizada em aparelho de Clevenger modificado com duração de 1h e 30 min. e a análise química foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa. Observou-se que o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial de M. officinalis foram influenciados pela concentração de sais do meio MS. As plântulas que se desenvolveram nos meios MS e MS/4 apresentaram maior teor de óleo essencial, e os componentes majoritários foram o geranial (25,23 e 16,21%, respectivamente) e o neral (24,5 e 20,53%, respectivamente). Já o componente majoritário presente no óleo de plântulas de melissa cultivadas em meio MS/2 foi o acetato de nerila (18,69%).

Curauá [Ananas erectifolius (L.B.Sm) - Bromeliaceae] is a species with great utilization potential in the car manufacture, due to its resistance, softness and reduced weight. The objective of this study was to examine the presence of fibers in curauá plantlet cultured in vitro deriving or not from elongation as well as to contribute to anatomical leaf description. curauá shoots produced in vitro were compared, by the conventional method (T1) and by the elongation method (T2). In the transversal cuts, fibers bundle related or not to the nervure were counted and fiber bundle diameters measured. The number and fiber bundle diameter related or not to vein were superior in (T1) that produced 23.7 fibers not related to vein while (T2) produced 14.3. The related fibers to vein (T1) produced 14.6 and (T2) 11.3. As for fibers diameter related to vein (T1) obtained 61.61 μm and (T2) 53.17 μm. For the fibers diameter not related to vein, there was no significant difference. For anatomical characteristics, higher visual differences are in the chlorenchyma volume and in the aquiferus parenchyma that were higher in (T2). Therefore, curauá’s shootlet cultured in vitro from shoot elongation tend to produce more fibers. O curauá [Ananas erectifolius (L.B.Sm) - Bromeliaceae] é uma espécie com grande potencial de utilização na indústria automobilística, devido � sua resistência, maciez e peso reduzido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar fibras presentes em brotações de curauá cultivadas in vitro, advindas ou não do estiolamento, bem como contribuir para a descrição anatômica das folhas. Foram comparadas brotações de curauá produzidas in vitro, pelo método convencional (T1) e pelo método de estiolamento (T2). Nas seções transversais, os feixes de fibras associadas e não às nervuras foram contados e tiveram os diâmetros medidos. O número e o diâmetro dos feixes de fibras associadas ou não às nervuras foram superiores no (T1). Este tratamento produziu 23,7 fibras não associadas às nervuras, enquanto que o (T2) produziu 14,3, e nas fibras associadas às nervuras, o (T1) produziu 14,6 e o (T2) produziu 11,3. No diâmetro das fibras associadas às nervuras em (T1) obteve-se 61,61 μm e em (T2), 53,17 μm. Para o diâmetro das fibras não associadas às nervuras, não houve diferença significativa. Quanto às características anatômicas, as maiores diferenças visuais foram constatadas no volume do clorênquima e do parênquima aqüífero, que foram maiores no (T2). Portanto, brotações de curauá cultivadas in vitro obtidas de brotos não estiolados possuem a tendência de produzir mais fibras.