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This paper focuses on examining how ecotourism can help rural development. Eco-tourism is an important type of tourism that provides economic and social benefits to the local community by exhibiting rural life, culture, and nature in rural areas. The study was conducted in Yozgat province of Turkey using primary and secondary data. In this context, interviews were had with the authorities of the Culture and Tourism Provincial Directorate, Yozgat Culture, Tourism and Development Association, and local administrations, plus it was observed in the field. Published publications and scientific studies on the subject were also used as secondary sources. According to the research findings, ecotourism was considered an effective and important model for the sustainable development of local communities. In the study, the eco-tourism potential of the province, strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T) were revealed by SWOT analysis. Opportunities and strengths were considered significant for sustainable ecotourism potential. Focusing on local tourism and rural development as a leverage point, this paper puts forward proposals on management strategies and offers a different viewpoint on the need for rural innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study is to reorganize agricultural business management's owning small, fragmented, and dispersed lands according to modern agricultural business management thus ensures less usage of time, labour force and fund, take advantages of production factors and increase in productivity of agricultural business managements, increase agricultural production, and ameliorate life standards of inhabitants in the rural area. The paper is based on a large literature in the field and information from TVK about land consolidation. The results reflected that Turkey has implemented Land Consolidation activities for 1 million hectares per year to correct the unfavorable situation caused by inheritance traditions and other reasons. In the first years of the program, inheritance regulations were not perfectly organized, so applications encountered issues. In 2014, new regulations were implemented to prevent land division but did not have a beneficial effect on the development of enterprises. To ensure compensation for land value when they move away, Land Banking applications are needed. The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock developed a GIS based web portal named "TVK" to track and monitor all the activities performed during the management of Land Consolidation Projects. TVK ensures following content to be executed: Contract Management, Project Management and Monitoring, Schedule Planning and Monitoring, Operation Management and Monitoring, Data Management (Textual and Geographical), Estimated Cost Calculation for a LCP by using unit price pool, Progress Payment Management and Monitoring, Final Account Calculation, Interim and Final Acceptance Procedures, Official Letters, Official Reports, Project Statistics, Geographical Data Marking, Correction, Comparison, Redlining, Mobile applications and E-government integration. TVK has instant and online access to governments Land Registry and Cadastre Information System, Central Population Information System, Address Registration System, Agricultural Information System and Agricultural Parcel Information System. TVK is developed with open-source technologies and compatible with OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) and ISO standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts panel cointegration methods to estimate a gravity model of Turkish agricultural exports to 30 Euro-Mediterranean countries. Results show the conventional variables of economic size and distance to importing markets along with relative factor endowments are significant determinants of agricultural exports. Conversely, similarity of economic size, bilateral free trade agreements with Euro-Mediterranean countries, religious commonality, and the expatriate Turkish population in importing countries are found to be insignificant. Whilst a focus on exporting to large and near neighbouring countries is sensible, Turkey also needs to pay careful attention to the competing demands on its agricultural land from urbanisation and tourism. We speculate that recent changes in Turkey's domestic agricultural policy may impact adversely on exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, socio-economic structure and producing problems of triticale cultivation farms in Corum province were analysed. The study was carried out in Sungurlu district of Corum Province where the triticale cultivation is intensive in 2019 production period. According to the Neyman method, the sample farms were determined, and the data were obtained by face-to-face interviews with 53 triticale cultivate farmers. The farms were classified according to their size as Group I (≤ 15.00 decares; 18 farms), Group II (15.01-25.00 decares; 16 farms), and Group III (>25.01 decares; 19 farms). Average triticale land presence in farms was 27.26 da, and the share of triticale lands in total land presence was calculated as 9.58 %. It was determined that the average farmers’ age of 46.36 years, duration of education received 8.19 years, an average of 5.02 people per house, and 2.11 years of experience in the farmers’ triticale cultivation. It was determined that the most important problems of the farms having problems in triticale production; were high input costs, proper credit and fertiliser supply, low triticale sales price, cooperation and organisation between farmers, quality seed supply, water and irrigation problems. Triticale has become an important product for human and animal nutrition due to its ability to grow in marginal environments and its nutritional properties. It is thought that triticale production will increase in the coming years in the region if the triticale farmers’ problems are solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the production costs and profitability of the farmers’ triticale production in Corum province. Because it is an important region in Turkey, Corum province was selected as the research area in triticale production. The study’s data were determined by the stratified random sampling method obtained by the questionnaire method from 53 farms producing triticale in the Sungurlu district of Corum province. The production data set includes data for the 2019 year. According to the research findings, the average production cost per decare was calculated to be 290.85 TRY. The share of variable costs was 58.55% within the production costs, and the share of fixed costs was 41.45%. It was determined that the unit sale price of triticale was 0.87 TRY. The gross production value (GPV) of triticale in the region was calculated as 356.44 TRY/da, gross profit 185.73 TRY/da, and net profit 65.16 TRY/da. The unit cost of triticale in the region was 0.84 TRY. The relative profit was determined as 1.22 unit. As a result of the research, as the triticale production areas increase, the fixed costs per decare increase, and the variable costs decrease. The profitability indicators per decare and kilogram sales price increased with the triticale groups’ with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land consolidation is the rearrangement of small, fragmented, and scattered land owned by agricultural enterprises. The data of the research was collected from the lawsuit files related to the land consolidation works carried out in Yüreğir district of Adana province on 23/11/2012, records of the 6th Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) which carried out the consolidation and academic studies related to the subject. It is aimed to use less time, labour, and capital, increase agricultural production and productivity, and raise living standards. However, it is important to ensure satisfaction of farmers to provide these benefits. This study evaluated the problems caused by land consolidation from a legal point of view. This research found that the number of parcels of enterprises decreased, the size of the parcels increased, and the parcels received road, water, and drainage services. However, a significant number of producers were not satisfied with the land consolidation and filed lawsuits in the administrative courts. This study revealed that attentive consolidation and careful use of authority can increase satisfaction and prevent unnecessary busying of the courts, saving time and expense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to determine the changes on some performance of the Mohair (Ankara) goats farming system during 2017-2018. In this study, we examine production of the goats farms of Ankara province. Economic analysis is implemented by using data from 45 Turkish mohair goat farmers. The gross production value of the establishments is increased for the business groups according to the business groups, ranging from 495,148.74 Turkish Liras (TL) to 731,154.09 TL. According to the average of the establishments, the goat breeding activity is 58.28%, the vegetable production is 40.64% and the sheep breeding activity is 1.08%. In group 1, the share of the mohair in the value of animal production was 13.03%, while it was 14.37% in group 2. According to the establishment groups, the variable costs for vegetable production varying between 15,346.91 TL and 46,411.88 TL, while this value is 38,818.22 TL for the average of the establishments. According to the establishment groups, the variable costs in animal production vary between 91,127.86 TL and 263,160.36 TL. While the total gross profit per establishment in the examined establishments is between 398,915.15 TL and 560,170.95 TL. There was an employee problem with 30.00%, with feed prices with 26.67% and mohair prices with 25.00%, respectively, in the first group. 18.18% of the establishments in the first group and 12.50% of the establishments in the second group have been educated on herd management. Within the scope of the research, it was determined which supports were used by the establishments and it was determined that earrings and mohair support were used the most according to the results of the research. Within the scope of the research, 61.76% of the establishments in the 1st groups use agricultural loans and this rate is 81.82% in the 2nd group establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we set out to carry out a study on the quality of the physical indices of the turkey meat, derived from the Big BUT 6 hybrid slaughtered at 16 weeks of age (group L1) and at 18 weeks (group L2) through the following indices: acidity (pH value) achieved 20 minutes after slaughter, 24 hours and 72 hours, colorimetric parameters of the meat, milling (through Warner Bratzler shear forces) and texture, which was achieved by using objective methods such as Texture Profile Analysis (TPA). Regarding the acidity achieved for the four anatomical regions (chest, upper pulp, lower pulp and wings), no statistical differences were observed following the analysis of the data. Regarding the coordinate of the complementary colors red-green (a*) the minimums registered were specific to the pectoral muscles, for both L1 (-0.38 ± 0.09) and for L2 (-0.25 ± 0.12), the calculated maxima being responsible for the upper pulp musculature in both experimental groups (5.10 ± 0.15 ÷ 5.52 ± 0.12). The comparative analysis of the average forces for each muscle group observed the superiority of the fragility of the muscle samples collected from the level of the pectoral muscles and the wings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the cost structure and profitability of tobacco production were examined in the sample of Uşak province. Esme and Ulubey districts in Uşak were the districts with the highest tobacco production. It was determined that 71 tobacco farmers, calculated according to the stratified sampling method, should be interviewed in the villages of these districts. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with farmers in the producer survey. Tobacco farming is an important income activity in the region where the family workforce is utilised. Labour force, land rent, and machinery rent were determined as the most significant cost factors in tobacco production. We found that large-scale enterprises are more profitably. In addition, it was determined that the organisation of tobacco farmers was insufficient. With the organisation, farmers will be able to provide the inputs used in tobacco production under more favourable conditions, and the development of marketing opportunities will make a positive contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive cropping techniques, over-mechanized agricultural production, inefficient agricultural chemical use have negatively affected world valuable cropland, which is very important to the mankind. About 38% of Earth's land cover is occupied by agriculture. If unsustainable agricultural methods are pursued, they contribute to inefficient resource use. Organic farming is a good alternative in order to provide sustainability and efficient resource use. Yet, its production is not robust enough to play a significant role in feeding the world. Globally, 1.9 billion adults are overweight and, of those, 600 million are obese, while 793 million people are undernourished. Organic agriculture is discussed if it is the most appropriate option for sustainable agriculture. The current paper seeks to find organic wheat production and its positive impacts to the Turkish economy. In Turkey, there is no organic wheat production yet. We revealed the economic benefits when organic wheat production is partially preferred by examining the resource use efficiency. In other words, the nature of organic farming and conventional farming, what those methods demand from nature and restore to the environment, and their unit economic values constitute the subject of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the apricot market situation in the world and Turkey was examined. The study used the 1980-2020 period data of FAOSTAT and TURKSTAT institutions. It was determined that apricot production in the world and Turkey increased due to the enlargement of the planted areas in the examined period. Turkey, Uzbekistan, Italy, Algeria, and Iran have the highest apricot production. Turkey ranked first for apricot production and planting areas, and apricot yield was below the world average of 7,942 kg per hectare. Spain, Turkey, France, and Italy are the countries that export the freshest apricots. Of the 406 thousand tons of apricot exports globally, 54.84 percent belong to Spain, 21.69% to Greece, and 6.45% to Turkey. In the export of dried apricots, Turkey ranks first with a share of 67.6%. The essential dried apricot importing countries are the USA, Russia, England, and Kazakhstan. The important countries to which Turkey exports fresh apricots are Iraq (49.6%), the Russian Federation (29.8%), and Syria (5.2%). The important countries to which Turkey exports dried apricots are the USA (11.1%), France (7.7%), and Germany (7.4%). In the periods discussed, Turkey's apricot planted area increased by 185%, 368% in production, and a 64% increase in yield. Accordingly, the expansion in planted areas affected the production increase more. Apricot production in Turkey is concentrated in Malatya, Mersin, Elazığ, Iğdır, and Isparta provinces. Most of the apricots produced in Malatya are offered for consumption in dried form. As a result, world apricot production increased with significant improvements in planted area and yield. In Turkey, this situation mostly affected output because of the developments in the planted areas. The yield level of apricots, whose fruit and seeds are used in many fields such as food, medicine, and cosmetics in Turkey, should be brought to the average world level and prevent fluctuations in prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine alfalfa's production costs and profitability in Aksaray Province. Clover producers were visited directly, and prepared forms related to the subject were applied to 70 clover producer enterprises. The surveyed enterprises were selected by chance. Data from clover-growing enterprises cover the 2019 production season. On average, the cost of clover per decare is 0.90 TL/kg, the sales price is 1.09 TL/kg, and the profit margin is 0.19 TL/kg for clover-producing enterprises. The relative profit in enterprises was calculated as 1.21. The average value of gross profit and absolute profit for enterprises was determined as TL 890.11 and TL 373.70, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women do housework in rural areas and at the same time are involved in agricultural production outside home. For this reason, in agriculture which is a labour-intensive sector, the work load of women is higher than men in the sector. However, jobs done by men are socially more prestigious and more profitable. It is the fact that women's activities are mostly part-time, often free and more home-based. Women work with hourly, daily or unit-based wages as unpaid family workers during the production and harvesting stages of agricultural products (cotton, hazelnut, tea, rose, etc.). In this study, it was aimed to determine the life and working conditions and problems of agricultural female workers in rose production, which is one of the most important agricultural products in Isparta province. The sample size was calculated by simple random sampling method and a questionnaire study was conducted with 147 women. The vast majority of women interviewed are primary school graduates, and most of the women have no social security. It was found that the interviewed women were not effective in making decisions in general and did not have control over their income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the economic analysis of chickpea production of farmers in Usak. In 2018, chickpea production of Usak province accounted for about 4.32% of Turkey's chickpea production. Based on the data obtained from the Farmer Registration System in Central, Banaz, and Ulubey district, it was determined that 77 farmers producing chickpea should be interviewed. The data obtained from the farms' chickpea production were obtained by face-to-face interviews with the farmers of the producer questionnaire developed by these researchers. The data of the study was obtained in 2018. According to the research findings, the average production cost per decare (da) was calculated to be 661.01 TRY. The share of variable costs was 80.98% within the production costs, and the share of fixed costs was 18.02%. It was determined that the kilogram sale price of chickpea was 4.65 TRY. The gross production value (GPV) of chickpea in the region was calculated as 952.33 TRY/da, gross profit 417.06 TRY/da, and net profit 291.32 TRY/da. The kilogram cost of chickpea in the region was 3.23 TRY. The relative profit was determined as 1.44 units. As a result of the research, as the chickpea production areas increase, the fixed costs per decare decrease, and the variable costs increase. In addition, it was determined that the relative profit value was low in enterprises with high production costs per kilogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast increase has been seen in the use of energy acquired from fossil based and renewable resources along with the increasing population in the world and Turkey. It leads the studies to find new energy resources that fossil resources have been depleting day after day. Aydın Province that is located on 800.700 ha area over the lowlands irrigated by Büyük Menderes River is among the biggest cities of Turkey due to both animal number and area at which agricultural production is done. 363.215 ha cultivated area which is 45.3% of the total land is irrigable land. There are 70.884 units agricultural enterprises in the city and these enterprises are small and medium scale enterprises. 36% of these agricultural enterprises are the enterprises that make animal and vegetative production together, 35% of them are the enterprises that make only vegetative production and 29% of them are the enterprises that make only animal production. The unused wastes occurred after the production at these enterprises that makes animal and plant production pose a big problem for the enterprises and biogas that is a gas type having a high energy potential due to the methane gas inside it may be produced after they are fermented. In this paper, animal and vegetative production data of Aydın province will be reviewed and biogas potential of the province will be determined by calculating the waste amount occurred due to the production.en [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the Asartepe dam in Ankara province. Economic and social variables impact on agricultural irrigation were researched. Some variables were used as follows: usage of agricultural water, agricultural production, agricultural income, migration and etc. Primary data with related this research were taken from agricultural enterprises between 2015 and 2016 years. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) method was used to determine the selection of sample size. In this research, we had two different groups that one of them was preirrigation and the other was after irrigation group. After determining the sample size, this width of the size was 42. First strata was 31 and second strata was 11. SPSS Statistical package program was used during the data analysis environment. During the comparison between pre-irrigation group and after-irrigation group, Discriminant statistical analysis was used for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major aim of this study was to compare the gross and net profit of culture, cross and native-breed dairy cattle farms in Gevaş district of Van Province, Turkey. The required data belonged to 2009 production period and was collected from 44 farms by means of questionnaires interviewing the managers directly. Stratified random sampling method was used in determining the sample size. The number of cows per farm, daily milk yield per cow and lactation period were 3.15 head, 11.54 kg and 210 days for culture-breed farms; 4.0 head, 6.43 kg, and 210 days for cross-breed farms and 3.06 head, 4.21 kg and 215 days for native-breed farms, respectively. Daily feed intake per cow was 13.47 (9.88 kg roughage and 3.59 kg concentrated feeds) for culture-breed farms, 11.00 kg (9.66 kg roughage and 1.134 concentrated feeds) for cross-breed farms and 11.19 kg (9.29 kg roughage and 1.9 concentrated feeds), for native-breed farms, respectively. Feed costs consisted of 90.34, 89.11 and 84.59% of total variable costs for culture, cross and native-breed farms, respectively. The cost of one kg milk was $0.49, $0.76 and $ 1.11 for culture, cross and native-breed farms, respectively. Gross profit per farm and per cow were $2,665 and $846 for culture-breed farms, $1,220 and $305 for cross-breed farms; $55 and $17.8 for native-breed farms, respectively. Economical profitability rate of culture-breed farms in terms of gross profit were nearly two times higher with 19.27% compared to that of 10.01% for cross-breed farms. The economical profitability rate for nativebreed farms was only at 0.53% levels. Production elasticity of inputs (Sbi) was 1.66, which means increasing return to scale. In case of duplicating the inputs used, milk quantity is expected to increase by 1.66 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aim was determined the garlic production cost and profitability of farmers in Kastamonu province. The data were obtained from 105 farmers surveyed. Data belonged to the 2014 production period. According to findings, garlic cultivation area in the average of farmers was 1.13 hectares. The garlic area accounted for 18.2% of total farmland. The level of education of farmers was usually primary school. The average garlic yields per hectare for farmers were 8,208 kg. Farmers were doing garlic producing for more than 22 years. N fertiliser use was about 187 kg per hectare, P amounted to 151 kg, and K was calculated as 105 kg per hectare. 1412 hours workforce per hectare was used for garlic production. Machine power use was calculated as 25 hours per hectare. The 80.84% of the total labour force was hired labour force. The production cost of 1 kg of garlic was calculated as 3.22 TRY. The 20% of farmers were not got profit from garlic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the changes in world's and Turkish chickpea market were discussed. The data used in this study were obtained from FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation) and TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Service) for the 1980-2016 periods. According to the data collected, worlds production of chickpea has increased due to an expansion of sown area and yield have also experienced a massive increment of 1.90 times over the period. In the world, Turkey is ranked 5th out of the world's total production of chickpea. Turkey is placed seventh and 52nd in sown area and yield in the world. The trade of chickpea has seen significant development in the world. Thus, over the above mentioned period, export of chickpea quantity increased by 6.88 times, value by 10.34 times. Over the period, the chickpea production of Turkey has increased due to the expansion of the planting area. The chickpea production is being carried out intensively in the following provinces of Turkey, Antalya, Uşak, Konya, Karaman, Mersin, Kırşehir, Kütahya, Yozgat, Ankara, and Isparta provinces are also well known in the production of the chickpea. Turkey's production share and export have decreased. Recently, Turkey is not self-sufficient in the chickpea production. In this respect, especially the increased production of the chickpea sector, this is an essential point of policy regarding the development and improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an important cultural plant of the Fabaceae family, rich in nutrients and consumed almost everywhere in the world. Turkey has not been self-sufficient in recent years in the production of chickpeas. The chickpea's producers prices were unstable. As a research field, Kütahya was chosen as one of the most important crops in terms of chickpea cultivation area and production in Turkey. There are more technical aspects of chickpea production in Turkey. The aims of this study were to examine socio-economic structures of chickpea producing farms in Kütahya province, and to analyse input usage and to determine problems related to production. The sample size was determined by stratified sampling method and was calculated as 85 chickpea farmers. The face-to-face survey method was used for obtained data from farmers. The study determined the usage of seed, fertilizers and pesticides and calculated the labour and machine power per hectare. The most important problems in the investigated area were the increase in input prices and anthracnose disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of both food assurance and food safety is of global concern. With the welfare of the countries increasing, consumers have put more importance on the food content, reliability and health of the food they consume. With the development of technology, radio, television, and internet, consumers' awareness about safe food has also begun to evolve through communication tools. In this study, it was aimed to determine the level of consciousness of consumers in Isparta province on food safety. The main material of the study was the data provided from the questionnaires conducted by face-to-face interviews with families residing in Isparta city centre. Single-step simple random probability sampling method was used to determine the number of families to be surveyed. The number of samples in the calculation is 384. The study shows that 57.8% of consumers heard about the concept of food safety and 42.2% of them did not hear the concept of food safety. It was found that 13.8% of the consumers had knowledge about the quality control and audit institutions and 86.2% of them had no information on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock have always been an important part of agricultural production in Turkey. Chores are tedious and time consuming in livestock production. The main chores in livestock production are the preparation of the animal feed, watering, herding, milking, and cleaning of livestock yards. Therefore, mechanization and automation technologies are very important factors in reducing labor and modernizing of livestock production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current situation of the livestock mechanization in Turkey, main mechanization problems in livestock production and suggestions for development of mechanization. In this purpose, the current data of Turkish Statistical Institute and Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food-Agriculture-Livestock was used to determine the enterprise size according to the number of animals, and the number of machinery per livestock husbandry according to the machinery type commonly used in livestock enterprises. Also, the previous studies carried out on the determination of the mechanization structure of livestock enterprises in different regions of Turkey were evaluated. The results of this study and the previous studies showed that the average size of livestock enterprise is very small in Turkey and the number of machineries per enterprise was very low. The fact that the livestock enterprises was very small prevented the development of mechanization and automation in livestock production and caused costly production. Also, livestock husbandries were not suitable for the development of mechanization. Consequently, it can be said that the Enterprise size according to the number of bovine, sheep and goats and barn construction are very important factors for development of livestock mechanization in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the comparison between the cost of energy and the cost price of producing radishes in Osmaniye Province in Turkey, which is an important source of income in agriculture in Turkey. A questionnaire was used to collect data on radish production from the intended target population 149 radish farms in 2019. The sample was calculated using Neyman's method. Based on a sample size the error was defined as 5 percent for 95 percent reliability. The socio-economic characteristics of the farmers were used to present analysis and also secondary data were also used in the research to deepen our knowledge. The results showed that the input energy was 2,946.574 MJ da-1, of which the highest share was related to deep plowing, irrigation, first watering after transplanting, and second plowing with 21.60, 20.07, 19.84 and 12.08%, respectively. The lowest input was belong to Harvest and Packaging with 0.03%. Labor cost (70.75%), fuel cost (14.41%), and material used 14.84%.In addition, the production cost and sales price ( $/ ton) of radish are obtained at 21.69 and 40.21 respectively. We find that the rate of profit from agricultural income was 87.82% while that of energy was 61.38%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The share of the agricultural sector in employment in Turkey is 23%. Turkey is among the world's leading countries in the production of many agricultural products. In this respect, it has a great potential in terms of agricultural insurance. In 2005, in Turkey, "Law on Agricultural Insurances" was enacted with the law numbered 5363. In this 10-year period, premium production was realized as 5 billion Turkish Liras. The total number of farmers who have insurance in Turkey reached 2,031,061 in 2016 and the 316,000 damage file has been processed, 900 million Turkish liras were paid to the producers. In case producers have to insure agricultural insurance, the price they will pay per decare is 330 TL. These farmers will be able to pay close to 10 thousand Turkish liras in case of damage to their land. In this study, it was aimed to examine the agricultural insurance schemes existing in Turkey, the agriculture insurance pool system and the 10 years development under the law numbered 5363. In this context, the development of plant life, animal life, greenhouse, beekeeping, poultry life and aquaculture life insurance was examined. Proposals were developed for the producers to benefit more from agricultural insurance premium subsidies. Findings obtained from other studies related to the subject were also examined. In insurance premium subsidies, the innovations and objectives of the year 2017 implementations were also mentioned. In this system, 50% and/or 66.7% of the insurance premium is covered by the government as unrequited support. In total premium production in Turkey, there is a plant product insurance with a share of 28.0% at the maximum and an animal life insurance with a share of 20.8% in the second. The number of policies and insurance premiums increased by 27% and 32% respectively in 2015 compared to the previous year in Turkey. As of December 30, 2016, total premium production in Turkey has reached TL 1.3 billion. As of 2016, 2 million 470 hectares of land belonging to 562 thousand farms in 72 provinces were damaged from natural disasters. However, it is noteworthy that the ratio of insured farmers was between 10-20%. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the producers' regularly insured agricultural insurance rates. In this regard, actions are being proposed to increase awareness of more producers. In this way, there may be a minimum loss of producer income in the agricultural sector where risk and uncertainty are high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trawling is an important fishing method used by the fishermen in the Turkey. Bottom trawling fisheries in this part of Mediterranean are essentially multispecies. Commercial fishing vessels use 44 mm diamond shaped mesh for trawl cod-end s in the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. The trawl nets (cod-end) of the fishery retain a lot of juvenile individuals, which has negative effects on the population of fish species. Currently fishing boats use very low selectivity gears. Because of this reason, fishing ground is predominantly overfished. Although there are many selectivity studies carried out in the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, selectivity experiments results have not used into practice for management of fisheries yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is one of the most important staple food crops with a significant role for food security and a potential commercial crop in Turkey. As of 2015, Turkey's potato production amounted to 4.76 million tonnes, and approximately 14.18% of the production occurred in Nigde and 8.57% in Izmir provinces. High-quality seed is the main input for potato production. Import of seed potatoes (rootstock) has increased by 145% and certified seed potato production has increased by 156% in the last 10 years in Turkey. The aim of this study is to determining seed preferences for potato producers in major potato production area, Niğde and İzmir, in Turkey. The study is based on the sample of 141 farmers (69 from the Central district in Nigde and 72 from Odemis district in Izmir) calculated according to the proportional sample size method for 10% error margin and 90% confidential intervals. Conjoint analysis was employed to examine farmers' seed preferences, using seed price, yield, resistance to diseases, production type, maturation time and storage time as the seed attributes. According to the conjoint analysis results, production type has found the first important factor in both research regions such as the cooking type in Nigde, industrial type in Odemis are preferred by farmers. This shows that marketing options affect farmers' potato seed choices. Disease resistance has found the second important factor in Nigde and third in Odemis after the yield performance when buying seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is a strategically important plant, widely grown in 53 countries in the world with a wide area of uses. It is an industrial plant of high economic value with a lot of direct and indirect use in different sectors. Therefore, it provides important contributions to the development of a region or the country in terms of both employment and added value to overall economy. According to the International Cotton Advisory Committee's report on 2015/2016, Turkey ranks ninth in the cotton plantation area, eighth in cotton production, second in cotton yield, fourth in cotton import and fourth in cotton consumption in the world. Cotton is mainly grown in South-eastern Anatolia, Çukurova, Antalya and Aegean regions. In recent years, although the planting area has diminished, production has increased with yield. As Turkish textile industry grew after 1980s, the need for cotton in the textile production has expanded. This lead to decrease in cotton exports and increase in cotton imports. As a matter of fact, Turkey, which is a net cotton exporter until 1991, has become a net importer since 1992. About 48 thousand tons of fiber cotton was exported worth 76 million dollars in 2015, while 803 thousand tons of fiber cotton was imported with 1.24 billion worth. About 2.16 million tonnes of cotton were produced on 416 thousand hectares of land in 2016. When looked at the different regions, it can easily be seen that Şanlıurfa province has an important potential in cotton production. Şanlıurfa province accounted for 43.3% of Turkey's cotton plantations and 40.5% of its production in 2016. In this study, the development of cotton production cost and profitability in the case of Şanlıurfa province where significant cotton production was realized in Turkey was analysed. The data was obtained from the Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The dataset covers the period 1996-2016.The cost of cotton production per hectare was calculated as 6,447 TL in 1996 and 6,289 TL in 2016 in real prices. There was a decrease in the cotton production cost. The most important cost elements were land rent and harvest-marketing. The relative profit was calculated as 1.78 for 2016. It can be concluded that it is important to ensure the sustainability of cotton production. The proper treatment of land, the appropriate seed variety, the use of adequate amounts of fertilizer, the correct application of the irrigation and the effective fighting of plant diseases are important factors for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated fight is briefly described as the administration and management system of pests and expressed as integrated pest control or integrated pest management. Within this definition it is defined as all of the efforts undertaken in order to keep the pest populations below economically damaging levels in harmony with each other on the use of all the techniques and methods and all factors that play a role in the exchange of populations of pest species with their environment in mind. This study was aimed to determine Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry technical staff's knowledge level about integrated pest management and their features. Study is contributed by evaluating technical staff general features, ideas on integrated pest management and their observations on farmers to development of program. Main material of the study was gathered from face to face interview of 134 technical staff which work on Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department on Antalya, Denizli, Konya, Karaman, Niğde and Isparta cities which are dominant for apple production. Serving as consultants or pest management department employees were included in the study. Technical staff members have important position by raising awareness of producers' agricultural management. It was determined that the technical staff is aware of the use of pesticides, but their level of knowledge in the pest management approaches such as integrated pest management is not at the desired level. Integrated pest management should be improved, especially in terms of monitoring the new developments taking place in the EU. According to technical staff observations farmers' awareness about the disease and pest management has not at the desired level yet. It is inevitable the necessity of extension to increase producers' knowledge and awareness and implementation more of integrated pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to examine the marketing structure of sour cherry, to reveal the marketing problems of the sour cherry in the region and to give suggestions to improve the sour cherry production in the region and Turkey. The main material of this study was the primary data to be obtained by survey method from the farmers who produced sour cherry in Sultandağı and Çay districts of Afyonkarahisar and Akşehir and Doğanhisar districts of Konya province. In addition, data was obtained from intermediaries in the marketing channel. Stratified sampling method (Neyman Method) was used to determine the number of samples to be surveyed. The sample size represented the main population was calculated as 138 farmers. Afyonkarahisar province is in the first place with a share of 22% in Turkey sour cherry production. Konya follows Afyonkarahisar with a share of approximately 16%. In the region, 63.04% of farmers was conventional production and 36.96% of them was organic production. The most important problem that producers face with the sour cherry cultivation was the low price. The prices of the sour cherry were determined by the companies. Most of the sour cherry producers sell commissions. The most powerful factor in choosing sour cherry cultivation was the preferred industrial product. Consumption as fresh was very low. The most important threat to sour cherry production in the region is the climate. The frost occurred during the flowering period reduces the yield. The following improvements can be suggested for the production of sour cherry to a better position: increasing the number of facilities processing in the region, increasing the awareness of farmers about producer organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted by estimating logistic regression analysis to understand the factors affecting consumers’ perception and purchasing intention of genetically modified (GM) foods in Isparta, Turkey. The information was gathered through face-to-face interviews with 264 consumers in the city of Isparta, Turkey. It was determined that being younger and having a higher education level positively affect the purchase intention of GM foods. Also, trust in health and safety is a sufficient factor to increase purchase intention even if there is distrust of the government. However, perceived risks do not significantly affect consumers’ intentions to buy, and thus, benefit perception is more effective than risk perception. Consequently, the consumers’ attitudes determine their purchase intentions for GM foods. This research has practical implications for food industry policymakers and producers, who might devise methods to enhance consumer expenditure on GM foods based on their excellent taste and favorable contribution to a healthy diet. This will be valuable for doing consumer-oriented evaluations and product development to understand better and predict consumer reactions and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to develop new suggestions by determining the implementation level of integrated pest management, awareness level regarding the integrated pest management, shortcomings in implementation and efficiency of implementation in cherry cultivation in the region that stands out in Turkey. In this context, Izmir, Manisa, Konya, Isparta, Afyon and Denizli were taken into the scope of research where intensive cultivation of cherry in Turkey takes place. According to the results of the study integrated pest management awareness is low. However, the integrated pest management methods have been implemented more since cherry started to be exported. 37.3% of farmers highly implement integrated pest management and 22.5% implements at low level. The lack of awareness at enterprise level regarding integrated pest management and warning system is the area need to be focused. At the top of the suggestions about increasing the efficiency of the system comes popularizing the training activities in the region. Overall, providing sustainability of the system, development of production and consumption culture are important areas both in public and private sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated pest management came to Turkey with international projects in 1980s and it has been implemented by Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry in various product groups. The present research aims to determine the socio-economic factors affecting the level of integrated pest management methods' implementation of enterprises involved in cherry growing that stands out in the region. In this context, Izmir, Manisa, Konya, Isparta, Afyon and Denizli were taken into the scope of research where intensive growing of cherry in Turkey takes place. Research findings indicate that awareness of integrated pest management concept is at low level. However, the integrated pest management methods have been implemented more since cherry started to be exported. Producers' implementation level of the integrated pest management methods is affected by production scale, spraying schedule, the consultant ownership, compliance with Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry provincial / district offices' spraying schedule proposal for brown rot (Monilinia laxa), cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.), (Dip.:Tephritidae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the economic status of the enterprises engaged in greenhouse cultivation activities in Elmalı (Antalya) and examines the contribution of the highland greenhouse production to the regional economic development, thus attempting to generate certain data that would provide guidance to future investors and enterprises that will invest in greenhouse cultivation in highland conditions. The current research was carried out in Gölova, Çukurelma, Salur, Eskisar, Zümrütova, the quarters of Elmalı where greenhouse enterprises are largely concentrated. The data used in the study were collected through questionnaires from 90 greenhouse enterprises designated using the Neyman Stratified Sampling method. The research data belong to 2015 production period. The enterprises engaged in greenhouse cultivation in Elmalı (Antalya) were divided into 3 groups according to the size of their land. According to data obtained in the study, the share of greenhouse production among other business activities of the companies was 52.59%, generating an average income of 44,667 TL (Turkish Liras). The production costs of the enterprises mainly involved seedling costs (18.93%), followed by fertilizer costs (18.00%) and permanent-family labour (14.69%). The mean absolute profit of the enterprises was calculated as 43,602.69 TL. The average unit (1 kg) product cost was calculated as 0.69 TL for enterprises. The mean relative profit rate for enterprises was 1.53. As the greenhouse cultivation period in highland conditions coincides with summer months, the enterprises had no heating costs. Since greenhouse-growing activities increase business potentials and opportunities in the region, they can reduce migration from rural areas to cities. The expansion of greenhouse cultivation could be reached by reducing the unit product cost, as well as by growing appropriate products for domestic and international demand and large-scale investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to determine the problems regarding the input use and marketing structure of the enterprises involved in greenhouse cultivating in Antalya, Elmalı District. Within this scope, the study was conducted in Gölova, Çukurelma, Salur, Eskisar, Zümrütova neighbourhood of Elmalı strict intensely involved in greenhouse cultivating in Antalya, Elmalı district sample. The data used in the study was obtained from 90 enterprises involved in greenhouse activities through the layered sampling Neyman method. The acquired data represents the 2015 production season. The farms involved in greenhouse cultivating in highland conditions in Antalya, Elmalı district was divided into 3 groups based on the size of greenhouse fields. According to the data obtained from the study, the share of enterprises' total gross value of production of greenhouse cultivating was calculated as 52.59 percent. Tomato comes first in the greenhouse cultivating in the research field. It was followed by cucumber. Additionally, a small amount of pepper and eggplant was cultivated. Farms market the products mostly to the commissioners and merchants. Some of the farms markets the products in İstanbul and Antalya markets which are away from the production site and this situation causes a significant marketing cost. The greenhouse cultivating provides an important income in the region and this growth trend is expected to continue. Informing producers about the input use, popularizing the producer union and ensuring the compliance with GAP were essential in the healthy development of the business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to quantify and evaluate CO2 emissions related to fuel consumption for groundnut cultivation in Turkey between 2011 and 2016. The methods were used for calculating CO2 emissions are recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Between 2011 and 2016, in Turkey, peanut was produced on an area of 35325.45 ha. The average groundnut production and the average yield were 129464 ton and 3655 kg per hectare (ha) over the last five-year period. It was found that the average fuel (diesel) consumption for groundnut cultivation were 13.06 g per kg of seed yield. The total CO2 emissions based on lower heating value of diesel fuel and lubricant oil were 5551.3 t CO2 per year. It was calculated that the average CO2 emission was 43.16 g per kg of groundnut seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a special emphasis on the rangeland condition, factors affecting effectiveness of the farms were researched in this study. Study area covers Erzurum Province, Turkey. Villages were purposively selected from those of which rangeland conditions had been studied previously. Stratified sampling method was employed in determination of the sample size. Data were collected from the randomly selected farmers through face to face interviews, resulted in 99 completed questionnaires. Collected data by structured questionnaires were of 2004-2005 production year. Farms were studied under three farm size groups of 0-12, 12, 1-25 and 25+ ha. In analysis of the data stepwise regression and multiple linear and log-linear regression models were used. As farm success criteria, net product and gross margin were calculated for every studied farm. According to the results, rangeland condition, stable type, number of cattle, size of cultivated land, amount of labour per farm and small ruminant flock existence in the village and number of small ruminant were found to be the most important factors affecting farm effectiveness. It was concluded that more robust and long-term studies should be conducted using a wider variation in rangeland condition to confirm the study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out between January and October 2018, in order to determine the infection of Eustrongylides excisus Jägerskiöld, 1909 in some fish species inhabiting Eğirdir Lake - the second largest freshwater lake of Turkey. Parasite infection was detected in host species belonging to Konya tooth-carp (Aphanius iconii Akşiraz, 1948), Big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810), Caucasian dwarf goby (Knipowitschia caucasica Berg, 1916) and pike-perch (Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758). The highest prevalence of infection (21.4%) was determined in S. lucioperca. The mean intensity ranged from 1.25 nematode/fish in K. caucasica to 2.3 nematodes/fish, in S. lucioperca. The nematode E. excisus was recorded for the first time on Caucasian dwarf goby, a non-native fish species in Eğirdir Lake. In addition, this research provides useful data regarding histopathology effects of E. excisus in all studied teleost species. Hyperaemia, edema, microhaemorrhages, inflammatory reaction and necrosis were observed around the encysted parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, smoothing methods and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method for predicting producer milk prices in Turkey is implemented. Holt-Winters multiplicative (HWM) method and Holt-Winters additive (HWA) method are included in the exponential smoothing methods. Producer milk prices data belong to January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2019 period and gathered from the Turkish Statistical Institute. According to the given results, OLS method is fitted the data and has good root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficients (R²). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is one of the most important walnut producers in the world. Turkey is 4th in the world's walnut production in 2018. In this study, Turkey and the Balkan countries' which have a significant share in the world production of walnut, production, foreign trade, and competitiveness have been studied. The data set for the years 2005-2018 was used in the research. The data of this study was provided from International Trade Centre (ITC) database. Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and Trade Balance Index (TBI) indices were used in this study. Although the walnut production of Turkey was more than the total production of Balkan countries, it was determined that Turkey has not foreign trade competitive advantage. It shows that the most competitive country is Moldavia according to the RCA and TBI scores. These findings demonstrated that Turkey is importer country in with walnut trade. In a conclusion, it can be clearly said that Balkan countries except for Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, and Romania are net importers of shelled walnuts in foreign trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research is a part of a research program aimed to study the relationship between morphology and physiological status of turkey pineal gland in relation to the degree of somatic development. Research is carried out at S.C. Galli Gallo Codlea, which is the only unit in Romania for breeding and slaughter of turkeys. The measurements were performed on an important livestock specie for modern husbandry industry, namely turkey, the expansion of this area being useful for providing knowledge on the relationship between technology growth for modulation of microclimate parameters and growth performance. Were followed hematological and biochemical blood parameters, with the purpose of providing a parallel between turkey (Meleagris gallopavo-gallopavo) and chicken (Gallus gallus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to compare energy consumptions under traditional cultivation system for wheat production in Turkey. The data used in this study were collected through a questionnaire by face to face interviews. The amount of energy that consumed in tillage, planting, fertilizing, agricultural spraying, harvesting and transport stages were calculated for wheat cultivation. The energy inputs such as human labor, tractors, tools/machineries, fuel/oil, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and seed obtainment processes were taken into consideration to determine the amount of energy that used in wheat cultivation. The total energy used in various farm inputs for wheat cultivation was 17159.5 MJ/ha. The energy output/input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy efficiency were found to be 2.21, 7.18 MJ/kg, 0.14 kg/MJ and 20746.5 MJ/ha, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out on Quercus infectoria Oliv. (Fagaceae) trees infested with the coccid Kermes hermonensis Spodek & Ben-Dov (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Kermesidae) between 2013 and 2014, in Diyarbakir. As a result of the study, two parasitoids and two predators were obtained. These are: Cheiloneurus claviger Thomson, 1876; Metaphycus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae) and Brumus (Exochomus) quadripustulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). B. (Exochomus) quadripustulatus and C. bipustulatus are the first records on K. hermonensis as predators in Turkey. K. hermonensis: Cheiloneurus claviger and Metaphycus sp. are the first records on K. hermonensis as parasitoids in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is the unique country that has land in both Europe and Asia. Turkey has approximately 75 000 000 population and is an agricultural country. In this context Turkey has great fruit and vegetable production potential. Turkey is one of the biggest producers of apples, pears, quinces, peaches and apricots, citrus (as fruit species) and tomatoes, peppers, melons, watermelons (as vegetable species). However, the amount of cold stores and packinghouses is deficient for its potential. Moreover the export rate is 5-10% of production. In addition the rate of postharvest losses of these crops is approximately 35-40%. On the other hand, the usage of controlled atmosphere ( CA) stores and new postharvest technologies debouched rapidly. As a result increasing the amount of CA stores and modern packinghouses, arranging the errors in cold chain and improving the reproducing conditions will make Turkey an important fresh perishable exporter. Besides, the potential and capacity of production will be validated by minimizing the postharvest losses. On the other hand, cave storage will be improved by some modifications such as temperature, humidity and air circulation conditions. Their numbers, and hence capacities are steadily increasing. Eventually, the cave stores have impressions as being the predominating stores for citrus, potatoes and onions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to determine downy mildews species on the weed, which create problems on lentil fields of Diyarbakõr province of Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey during 2013. As result of this study, 7 different downy mildews were detected on 7 different weed species in the lentil fields. These downy mildews species are following: Peronospora aparines (de Bary) Gäum., Peronospora arborescens (Berk.) De Bary, Peronospora lamii A. Praum., Peronospora narbonensis Gäum., Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.) Constant., Peronospora sisymbrii-officinalis Gäum. and Peronospora trifoliorum de Bary were determined on the weeds Galium aparine L., Papaver macrostomum Boiss & Huet. ex Boiss, Lamium amplexicaule L., Vicia narbonensis L., Myagrum perfoliatum L., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. ve Trifolium sp. respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) is one of the most important pests of stored grains. It is known that long term use of phosphine against the pests causes to resistance development in the pests. In this study, 16 C. ferrugineus populations from grain warehouses of 11 provinces were collected. The resistance to phosphine of the populations was determined by modifying the FAO method to obtain LC50 values. Resistance ratios were calculated by comparing the LC50 values of the populations to the LC50 value of the sensitive population. The C. ferrugineus population obtained from İzmir province died at 36 ppm discriminating dose and LC50 value was calculated as 16.82 ppm/20 hrs. This population was considered susceptible and used in LC50 comparisons to determine the resistance ratios. The LC50 was not calculated for the six populations which died at the discriminating dose. In the 10 populations which LC50 were calculated, resistance ratios were found between 3.0 and 392.6 times. According to the results, phosphine resistance of C. ferrugineus was common and generally high in Turkish populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]