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Introduction. Information technology has both positive and negative impacts on users and makes major changes in libraries. In digital era, people are free to create and access information, making it overload. This article aims to find out how libraries and librarians do when facing with rapidly advance technology. Data collection method. This paper used literature study related to technology development of libraries. This paper also applied library observations, referring to relevant sources from various media, such as books, journals, and magazines. Analysis Data. Data analysis was conducted by classifying, analyzing, comparing, and interpreting data to obtain the conclusion. Results and Discussions. The results showed that one library will survive as long as it has the ability to adapt with technology development. The adaptation needs an ability to accommodate dramatic changes and has an effort to improve its capabilities to face challenges. Conclusion. To survive, a library needs to enhance its performance and services based on the users’ need.

Abdul Karim Soroush strives to offer solutions and restore religius-philosophy, government and democracy amid the wrestling of identity and discourse of thought in the Islamic world especially Iranian civilization and culture, from crisis of identity, psychological decline, to ontological dislocations that have obscured the authenticity of society’sexistential. This paper explains why Abdul Karim Soroush wants a new direction in theological and politicaldiscourse of Islam, especially in Iran, while supported by philosophical discourses.It employs the philosophy of science,in understanding human religiosity, thatrequires a new perspective in viewing reality, whether individual, social, or global. To counter the wave of authoritarianism, the article employsthe theory of depreciation and development of religious interpretation (the contraction and expansion of religious interpretation), by introducing three principlesof analysis namely: coherence or integration and correspondence, interpenetration, and evolution.

The purpose of this study was to determine the type of work and division of labor in the household-scale pig farm business and how much income was earned and generated by each male, adult female and child labor as a case study in the Manokwari coastal agroecological area Papua Barat. The method used is descriptive research method with survey techniques through interviews and field observations. The sample of farmers chosen purposively was 35 households out of 50 pig breeder. Farmers selected as samples are those who have been running pigs for more than 1 year. The parameters measured are labor involvement and contribution of economic beneficiaries. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, namely analysis of variance with further testing Scheffe using SPSS v.16.0. The results showed that the types of work carried out by domestic workers included processing and providing [A4] food, medicine and sanitation, selling live cattle on the market and selling carcasses. Female breeders have almost the same level of participation as men. In terms of working hours, women give higher time (521 hours/month) in 6 pig raising activities. Female workers contribute higher incomes than male workers.

Pepper yellowing disease is one of the most important disease of pepper causing the decrease of pepper production. This research was conducted in the screen house and laboratory to determine the major causal agent of leaf yellowing disease of pepper. Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium solani were isolated from pepper plantation in West Kalimantan. Pepper seedlings Natar 1 cultivars were planted in sterilized soil collected from pepper plantation in Bengkayang, West Kalimantan. Five months-old seedling were inoculated with M. incognita (1000 larvae of 2nd stadium/plant) and F. solani (50 ml of spore suspension with spore density of 106 spore/ml) in several combinations of time inoculation, i.e., F. solani and then M. incognita, M. incognita and then F. solani, M. incognita together with F. solani, M. incognita only, and F. solani only. The parameters observed were the development of leaf yellowing disease every weeks for five months. The number of gall, and population M. incognita were observed at the end of the observation. The result showed that when M. incognita was inoculated to the roots followed by F. solani, the disease severity and the percentage of plant diseases were higher than those which were infected with F. solani or M. incognita alone. The higher population densities of M. incognita and a number of root gall, had observed on plants inoculated by M. incognita combined with F. solani than plants inoculated by M. incognita and F. solani alone. Interaction between M. incognita and F. solani as caused of leaf yellowing disease of pepper was synergistic reaction. Intisari Penyakit kuning lada merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada lada yang mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan produksi lada di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran Meloidogyne incognita dan Fusarium solani sebagai penyebab penyakit kuning lada. Penelitian yang dilakukan rumah kasa dan laboratorium. Meloidogyne incognita dan Fusarium solani diisolasi dari pertanaman lada di Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan bibit lada kultivar Natar 1 berumur 5 bulan, dan diinokulasi dengan M. incognita sebanyak 1000 larva stadium 2 dan 50 ml suspensi mikrokonidium F. solani dengan kerapatan 106/ml. Perkembangan gejala penyakit diamati setiap minggu selama 5 bulan, dan pada akhir pengamatan dilakukan penghitungan jumlah puru dan populasi M. incognita. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa apabila M. incognita menginfeksi akar dan selanjutnya diikuti dengan infeksi oleh F. solani, tingkat keparahan penyakit dan persentase tanaman sakit lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan infeksi oleh F. solani atau M. incognita secara terpisah. Populasi M. incognita dan jumlah puru akar pada tanaman yang diinokulasi dengan M. incognita bersama-sama dengan F. solani lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada tanaman yang diinokulasi dengan M. incognita atau F. solani secara terpisah. Interaksi antara M. incognita dan F. solani dalam menyebabkan penyakit kuning lada adalah bersifat sinergis.

Pepper (Piper nigrum), known as the “King of Spices” is one of the most important spices. In the international market, Indonesian pepper has high selling value, due to its flavor characteristics. Pepper yellowing disease is one of the most important disease that caused the decrease of pepper production and become the main problem in the cultivation of pepper in West Kalimantan. This research was conducted to determine the major causal agent of leaf yellowing disease of pepper. The Fusarium associated with diseased plant were isolated from the symptomatic plant and nematodes were isolated from the root with leaf yellowing symptom. The Fusarium isolates were cultured on agar medium, and the nematode was cultured on tomato plant. From diseased pepper in West Kalimantan, it was isolated 4 Fusarium isolates and plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne. The result showed that H isolate of Fusarium was the most virulent isolate and identified asFusarium solani. The Meloidogyne was identified by the female perenial patern.The nematode was identified as Meloidogyne incognita. INTISARI Lada (Piper nigrum L.) merupakan salah satu jenis rempah penting yang telah dikenal sebagai “King of Spices”. Di pasar internasional, lada Indonesia mempunyai daya jual tinggi karena cita rasanya yang khas. Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya lada adalah adanya penyakit kuning lada dan sampai saat ini menjadi masalah utama pada pertanaman lada di Kalimantan Barat. Informasi tentang patogen utama yang berinteraksi dengan penyakit kuning lada masih sangat terbatas, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi patogen utama yang berasosiasi dengan penyakit kuning lada. Isolasi Fusarium dilakukan dari batang lada dan isolasi nematoda dilakukan dari akar lada yang bergejala penyakit kuning di Kalimantan Barat. Fusarium hasil isolasi dikulturkan dalam medium agar, sedangkan nematoda hasil isolasi dikulturkan dalam akar tomat. Dari hasil isolasi berhasil didapatkan empat isolat Fusarium dan nematoda Meloidogyne. Identifikasi Fusarium dilakukan secara morfologis dan molekuler, dan identifikasi Meloidogyne dilakukan dengan menggunakan irisan bagian posterior nematoda betina. Dari hasil identifikasi diketahui bahwa patogen yang berasosiasi dengan penyakit kuning lada adalah Fusarium solani dan Meloidogyne incognita.

In Indonesia, potato cyst nematode (PCN) was first reported in Bumiaji, Kota Batu, East Java by PT Syngenta and was identified as Globodera rostochiensis. Based on the surveillances, G. rostochiensis were also found in Batur, Banjarnegara, and Kejajar, Wonosobo, and Pangalengan, Bandung. In addition, in Batur, Banjarnegara, another species which was identified as G. pallida was found. The aim of this research were to identify the species of PCN using molecular method, pathotype identification, and to study the distributions of PCN especially in Java. The PCN are collected from potato planting areas in Kota Batu, East Java; Wonosobo and Banjarnegara, Central Java; and Pangalengan, Bandung, West Java. PCN were extracted and isolated from soil, and then identified by morphological and molecular analysis. PCN were found in potato planting areas in Kota Batu, East Java; Wonosobo and Banjarnegara, Central Java; and Pangalengan, West Java. Based on the morphological characters, molecular method, and the differential host test, the PCN identified as G. rostochiensis are amplified an approximately 434 bp with pathotype Ro2. Di Indonesia, nematoda sista kentang (NSK) pertama dilaporkan di Bumiaji, Kota Batu, Jawa Timur oleh PT Syngenta yang diidentifikasi sebagai Globodera rostochiensis. Berdasarkan hasil survei, NSK ditemukan di Batur, Banjarnegara dan Kejajar, Wonosobo, Pangalengan. Spesies G. pallida juga ditemukan Batur, Banjarnegara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi spesies NSK menggunakan metode molekuler, identifikasi patotipe NSK, dan untuk mengetahui penyebaran NSK khususnya di Pulau Jawa. Sampel NSK dikumpulkan dari lahan pertanaman kentang di Bumiaji, Kota Batu, Jawa Timur; Wonosobo dan Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah; serta Pangalengan, Bandung, Jawa Tengah. NSK diekstraksi dan diisolasi dari tanah yang selanjutnya diidentifikasi secara morfologi dan analisis molekuler. NSK yang terdapat pada lahan pertanaman kentang ditemukan di Kota Batu, Jawa Timur; Wonosobo dan Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah; serta Pangalengan, Jawa Tengah. Berdasarkan karakter morfologi, metode secara molekuler, dan uji kesesuaian inang, NSK yang diperoleh teridentifikasi sebagai G. rostochiensis yang teramplifikasi pada kisaran 434 bp dengan patotipe Ro2.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh langsung kearifan lokal, locus of control, dan motivasi melestarikan lingkungan terhadap perilaku berwawasan lingkungan petani dalam mengelola lahan pertanian di Kabupaten Soppeng. Karena itu merupakan penelitian ex-post fakto yang bersifat korelasional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah petani di Kecamatan Liliriaja Kabupaten Soppeng yang dipilih secara random sebanyak 120 orang petani. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis jalur. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa motivasi melestarikan lingkungan dan perilaku berwawasan lingkungan petani masing-masing dipengaruhi secara langsung positif oleh kearifan lokal dan locus of control. Kedua variabel eksogen tersebut juga berpengaruh tidak langsung terhadap perilaku berwawasan lingkungan petani melalui motivasi melestarikan lingkungan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel kearifan lokal, locus control dan motivasi melestarikan lingkungan merupakan faktor yang menentukan terwujudnya perilaku berwawasan lingkungan petani. ABSTRACT The research aimed to determine whether there is a direct influence of local wisdom, locus of control, and motivation to preserve the environment on the environmentally oriented behavior of farmers in managing agricultural land in the District Soppeng. The research was correlational expost facto. Sample of research are 120 farmers selected by simple random sampling method in Liliriaja Sub District in Soppeng. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using path analysis. The research proves that the motivation to preserve the environment and farmers' environmentally oriented behavior of each positively influenced directly by local wisdom and the locus of control. Both endogenous variables also indirectly affect the environmental oriented behavior through the motivation to preserve the environment. These findings indicate that local wisdom variables, locus control and motivation to preserve the environment was a determining factor realization of farmers' environmental behavior

Soil microbes including actinomycetes are known to produce various hydrolytic enzymes and antibiotics that can be used as biological controlling agents nematode. Therefore, surveys conducted in several areas in Yogyakarta, Central Java and East Java, to search for actinomycetes with chitinolytic, proteolytic, and chitino-proteolytic activity. Isolation of Actinomycetes produced 84 isolates, and most was obtained from shrimp head waste (26 isolates). After the selection based on their ability to hydrolyze chitines and protein in the medium, those whith the highest chitin and protein hydrolysis activity, are consecutive PSJ 27, TL 8, and TL 10 isolates. Test results of crude enzyme produced by selected isolates against root-knot nematode eggshell, showed that the isolates that have chitino-proteolytic activity (TL 10), is a highly effective isolate in damage eggshell. There are three types of damage to the nematode eggs. In the young eggs, crude enzyme preparation causing damage on vitelline and chitin layers. In the older eggs, preparation of crude enzyme cause premature hatching. Sebagian mikrobia tanah, termasuk aktinomisetes, diketahui mampu menghasilkan berbagai enzim hidrolitik dan antibiotik yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai agens pengendalian hayati nematoda. Oleh karena itu,survei dilakukan di beberapa daerah di Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur untuk mencari aktinomisetes yang mempunyai aktivitas kitinolitik, proteolitik dan kitino-proteolitik. Isolasi aktinomisetes menghasilkan 84 isolat, dan yang terbanyak diperoleh dari limbah kepala udang (26 isolat). Setelah dilakukan seleksi berdasarkan kemampuannya menghidrolisis kitin dan protein dalam medium, yang mempunyai aktivitas hidrolisis protein, kitin, protein dan kitin tertinggi berturut-turut adalah isolat PSJ 27, TL 8, dan TL 10. Hasil uji enzim kasar yang dihasilkan isolat terpilih terhadap perusakan kulit telur nematoda puru-akar menunjukkan bahwa isolat yang memiliki aktivitas kitino-proteolitik (TL10) merupakan isolat yang sangat efektif dalam merusak kulit telur.Terdapat tiga tipe kerusakan pada telur nematoda. Sediaan enzim kasar menyebabkan kerusakan atau terkoyaknya lapisan vitelin dan lapisan kitin pada telur muda. Pada telur yang sudah tua, sedíaan enzim kasar menyebabkan pecahnya lapisan kulit telur yang menyebabkan penetasan yang prematur

Identification of Globodera rostochiensis was done based on the information given by the Direktorat Perlindungan Hortikultura, that the potato plants in the sub district of Bumiaji, Batu, East Java, were attacked by potato cyst nematode (Globodera). Plants and soil samples were taken from the potato's areas in the sub-district of Bumiaji, especially in the villages of Brakseng (± 1,700-1,800 m a.s.l), Tunggangan (± 1,600-1,700 m a.s.l), Kembangan (± 1,600-1.700 m a.s.l), and Junggo (± 1,200 m a.s.l). Based on morphological observations on eggs, larvae, females, and cysts, the nematode was identified as Globodera rostochiensis with special morphological characters: 1) second stage larvae vermifonn with total body length 531 - 563μ (x 548,4 μ), body width 22 - 26 μ (x 23,6u), stylet well developed with stylet knobs rounded, and part of the posterior portion hyaline in appearance; 2) cyst globular in shape with protruding neck, cyst's length 470 - 1,008 μ (x 638,08 μ), cyst's width 357 - 744 μ (x 490,33μ), and when the vulval basin is lost forming a single circular fenestra. Cuticle surface between anus and vulva basin have more than 12 paralel ridges.

The objective of the research was to find the antagonist plants for controlling the important plant parasitic nematodes i.e. Meloidogyne incognita on tomato and Meloidogyne graminicola on rice. The pots were arranged in Completely Randomized Design. Seven species of antagonist plants were used: Eclipta prostrata, Indigofera hirsuta, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eichhornia crassipes, Asparagus officinalis, Tagetes spp., and Crotalaria spp. Two experiments were done i.e. the antagonist plants were planted before the main crop and the antagonist plants were applied as an organic manure. The research results showed: 1) antagonist plants i.e.: Tagetes spp., I. hirsuta., Crotalaria spp., and A. officinalis inhibited the growth and development of M. incognita on tomato; 2) application of Crotalaria spp., E. prostrata., I. hirsuta, and E. crassipes as organic manure reduced the population development of M. incognita on tomato; 3) antagonist plants i.e.: E. crassipes, D. sanguinalis, Tagetes spp., Crotalaria spp. and A. officinalis inhibited the growth and development of M. graminicola on rice; and 4) the use of Crotalaria spp., Tagetes spp. D. sanguinalis, E. crassipes, A. officinalis and E. prostrata as organic manure reduced the population development of M. graminicola on rice. Key words: control, antagonist plant, plant parasitic nematodes

The objectives of the research were to study the effect of P. penetrans and soil solarization on the population of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the effect of soil solarization on the infectivity of P. penetrans. The research was done in the field with high population of plant parasitic nematode especially root-knot nematodes. Soil solarization was done in dry season by covering the soil before french beans (buncis) were planted with transparent plastic and P. penetrans were inoculated before soil solarization. Factorial design in Completely Randomized Design was used in this experiment with the following factors: 1) soil solarization (within 1, 2, and 3 moths); 2) isolates of P. penetrans (i.e. isolate 2 and 3). The research results were: 1) Isolate 2 and 3 of P. penetrans were able to parasitize root-knot nematodes in soil solarized within 1, 2, and 3 months; 2) the length of soil solarization afected the infectivity of P. penetrans on Meloidogyne spp. The percentages of Meloidogyne spp. infected with isolate 2 of P. penetrans in soil solarization within 1, 2, and 3 months were 40.3%; 25.7%, and 10.1%, respectively, whereas in soil inoculated with isolate 3 of P. penetrans were: 37.3%, 10.2%, and 2.2%, respectively; 3) inoculation of P. penetrans reduced the root damage caused by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); and 4) treatment of P. penetrans combined with soil solarization reduced the root damage caused by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Key words: Pasteuria penetrans, soil solarization, root-knot nematode

Mice monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) against Phytophthora palmivora, Butl. (the pathogen of coconut bud rot) have been produced and tested. The selected hybridoma (Ab-PM.3) secreted monoclonal antibodies of IgM subclass and the titer in vitro of 10^2 - 1O^3, was employed to develop Indirect-Enzyme Linked lmmunosorbent Assay. This assay was able to differenciate coconut isolate of P. palmivora not only from cocoa and pepper isolate of the same species, but also from other fungus isolated from coconut bud rot diseased coconut (Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Thielaviopsis sp.). This assay was able to differenciate P. pulmivora isolate from diseased coconut with those isolated from cocoa and pepper, and other fungus isolated from diseased coconut, thereby providing specific diagnostic tool for coconut bud rot which is needed for supporting the application of the concept of integrated pest mangement on coconut.

The objectIves of the research were to study the effect of flooding and draining on the population and life cycle of root-knot nematode of rice (Meloidogyne graminicola). To study the effect of flooding and draining on the population of M. graminicola two experiments were done within two period of planting of rice IR 64. These experiments were arranged in completely randomize design with four replications. For studying the effect of flooding and draining on the life cycle of M. graminicola, the experiment was done within 30 days. The research results showed: 1) continuously flooding inhibit the penetration and population development of M. graminicola on rice IR 64, but the life cycle of M. graminicola was not affected; and 2) seventy two hours period of draining enhanced the development of M. graminicola compared to period of draining shorter than 72 hours.

The objective of the research wwas to evaluate the effect of initial population levels of Meloidogyne graminicola on growth and yield of rice especially cultivated IR64. Initial population levels of Meloidogyne graminicola used were: 0; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0; and 16.0 larvae/ml of soil. The research results were: 1) M. graminicola did not influence rice seedling emergence; 2) seedling death was found at 20 days after sowing, 70% of seedling died 30 days after sowing at the population level of 16.0 larvae/ml of soil; 3) the yield of rice decreased up to 38.45% in pot inoculated with M. graminicola at 16.0 larvae/ml of soil; 4) the relationship between yield and initial population of M. graminicola is described by the equation Y=m+(1-m)z^P.T where m = 0.66, z= 0.96, and T= 1.0.

The objective of the research was to study the effectiveness of P. penetrans for controlling root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in micro plot and in the field. The pathogenicity study in micro plot was done in Banguntapan, and field experiment was done in Ngipiksari, Pakem, Steman, Yogyakarta. The plots were arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications. The treatments used in the research were: isolat no. 2 and 3 of P. penetrans; carbofuran nematicide. and control. The results in micro plot test were: 1) root damage caused by root-knot nematodes in plot treated with P. penetrans lower than the control, and 2) percentages of parasitism of P. penetrans were 63.57 % (in isolate no. 2) and 53.46 % (in isolate no. 3). In field experiment the results showed: 1) P. penetrans found to be effective in reducing root damage caused by Meloidogyne spp. especially in 45 days old of tomato plant, whereas in 90 days old the effectiveness were decreased; 2) P. penetrans was able to grow and reproduction in the field: 3) the level of parasitisms of P. penetrans were increased rapidly during the experiment: and 4) the highest yield was found in tomato treated with carbofuran and followed by isolate 2, isolate 3, and control.

In bioecological studies of P. penetrans, six experiments were done i.e. study the nematode hosts of P. penetrans; the effect of temperature, soil moisture, spores storage length, soil chemicals (compound fertilizer, carbofuran, and mancozeb) and methods of application on the pathogenicity of P. penetrans. The research results are as follows: (1) nematode hosts of P. penetrans are M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. graminicola; (2) temperature tested up to 100oC did not affect on the infectivity of P. penetrans; (3) the highest infectivity of P. penetrans was found on soil moisture 45% than on 0%-30%; (4) spores storage for one, two, and three year after effected the infectivity of P. penetrans; (5) treatment with carbofuran, mancozeb, and compound fertilizer did not affect on the infectivity of P. penetrans; and (6) the used of spores of P. penetrans in grounded tomato roots more effective than in soil and water suspension and more efficient than in soil. Key words; bioecology, P. penetrans

The research on “Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes by nematophagous bacteria (Pasteuria penetrans)” was planned to be conducted within 3 years period, started in 1994/1995. In the first year research was done with the following objectives: 1) inventory on the isolates of P. penetrans, and 2) study on the mass production and pathogenicity test of P. penetrans. Survey of P. penetrans was done in the provinces of D.I. Yogyakarta, Central Java, East Java, and West Java. Soil and root samples were collected in this survey, plant parasitic nematodes were isolated using centrifugation and funnel and spray method. Mass production of P. penetrans was done with their host especially root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). The bacterial infected nematodes were inoculated on tomato planted on sterilized soil. Roots contain root-knot nematodes inhabiting spores of P. penetrans were used as inoculum source. The pathogenicity tests of the isolates were done using bioassay method and in the green house in Completely Randomized Design. The research results is as follows: 1) seventeesn isolates of P. penetrans were found in the survey, these isolates were pathogenic to root-knot nematodes, 2) mass production of P. penetrans was done with their host especially root-knot nematodes and 4) treatment with P. penetrans significantly reduced the root-gall caused by root-knot nematodes. Key words: biological control, parasitic nematodes, Pasteuria penetrans

The objective of the research was to study host plants or alternate hosts of root-knot nematode of rice (Meloidogyne graminicola). At the first phase research, ten rice cultivars were inoculated with M. graminicola. On the second phase, nineteen species of plants were treated with M. graminicola. Both experiments were done in green house in Completely Randomized Design. The third phase research was conducted as a survey method using “proportional random sampling”, with D.I. Yogyakarta as its survey areas. The research results indicated that all rice cultivars tested were attacked by M. graminicola. The lowest number of root-gall was found in IR 26. Of the 19 species plants tested, soybean, pea common bean, france bean, cabbage, and sugarcane var. Ps 56 were attacked by M. graminicola. The survey results indicated that 15 species of weeds were invaded by M. graminicola, i.e. Coix lacrymajobi, Comelina nudiflora, Cyperus flavidus, C. iria, Echinochloa colona, Eragrotis amabilis, Fimbristylis pilosa, Ichaimum mutichum, Leersia hexandra, Ludwigia adscendens, L. peruviana, Marsilea crenata, Monochoria vaginalis, Polygonum barbatum, and Stagnima sp. The highest populatiom of M. graminicola was found on E. colona. Key words: host plants, Meloidogyne graminicola