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This article, extracted from a larger study, is attentive to the national folk culture of African-American communities--especially rumor and legend--in a number of city centers. The study begins with Washington, D.C., as a representative model to examine the role of complexion-related lore in black neighborhoods, organizations, and institutions, and then extends outward to other urban areas. Complexion lore, the article argues, functioned as a sophisticated negotiation of racism, wherein black residents complicated American urban principles of inclusion and exclusion by integrating color notions into institutional oral history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the historical significance of the personal archive of materials donated to the U.S. Library of Congress by Boris Leo Brasol, leader of the Pushkin Society in America. The information presented by the archive about the evolution of the Russian community in the U.S. before World War II is described, noting that Brasol's materials allow researchers to more fully construct an understanding of the Russian Diaspora in America. A history of the Pushkin Society in America is also provided.

The article focuses on the need for history students to develop analytical thinking and writing skills, as conceived in the curriculum redesign of the U.S. Advanced Placement (AP) World History Program. It states that writing promotes content knowledge and allows students to make their own interpretations. It mentions that the AP World History Program with its curriculum redesign focuses on reasoning as its main goal and inquiry as its basic method for teaching history.

The article discusses the George Palmer Putnam Collection of the Amelia Earhart Papers located at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. The article details the relationship between Earhart, a U.S. pilot, and Purdue University. According to the article, Earhart and her husband, George Palmer Putnam, met with Purdue president Edward C. Elliot in 1935 and established The Amelia Earhart Fund for Aeronautical Research at Purdue. The article describes the collection and states that the papers cover a time period between 1785 and 1948, encompassing 16.5 cubic feet of materials. According to the article, the papers are classified into seven series including Earhart's flying career, her personal and family life, and artifacts. The article describes the uses and drawbacks of the collection.

The article presents author's comments on the concept of philosophical naturalism in the U.S.

Not all sub-fields in folklore leave the same type of scholarly footprints as evidence of their impact. For the area of folklore and education, the majority of scholarly media produced by the field is found in what is classified as grey literature. Examining the broad range of scholarly materials produced in folklore and education fills in a portrait of a robust field meagerly represented in the Journal of American Folklore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordinated, violent political attacks increased throughout the months leading up to the 1868 presidential election in New Orleans and the surrounding area. Among the various Democratic organizations involved in election campaigning and voter intimidation, the group that received the lion's share of credit for political attacks was the Innocents. The Innocents were a multi-lingual organization, made up mostly of Sicilians and other immigrants from modern Italy, but the club was helmed by well-connected Creole gentlemen. This paper explores the alliance between the Innocents' Creole officers and Italian membership. That New Orleans's fledgling Italian community found itself at the forefront of coordinated Democratic Party efforts to suppress the black vote calls into question the characterization of this group as non-white: Italian immigrants could support and benefit from white supremacy while continuing to experience prejudice. Such alliances have a history in New Orleans, where before the Civil War the local Know-Nothings held the unusual policy of embracing Catholics and even courting the immigrant vote. Indeed, several former Know-Nothings and their allies can be found among the Innocents' leadership. Not all of the Innocents supported their organization's role in the reactionary violence of 1868, and the actions of the club's liberal members provides interesting complications to the Democratic Party's courtship of the Italian community in New Orleans. This paper concludes by tracking the Innocents into their next iteration, as the Columbus Legion, and the association between the Democratic Party and Italians in New Orleans through several elections and state constitutional conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Half a million Mexicans left Mexico during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), and another half a million left in the 1920s. San Antonio became home to the largest Mexican community in Texas; new immigrants joined both older immigrants and Mexican Americans. Some looked to the United States as the focus of their new lives while others promoted a Mexican identity based on the nationalist rhetoric of the Mexican Revolution. This paper looks at the latter and the institutions that supported it in San Antonio--La Prensa newspaper, the mutualistas, and the Mexican consulate--to understand how the ideology of México de Afuera worked on the ground. I argue that, more than simply a conservative ideology, México de Afuera enjoyed widespread support because it fit into migrants' worldviews. Central to the idea of México de Afuera was the belief that people would return to Mexico one day. The Great Depression put this to the test and led nearly every Mexican organization in Texas to support and organize repatriation. México de Afuera ultimately hindered the creation of a forceful defense of Mexican migrants as members of the US polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the rhetorical agency of Hilda Satt Polacheck, author of I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House Girl, the only known memoir of life at Hull-House written by an immigrant woman. Polacheck wrote the memoir during the 1950s and 1960s, and her daughter, Dena Epstein, edited the manuscript for posthumous publication in 1989. I Came a Stranger focused on the influence of Jane Addams on Polacheck's early twentieth century experiences as a "Hull-House girl" and how she became an American at the social settlement. Although the memoir ends in 1935 with the death of Jane Addams, Polacheck's writings and political activities after 1935 shed new light on the author's reconstruction of her experiences at Hull-House. When Polacheck began writing the memoir in the 1950s, the FBI was investigating her and her adult children for alleged un-American activities. This article considers how Polacheck reconstructed her rhetorical agency and authority after Jane Addams' death to promote a more expansive and tolerant Americanism during the politically repressive Cold War era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overshadowed by more numerous Catholic immigrant compatriots, Irish Protestants receive scant attention in histories of post-colonial Irish settlement. This neglected dimension of the ethnic history is addressed here through a nationalist organization that supported Ireland's independence cause from an explicitly Protestant worldview. Protestant Friends of Ireland (PFI) operations reveal a more diverse and complex ethnic landscape than the historical record suggests. Despite their distancing from cultural roots across the Atlantic, ethnic Irish communities maintained interest in Ireland's political status. This article argues that the short duration of Protestant Friends campaigns between 1919 and 1922 belies their scale and impact. Ethnic contemporaries witnessed an extensive Protestant nationalist presence in PFI crusading and active recollection of Protestant Irish patriots. PFI connections embraced by Ireland's polarizing political principal, Éamon de Valera, assume a central role in this account, while the confluence of events in 1921 signaled a transition for America's Irish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with the purchase of the schooner Nellie May and concluding with the docking of the schooner Ernestina in the Port of New Bedford, Cape Verdeans in southeastern New England and on the Cape Verde islands off the West African coast purchased and refurbished old, decommissioned ships from New Bedford's bygone whaling and fishing era. Between 1892 and 1965, this fleet of ships, named the Cape Verdean Packet Trade, specialized in the transportation of goods, people, and news between the United States and the Cape Verde islands. The packet trade was a large-scale effort that transformed the Atlantic into a highway for Cape Verdean trade, communication, emigration, and family reunification. Cape Verdeans' radical repurposing of the packet vessels converted the Atlantic Ocean from a site of dispossession, enslavement, and immobility to a reimagined zone of possibility and freedom through mobility for African-descended peoples. These Cape Verdean–owned and operated packets assisted Cape Verdean Americans in maintaining long-term connections to loved ones separated by the Atlantic. In this way, the Cape Verdean Packet Trade's more than 1,200 voyages connected the United States to Cape Verde as part of a transnational social field and single economic universe for more than seventy years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the evolution of Americanization through accounts of ethnic relations between immigrants and African Americans that were published in immigrant newspapers in the U.S. Particular attention is paid to the socialization of Slovak immigrants through the racial depiction of blacks that fueled ethnic awareness and strengthened racial identity formation. The impact that published newspaper accounts of lynching and ethnic violence had on immigrants is assessed. It is suggested that the negative characterization of "Negro" strikebreakers during the late 1800s reflected an economic resentment among immigrants who considered blacks illegitimate competitors for jobs.

This paper examines Palestinian women's marriage preferences and the ways they incorporate national/cultural elements into their self-initiated marriage process in order to mitigate the reactions of their families and local community in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Marriage decisions among Palestinians in diaspora are a complex affair defined by notions of nationalism, kin relations, and religion, with their inherent gendered aspects. These notions reveal an array of actions and choices that testify to the ways in which women build strategies to deal with their realities and increase their agency. Their access to higher education, careers, and residences in multi-cultural locations allow them to redefine gender roles and control their marriage choices. Intermarriage outside their ethnic and national groups, increase in marriage age, and marriage processes that are self-initiated yet devised and presented in the form of customary marriage patterns emerge as visible phenomena among second-generation Palestinian Muslims. The decreasing number of suitable potential spouses drives a considerable number of Palestinian American women to look outside their national and ethnic group for marriage partners, thereby prioritizing their universal, religious identity as Muslims over Palestinian ethnic identity. This study uses oral interviews and community observation to examine how Palestinian Muslim women maintained some symbolic customary practices and challenged others by conceptualizing, utilizing, and modifying their group cultural and religious values in order to expand the boundaries of their gender roles and increase their power in negotiating marriage choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From December 1956 to May 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower made unprecedented use of the parole statute of the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act in order to rapidly admit 38,000 Hungarian refugees to the United States. Characterizing this decision as a reactive effort to repair strained relationships with Western European allies following the Soviet invasion of Budapest, previous scholarship has correctly recognized that Eisenhower's actions "stretched American immigration law beyond belief"; at the same time, by assuming that sympathetic American legislators were eager to work with the president to find ways around legal obstacles to the admission of anti-Communist Hungarians, scholars to date have sidestepped the question of exactly how he managed to bypass congressional authority without provoking a constitutional crisis. Drawing upon sources including the president's personal papers, NSC memoranda, and State Department memos in order to more fully excavate the fraught process by which the president compelled Congress to cede control of immigration and refugee policy to the executive, this article argues that Eisenhower saw his use of the parole statute not only in reactive geo-political terms, but also as a proactive means of creating momentum for the reform of the nation's restrictive immigration policies. Asserting that the president sought deliberately to bypass legislators whose public expressions of sympathy obscured their lack of an affirmative commitment to the admission of Hungarian "freedom fighters," it further demonstrates that Eisenhower preemptively deployed a high-powered team of public relations professionals as part of a media-driven "end run" around restrictionist legislators whom he expected to oppose his use of the parole statute. Finally, highlighting the centrality of representations of Hungarian whiteness and Christianity to the executive-driven PR campaign that accompanied Eisenhower's refugee resettlement program, the article concludes that mid-century American notions of race and religion played a crucial role in generating public sympathy for displaced Hungarians and, by extension, in ensuring congressional acquiescence to Eisenhower's bold interventions into the jealously guarded sphere of refugee policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act and mentions immigration reform advocacy groups. Topics discussed include foreign policy of United States, immigration in the country and national identity. Other topics which includes Cold War, World War II and citizenship and naturalization rights to immigrants in U.S. are also discussed.

This paper takes as its subject the complex ethnic, religious, and political entanglements of the American- born Irish elite of nineteenth- century New York City. Because historians have traditionally viewed the Irish famine as a watershed event in the history of organized Catholicism in New York, the contributions of American-born Irish elites to Irish Catholic political culture have largely gone unnoticed. Having come of age in the early nineteenth century, when institutional Catholicism had scant presence in the Empire City, these lawyers, politicians, and statesmen embraced a secular and metropolitan identity that allowed them to mix easily with the city's Anglo-Dutch Protestant ruling class. However, mass immigration at midcentury, coupled with growing nativist persecution of the Catholic Church, forced these elites to navigate a middle ground between the secular world of New York politics and the rising sectarianism of the Irish immigrant community. Ultimately, these men would leverage their influence within the Democratic establishment--which at the time remained tied to the pro- slavery Southern elite--to advance the institutional interests of the Church, while reaping personal benefits from the growing power of the Irish vote. Though never fully assimilated into the immigrant community, they nonetheless adapted Irish Catholicism to the hardscrabble world of machine politics, forging an alliance between the Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Tammany Hall that would endure for half a century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aurelio Espinosa (1880-1958) studied folklore in the American Southwest and Spain. Espinosa was one of the first academic folklorists to work with American materials and the first scholar to write about Mexican American culture. This paper is an attempt to re-insert this forgotten figure into the history of folklore studies. At the same time, drawing on new archival sources, this study will show that Espinosa's active support of Franco in Spain contributed to his theory of cultural transmission in the American Southwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the lives of two Irish Catholic young men living and working in antebellum Chicago, Illinois. William J. Onahan was driven and talented person, while James A. Mulligan was an extraordinary individual who enjoyed many advantages. Onahan was less adventurous, while Mulligan tested the barriers that limited Irish Catholic ambition. Both of them have helped forge a tentative style of Catholic Irish-American middle-class masculinity. This article also shows that antebellum Irish ethnicity supported a range of masculine styles that both reflected and reinforced intra-ethnic class perspectives.

Focuses on the significance of the "Ostfriesische Nachrichten" ethnic newspaper on the homeland settlement in the U.S. Discussion on the flow of information in place for the East Frisians; Biography of Luepke Hündling, editor of the newspaper; Effect of "Ostfriesische Nachrichten" on East Frisian identity and migration in the country.

This article examines the historical correlations between Chinese exclusion law enforcement and the career patterns of immigration attorneys in San Francisco. Built on a rich historiography about Chinese exclusion and state formation in the United States, it views these attorneys as a unique interest group to make sense of their intermediary role between the administrative state and the transnational Chinese community. Drawing from both traditional sources and a collection recently made public by Stanford University, it looks at three groups of Euro-American lawyers who, for five decades, dominated the business of Chinese immigration legal services at the Golden Gate: lawyers from the private sector, former United States attorneys, and officials-turned-attorneys who emerged in the late 1910s. The article argues that these lawyers' background and priorities closely corresponded and evolved with the decline of judicial review and the rise of the immigration authorities' near-plenary power over the project of exclusion. The lawyers' work provides fresh insights into the key paradox in the history of Chinese exclusion, that despite its constant search for efficiency, local enforcement of the exclusion laws often reduced the anti-Chinese policy to routinized, counterproductive procedures. It finds that many US attorneys and immigration inspectors who later chose to become attorneys for the Chinese had been diligent federal employees. Their shifting positions prove bureaucratic malice towards Chinese immigrants to be anything but monolithic and challenge historians' established dichotomy between an anti-Chinese state and Chinese in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the segregation and marginalization of Chinese from the mainstream of United States social and economic life. Information on the Chinese Confession Program sponsored by the United States (US) Immigration and Naturalization; Details on the Chinese exclusion laws; Relations between the US and China during the 1950s.

Widespread contemporary legends assumed to be “everywhere”pose distinct methodological challenges to documenting living traditions in context. Welfare legends, for example, have persisted in the United States since before the 1960s, yet no vernacular texts exist in scholarly publication. This paper examines the vernacular tradition o f welfare legends in face-to-face and online contexts in order to advocate for specific methodological strategies for collecting and analyzing widespread contemporary legends; to examine the boundaries, core claims, performance contexts, and uses of welfare legends in vernacular discourse; and ultimately to suggest a more inclusive approach to the study of contemporary legends [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the language of TV dubbing has remained an important model for the Italian language, this paper compares the Italian-dubbed American TV serials with serials from different periods. The hypothesis is that Toury's laws of translational behavior (1995) have more impact on contemporary dubbed serials than on those of the past, thus determining more important effects of linguistic contact. Therefore, features of the source text could have a stronger influence on the target text, and "translation universals" could become more evident. The diachronic analysis of a corpus of TV serials reveals a major presence of English in modern TV language dubbed in Italian, for both external and internal elements (i.e., syntactic structures and lexical calques, respectively), and, especially, a rise in language's predictability. The research also reveals a complex intersection between positive and negative interferences of English on Italian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in the late 1960s at a variety of institutions across the country, black college athletes joined with black students to lead boycotts, walkouts, and demonstrations to demand changes to racially insensitive policies and practices. While news of these events dominated the headlines, they did not occur everywhere. This paper explores why and how many schools managed to avoid black student-athlete revolts during this time of turbulence. Through a case study of Ohio State football from 1968 to 1976, this paper argues that the seeming absence of conflict at many schools around the nation stemmed not from a lack of discontent or from idyllic conditions. Rather it posits that the actions and acquiescence of Woody Hayes and other administrators helped exacerbate differences in conditions and goals between black students and student-athletes, breaking the bonds of support necessary for radical action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper chronicles the game preferences of American children during the twentieth century, documenting the results from four studies between 1898 and 1998. These studies are used to compare the popularity of particular activities (e.g., hopscotch, baseball) and types of activities (e.g., board games, games of individual skill) by gender over a one-hundred -year period. With this longitudinal, multi-study comparison, it is revealed that the game preferences of boys and girls have become markedly more similar. This pattern of increased play preference convergence throughout the twentieth century suggests an erosion of gender-determined institutionalized norms related to games. The dominance of electronic games and organized sport in the most recent of the four surveys not only reflects the technological advances of American society; it also indicates an increased desire for games that demand greater skill and promote role specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the group-building potential of forwarded e-mails through a visual analysis of negative images about President Barack Obama. We argue that these e-mails are a form of political digital folklore that may contribute to constructing participants' individual and group identities. Images amplify the impact and believability of the messages, especially when linked to familiar cultural references and experiences and may lead to increased political polarization and hostility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Américo Paredes's contributions to folklore featured the recognition of power relations in his methodology and the analysis of the construction of symbolic forms for political purposes, all of this well in advance of the introduction of these concepts into academic discourse. Specifically, he analyzed the North American cowboy and the shaping of that figure into a hero in response to "a craving for a strong national identity." Building on that argument, I examine a struggle between businessmen and rodeo cowboys over the production of professional rodeo performances, a struggle that echoed similar power relations between large capital and workers in the United States at that time (the 1920s and 1930s). The cowboy contestation took the form of strikes against specific rodeos. Using data from Hoofs and Horns (a publication of the period), the paper explores this national performance conflict as a difference in perception over the meaning of the cowboy, whether a sign available for capital to exploit or a performer deserving a living wage in return for his performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to describe the social participation of Poles living in the United States in Polish immigrant organizations, their opinions concerning the functioning of such organizations and their readiness to become involved in diaspora organizations along with explaining the crucial determinants of the above-mentioned social phenomena. The analysis is based on empirical data collected using an internet survey of Poles living in the USA and incorporates comparative analysis with selected European countries. The results of the empirical analysis will be discussed in the context of the outcomes of a conducted literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the practice of a walking currere as an aesthetic and spiritual pedagogy of self. Currere, is the active form of curriculum; a currere emphasizes acts of inquiry over a course of action. As such, spiritual and aesthetic experiences such as photographing nature, painting nature, and walking in nature become ways to evoke spiritual and aesthetic responses that provoke a deeper understanding of self-creation through an active pedagogy of self. Three themes are explored through a walking currere: freedom, transformation, and flow. Each theme offers insights into what is possible when undertaking a walking currere. Experiences found in the ordinary moments of life provide pathways for a pedagogy of self, while artistic activity provides a recursive stance towards continuous inquiry and engagement with ideas over time. Teachers are learners, and this paper hopes to inspire teachers to undertake a pedagogy of self by walking to create an aesthetic and spiritual currere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how recent research on narrative thinking and the construction of narrative meaning by cognitive psychologists, educators, and art educators (Bruner 1986, 1990, 1997; Egan, 1991; Johnson, 2001; Lyle, 2000; Polkinghorne, 1988; Rosen, 1985; Siegal, 1999) aligns with the goals of holistic art instruction as described by London et al. (2004). Particular attention is given to Bruner's theory of narrative cognition as well as Bruner's definitions of the grammatical and aesthetic elements of narrative form. Three examples of art problems grounding holistic art instruction in K-12 classrooms are analyzed to demonstrate how the elements of narrative thinking operate when students engage in the process of solving holistic art problems. The paper argues that the synergistic relationship between narrative thinking and holistic art instruction provides a rationale for establishing narrative learning theory as an appropriate cognitive framework for the development of holistic approaches to teaching and learning in art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the paper "Defectives in the Land: Disability and American Immigration Policy," by Douglas C. Baynton, published in this same issue of "Journal of American Ethnic History." Absence of straight-forward calculus regarding the economic burden that diseases or defects represented at work; Two critical components of what made a person a fit or able citizen which are implicit in Baynton's analysis; Reason why diseases like tuberculosis and trachoma were critical.

The article discusses the role of music critic John Sullivan Dwight and his journal "Dwight's Journal of Music, A Paper of Art and Literature" in popularizing Bach music in the U.S. American interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach remained tepid until the 1870s. The biggest stumbling block was the music itself: his elaborate church pieces, intricate chamber music, and learned keyboard works severely taxed the talents, and likely the patience, of most musicians in antebellum America. As editor of "Dwight's Journal of Music, A Paper of Art and Literature," Dwight played a prominent role in the musical thought and practice of a tumultuous era in the history of the U.S. Like European Bach enthusiasts, Dwight admired Bach's well-turned counterpoint and sublime melodies. He was fascinated with old genres and styles of composition, and with performing practices that differed significantly from modern approaches. He also was aware of Bach's influence on other composers. However, one other aspect of reception distinguished the awakening of American interest in Bach in the late nineteenth century from comparable developments in Europe. Dwight believed that Bach's greatest works had the power to transform the receptive listener with a uniquely personal kind of spiritual nourishment. He did not want people merely to hear and appreciate this music, but somehow to be changed by it.

Focuses on a Boston, Massachusetts port program established by the Charitable Irish Society (CIS) and the Saint Vincent de Paul Society. Aim of assisting women Irish immigrants when they disembarked in Boston; Program's establishment in the late 19th century; Program's elements of social control; Regulation and monitoring of the behavior of female immigrants.

In this article, I examine the vernacular, parodic response to one example of fake news, the "Bowling Green Massacre." Much of this was posted on the internet, including photo-based memes, tweets, songs, and faux survivor interviews. Although such internet folklore is often seen as unrelated to place, in this case, there were many place-based references, and the response in Bowling Green, Kentucky, also included community celebrations. These responses form a complex web of counter-narratives that claim agency in the face of "fake" narratives emanating from the Trump administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Philippine Commonwealth Government's role in the success of the 1946 Luce-Celler Act's provisions making Filipina/os eligible for US citizenship. It argues that Philippine officials at Manila adopted the legislative cause as part of their broader preparations for Philippine independence. They recognized that Filipina/o American communities would be vital to the state-building projects that followed independence, particularly through the remittances they sent back to the islands. Through this support of naturalization rights, Manila officials sought to inculcate in Filipina/o Americans a sense of responsibility to the islands that transcended formal citizenship. A centering of Manila's role in the Washington-based naturalization campaign reveals Philippine officials' instrumental understanding of the US citizenship bill as a means to achieve their own national goals. More broadly, it foregrounds decolonization and the dismantling of formal empire as important levers of US exclusion repeal toward Asian peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the differences in the history of immigration policy in Arizona and New Mexico from the late 19th century through the early 21st century, including New Mexico's policy of cultural pluralism and Arizona's marginalization of immigrants. An overview of New Mexico's policy of inclusion towards Mexican immigrants is provided. The aforementioned states' policies towards foreign labor are discussed.

Examines the changes in race relations in the United States in the years following World War II, which saw the internationalization of the `American dilemma' on discrimination against minority groups. American civil rights organizations that utilized international forums to focus on the issue; Activities of the Civil Rights Congress; Significance of the genocide issue.

Examines the writings and speeches of United States President Woodrow Wilson in order to ascertain his political thought and emotional responses. Wilson's analysis of the federal government; Efforts to win the immigrant support; Publication of anti-Catholic quotes; Address to the daughters of American revolution; Decision to veto the Burnett Immigration Restriction Bill.

This article places Black mobility and anti-Black racism at the center of the history of US immigration restriction. Black migration has often been marginalized in immigration historiography, but I argue that anti-Black racism has played a major role in creating what I term the nativist state. From the colonial era through the present, policies and practices to exclude, detain, and repatriate immigrants often first targeted Black people. In addition, constraints on Black mobility have been central to denying African Americans citizenship rights and rendering Black people foreign, even when born in the United States. Looking at moments of intersection between anti-Black racism and the nativist state serves to illuminate both systems, and to expose the ways they emerged together, reinforced each other, and recycled each other's discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baumer construct defines the Early and Middle Woodland periods in the lower Ohio Valley in the confluence region of the Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers. Originally defined by University of Chicago investigations in the 1930s, Baumer remains a poorly understood cultural unit. This paper reports the botanical and environmental data from Baumer features excavated in recent work at Kincaid Mounds. These data demonstrate a stable plant food regime highlighted by a major emphasis on nut harvests as well as the cultivation of Eastern Complex seed crops. The Kincaid data show that Baumer and related Crab Orchard groups inhabiting large stream floodplains are more strongly committed to horticulture than their relatives living in small interior stream drainages in southern Illinois. Maize was also recovered but it is clearly of Mississippian origin. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the significance of the connection between U.S. Zionists and the concept of Irish nationalism, focusing on the period between 1897 to 1922. It examines interest among U.S. Zionists in Irish history and nationalist sentiment, the success of Irish nationalism in the U.S., and Irish nationalists as a model for U.S. Zionists in establishing themselves in the U.S. and becoming Americanized.

This article demonstrates how Peruvians in Paterson, New Jersey, have utilized entrepreneurship and informality to establish the first and most visible enclave of Peruvians in the United States since the 1960s. Central to this story is the concept of recurseo, a slang word used to describe the informal and creative means in which Peruvians utilize their labor experiences and kinship ties for self-employment. By using informality and recurseo, they were able to leave their factory jobs and establish their own businesses. These entrepreneurs opened restaurants, insurance offices, and small corporations that created an emergent market for products and services that contributed to the development of a thriving ethnic enclave. The informal economic practices introduced by Peruvians altered the social and economic landscape of Paterson and helped to revitalize the local economy. Through the use of oral histories from Peruvian entrepreneurs, archival material from local newspapers, and memoirs declassified by the Peruvian consulate of Paterson, this article challenges the oversimplified portrayal of Peruvians and other Latino immigrants as factory or farm workers with few opportunities for socio-economic advancement. It demonstrates that Latinos use informality and other alternative avenues to achieve wealth and ethnic empowerment in the process of adjustment and community building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article extends research literature on the cultural production of nineteenth-century immigrants to America by exploring how a Danish American songbook constitutes an important historical source documenting the ethnic identity, political standpoint, and gradual acculturation of its compilers and users. Based on the seven editions of Songbook for the Danish People in America published between 1888 and 1949, the article demonstrates how the songbook was compiled as an ideological tool for intergenerational cultural transmission and cultural heritage maintenance, which ultimately laid the foundation for a new, Danish American cultural heritage. By linking the physical manifestation of the songbook with the semantic content of its songs and the social, embodied practice of singing, the article argues that the songbook became a locus for negotiations of ethnic identity, cultural heritage preservation, and acculturation among Danish Americans by the end of the nineteenth century and throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Each time a new edition was compiled, the editorial process spurred public debates about the current state of Danish ethnicity in America and the ideal strategy for integration. As such, the songbook offers a window on the variable and negotiable nature of ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article charts the migration of ethnic Mexican agricultural workers to the Midwest in the years following the United States' entrance into World War I, the formalization of an interstate labor recruitment apparatus, and the role of ethnic intermediaries. The introduction of the term "Latino intermediary" here is used to describe the Mexican American truckers and crew leaders who most directly upheld the Midwest's agricultural industry and labor regime. From the end of World War I through the end of the Bracero Program, Latino intermediaries straddled the line between serving the interests of other ethnic Mexican migrant workers, growers, and themselves. While some intermediaries developed profitable business operations, their success often came at the expense of other Latino migrant agricultural workers. Examining the critical role of Latino intermediaries in sustaining Midwestern agribusiness deepens our understanding of how migration from the Southwest to the Midwest was managed and how Latinos negotiated emerging tensions of class and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses immigration laws in Alabama called House Bill 56 (HB 56). Topics discussed include civil rights of African Americans, civil rights of Latinos in the State and undocumented migration. Other topics which includes nativism, race discrimination and immigration reforms in United States are also discussed.

The article examines Italian-language press's efforts to counter discriminatory and derogatory articles on Italian immigrant crimes by English-language publications from 1890 to 1910. These publications include "Collier's Weekly," "Harper's Weekly," and "L'Eco d'Italia." Also explored are the reports on the 1903 murder in New York City, the 1891 lynching of Italians in New Orleans, Louisiana, and the promotion of police officer Joseph Petrosino as an ethnic and communal hero.

This paper offers a microstudy, deconstructing the meaning and significance of a famous carriage (or chaise) match at Newmarket in 1750 and a contemporary painting of the event. It uses these as a startingpoint to explore its relationship to debates about the early modern period and modernity. It analyzes the details of the carriage match, exploring its visual andprint representations and its cultural context. It further argues that, for many sports at this time, the development of more formal regulations was driven by gambling and that gamblings centrality needs to be recognized better. It then analyzes the event's relationship to modernity issues such as scientific rationality, quantification, record keeping, and emerging bureaucratization. Finally, the essay shows how, rather than being mere servants or grooms, at least some of those involved were able to achieve high levels of wealth and status. This suggests that mid-eighteenth-century England had already moved towardfurther modernity in sports such as racing than has been assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Vincent Nava became the first Mexican American to play professional baseball in the United States in 1882, it forced the sport to reckon with the place of individuals who did not fit neatly into the Black/white color line it had recently imposed, questioning if an ethnically Latin player should participate in a profession designated by and for white men. For Nava and his team, baseball became a way to experiment with whiteness and its corresponding characteristics of masculinity, social mobility, and identity. Nava's experiences mirrored those of many other Mexican Americans in their pursuit of equality and whiteness as a strategy to deter racial hostilities and to gain access to segregated spaces. Nava's attempts to circumnavigate the color line and the continuous negotiation of his identity within the sport provide critical insights to help deepen our understanding of the fluidity of the race-making process, how non-white populations resisted oppression, and how sports can enrich those conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]