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The feasibility of using linkage disequilibrium analysis in genome screening for complex disorders was supported in a study of severe bipolar mood disorder (BP-I) in Costa Rica. Genotyping of chromosome 18 was done at intervals of about 6 cM for 48 subjects with BP-I. Previous linkage studies had identified chromosome 18 as a possible site for bipolar disorder loci. Possible susceptibility regions were identified by the screening.

Research to try to separate influences of early music training and genetics on Absolute pitch (AP) development has been carried out. Early music training is apparently necessary, but not sufficient, for AP development. Those who self-reported that they had AP were 4 times as likely as others to report another AP person in their families. Several families suitable for studies of the genetic basis of AP have been identified. A simple computer-based acoustical test was used to subdivide those with AP into groups based on performance on the test and 600+ musicians were surveyed initially. AP is ability to recognize pitch with no external reference.

The article focuses on the efforts by school groups to improve methods of reporting to parents. A recent publication from the University of Texas summarizes a study of "Four Methods of Reporting to Parents." With the resources made available through a grant from the Texas Congress of Parents and Teachers, the research team decided to study a population from grade levels II, IV, and VI in schools for white pupils whose patrons represented the middle socially and economically and found that the reporting method to parents is not a logical source of variation in children's achievement.

The article comments on several publications regarding federal aid to education. One is the September 11, 1953 issue of "Council Comments", a publication of the Citizens Research Council of Detroit. Next is the October 1953 issue of "State Government" journal, published by the Council of State Governments. The other is the April 1953 issue of the "Elementary School Journal" on yearbooks published during school year 1952 to 1953.

The article focuses on the problems faced by elementary schools in the U.S. There is shortage of school buildings. The construction of school building was hindered by the economic depression and the outbreak of Second World War. There was a phenomenal increase in birth rate after the war that has aggravated the problem. Another problem faced by elementary schools is the shortage of skilled teachers. Several communities in the U.S. are finding it difficult to recruit teaching staff due to unfavorable economic status of the teachers.

This article describes books and articles on educational administration published during the twelve-month period ending October 1946 in the U.S. The references are classified under eight categories: general administration, state school administration, city school administration, supervision, teaching staff, school finance, business management, and public relations.

References to the articles published in the February 1946 issue of "The Elementary School Journal," are presented.

The article presents information on issues related to education. Encyclopedia Britannica Films Inc. has announced the completion of the sound motion picture, "Using the Classroom Film," which is produced on safety stock. In relation with its summer session, the Department of Education of the University of Chicago, Illinois has held the proceedings of three of the conferences. The Department of Education of the University of Chicago will hold its headquarters at the Kansas City and Chicago regional conferences of the American Association of School Administrators.

The article presents news and current events related to elementary education. A device for stimulating pupils's interest in promoting safety in the classrooms is developed by the School Safety Council and the Department of Manual Arts of the Boston public schools. Parent's opinions regarding the adequacy of services in the schools were asked in a meeting at San Francisco and other news include improving education in health, and rural and life education.

The article presents comments and news on education after the World War II. Postwar reconstruction included education objectives alongside with social and economic matters. The concept of education is promoted with economic, social, and cultural cooperation. The conference which included the charter for education is discussed.

The article presents information on U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's budgetary recommendations which may have significance for federal relations to education, and presents other educational news briefs. The President has recommended that the appropriation for the U.S. Office of Education be increased from the current allotment for the ensuing fiscal year. Another recommendation constitutes an explicit call for financial aid to state school systems needing such aid in order to furnish leadership and service in promotion of educational progress.

References for the articles published in the February 1945 issue of "Elementary School Journal" are presented.

Emphasizes the need for cooperation between business and education in the U.S. Lack of confidence and support of organized business to education; Responsibilities of business enterprises in line with the effects of World War II; Importance of education to the proliferation of business.

Presents information on selected references concerned with teaching staff, school finance, business management, and public relations published from various journals from November 1, 1942-43. "The New Teacher Must Not Be Overlooked," by Walter A. Anderson in the November 1942 issue of "Educational Method"; "Salary Schedule," by John R. Emans in the April 1943 issue of "Nation's School; "Needed: An Objective Method of Determining Teaching Load," by L. L. Myers in the April 1943 issue.

The article presents a list of references on public school administration, from various articles and bulletins. The list includes "Salaries and the cost of living," by Homer C. Beadle, published in the March 1942 issue of the "Nation's Schools," "When release teachers from contracts?," by Leslie H. Bell in the August 1942 issue of "American School Board Journal" and "Teachers at a premium," by J. Murray Lee and Leslie L. Chisholm, in the May 1942 issue of the "School Executive".

The article reports on news and developments concerning education in the United States. The University of Chicago's Department of Education has assumed the responsibility for the distribution of a series of yearbooks published by the National Society for the Study of Education. Efforts of teachers to minimize the hazards to health, emotional stability, morality and developmental experiences of their students are described. Meanwhile, the American Council of Education has published a booklet, entitled "Films for America at War".

The article reports several distinct educational programs from various states in United States. A sound film based on the activities during a regular school day was produced by the school system of Mercer County in West Virginia. Moreover, a systematic training in gardening and nature study for Brooklyn children who desire to attend Saturday classes is being offered in Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York.

The article presents information on several references on public-school administration in the United States released in the 1940s, with focus on teaching staff, school finance, business management and public relations. Information included are the names of authors, titles of articles, publications in which the articles appeared, dates of publication, pages and brief summaries.

The article presents selected references on public school administration in the United States. The references are concerned with teaching staff, school finance, business management, and public relations. They include the articles "Training in Health Needed by Teachers," by Howard E. Bosley in the September 1940 issue of "Elementary School Journal," "How May Teacher-Teacher Relationships Be Improved?," by Dewey A. Ganzel in the June 1940 issue of "Elementary School Journal."

A list of article related to school management and administration published in several journals is presented. The article includes "Education for American Life," by Lyle W. Ashby, "Educational Qualifications for School Board Members," by M. M. Chambers, "Reorganization of the Elementary School to Meet the Needs of Children," by Emmett A. Betts, and "Modern Psychology and School Supervision," by Ray B. Dean.

The article discusses the important administrative services to be considered in helding a democratic school administration in the United States. It states that in administrative policy-making, factors which includes extending teacher participation in local school administration and centralized control in city school organizations should be considered.

The section presents a bibliography of references on education. These references are concerned with teaching staff, school finance, business management, and public relations. The period covered in the selection of the references is November 1, 1937 to October 31, 1938.

The article presents a list of references related to teaching staff, school finance, business management, and public relations. They include "Recent Court Decisions on the Dismissal of Teachers," by Robert King Hall, "Qualifications and Salaries of Teachers in Smaller Schools," by Donald L. Simon, and "School Finance, 1930," by William G. Carr.

The article discusses different views on federal aid to education in the U.S. Former Education Commissioner John J. Tigert opposes to federal aid to public education for some reasons, one of which is that federal money would be followed by federal interference. The late William John Cooper, on the other hand, has expressed a conditional approval of a federal aid program. Veteran Payson Smith believed that some federal aid to education will not only be desirable, but may also become necessary.

A list of selected references on general administration, state school administration, city school administration and supervision. The selected references includes "Professional Salary Schedules for teachers," by Robert D. Baldwin, "Taking Tenure to Court," by M. M. Chambers and "Are Teachers Educated?," by E. S. Evenden.

The article presents a list of references on public school administration selected by the "Elementary School Journal," including "The Influence of Teacher Tenure Laws on Supply and Demand," by Gilbert L. Betts at the "Journal of Educational Research," "Some Problems in the Education and Placement of Negro Teachers," by Ambrose Caliver at the "Journal of Negro Education" and "The Superintendent and Tenure," by Donald Dushane at the "Journal of the National Education Association."

The article presents a list of books on public school administration including "Teacher's Salaries and the Cost of Living," by Walter Crosby Eells, "The Administration of Merit-Type Teachers' Salary Schedules," by Lloyd Percy Young, and "The Law Governing the Dismissal of Teachers on Permanent Tenure," by Lee O. Garber.

The article presents a list of references related to public school administration including the article "The Principal as Administrator and Supervisor," by Robert M. Bear, "Problems of the Teaching Personnel," by Dennis H. Cooke and "Outside Demands and Pressures on the Public Schools," by J. Flint Waller.

References for the articles that were published between April 1 and October 31, 1932 in the "Elementary School Journal" are presented.

The article focuses on the problems with the financing and administration of the public schools in Chicago, Illinois. The two aspects concerning financial support deal with providing the necessary funds in maintaining the public education program and the relation of the administrative organization and certain practices within the school system. The city is faced with the difficulties in keeping the schools running because of the inadequacy of the tax base.