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Background: Patient safety (PS) is a global priority for achieving quality healthcare. Although patient engagement (PE) is a crucial risk-reduction strategy, research on this subject in Indonesia is scarce. Aim: This study aims to explore healthcare recipients’ (HCRs’) perspectives and their potential role in PS. Methods: Exploratory qualitative research was conducted with in-depth interviews (IDIs). This study purposively selected fourteen patients and fifteen caretakers in chronic wards. Content analysis was subjected to the IDIs data that has been transcribed verbatim. Results: HCRs showed inadequate knowledge, perception, and willingness to engage in patient safety. Four themes were identified from data analysis: (1) complexity barriers to PE Implementation; (2) enabling factors for PE; (3) HCRs' expectations; and (4) existing and potential HCRs' roles in PS. HCRs' roles were still limited to communication, positive attitude and behavior, aided healthcare process, and error prevention. Conclusion: The limited roles of HCRs resulted from their unreadiness to participate more in PS. For patients to be engaged in safety measures, it was essential to improve the ability of patients and caregivers and eliminate obstacles encountered by healthcare professionals and the broader health system. Keywords: patient engagement, patient safety, quality healthcare

Background: Although it has been globally reported that IMR and U5MR continue to decline every year, the rate disparities between urban and rural areas are still evident in various countries. The government is presumed to carry out efforts to reduce this disparity, such as by allocating the government’s health expenditure. Aims: This study systematically identifies the effectiveness, best practices, and positive impacts of government health expenditure allocation for IMR and U5MR, specifically in rural areas. Methods: This systematic review study was conducted using the PICOS method to analyse data that were obtained from 3 online databases. Results: The government health expenditure could reduce the gap in mortality rate indicators between urban and rural areas. Programs specifically proposed for rural communities can help decrease the gap between urban-rural IMR and U5MR. The effectiveness of government health expenditure to reduce mortality rates was strongly influenced by various factors, including supporting policies, field implementation in regions, and the collaboration between the central and local governments. Conclusion: The local government plays a definitely crucial role in the implementation of the health program to ensure that the central government executes the program effectively in order to reduce IMR and U5MR in rural areas.

Background: Error rate in medical laboratories is very low. Only one error is identified every 330–1,000 events. The goal of laboratory services should outweigh patient safety in a well-structured manner. Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (HFMEA) is a proactive preventive method for identifying and evaluating potential failure. Aims: This study identified factors affecting patient safety in hospital laboratories and described potential risk identification process using the HFMEA. Methods: This study was conducted between March-July 2020 and retrieved data from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The data were generalized and extracted into Table 2 based on factors dealing with patient safety in hospital laboratories. This study performed a risk identification design based on the steps of HFMEA. Results: Out of 4,062 articles collected, only 8 articles between 2013–2020 were included for analysis. The highest error rate in laboratories occurred in the pre-analytic phase (49.2%–84.5%). The errors included clotted and inadequate specimen volume, and thus the specimens were rejected. Factors related to patient safety in laboratories were patient condition, laboratory staff performance (including training, negligence, and burnout), facilities, and accreditation. Conclusion: The HFMEA process used the result of hazard analysis with severity and probability criteria categorized into health sector. Decision tree analysis could determine the next step of the work process. The HFMEA must be adjusted to the equipment and technologies in each hospital laboratory. Leader’s commitment in monitoring and evaluation is required to maintain patient safety culture. More comprehensive data from Indonesian hospital laboratories are needed to generate more representative and applicable results. Keywords: error, HFMEA, laboratory, patient safety