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Copyright of e-Zbornik: Electronic Collection of Papers of the Faculty of Civil Engineering is the property of University of Mostar, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture & Geodesy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on measurements and research, diagnostics of the condition of a structure aims to provide an answer to the question of what the condition of the structure is, and the necessary steps for reconstruction or rehabilitation. Masonry stone construction is one of the oldest methods of construction of building structures. In spite of that, this type of structures does not have fully defined parameters that influence its behavior. The reason for this is the fact that the properties of masonry stone structures differ depending on the basic material (stone) and binding material (mortar), as well as their combination. The paper presents diagnostics of the condition of masonry structures on the Tabija tower building. Tabija, a low tower for cannons, is a fortification structure from the Ottoman period that is the most completely preserved and was registered for the first time in the city plan from 1717. The structure is in poor condition due to a large number of natural and human factors. The paper will present a detailed visual inspection of the structure, as well as tests conducted in the laboratory and in-situ, the calculation, and decisions and proposals for the rehabilitation and/or reconstruction of the considered building of cultural and historical heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a continuation of papers published 10 years ago, which covered the tests results obtained during the period from 1997 to 2013. The paper presents the test results obtained during the period from 2013 to 2023. Based on scientific methodology, the use of relevant literature as well as laboratory test methods, the authors analyze and evaluate the obtained results of testing natural stone as a basic raw material for the production of dimension stone (DS) and crushed stone aggregate (CSA). Test results are based on applicable test methods. The paper presents natural stone deposits for the production of DS and CSA, as well as the results of testing their physical and mechanical properties as the basic evaluation criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the freshwater limestones, from tenelija and (Mostar) miljevina, which are intercalated in the Mukoša deposit near Mostar, and their "stone cousins," Posušje miljevina and Tomislavgrad muljika. In the process of diagenesis they acquired a specific orientation and structure (especially tenelija), which gave them specific physical properties (small bulk density, high porosity and permeability), which "classic" limestones used in construction do not have, and which were decisive for the choice of this stone for construction of the Old Bridge and other buildings in the wider area of Mostar and in the area of Posušje municipality, but also in other karst poljes of Herzegovina and southwestern Bosnia, in parts of Central Bosnia, and Miljevina near Foča. The second part of the paper presents the so-called built-in (internal) factors that the builders try to avoid in order for freshwater limestones that are built into numerous stone buildings and/or monuments to avoid complex processes of stone changes, or weathering (decay) of stone due to its interaction with various environmental conditions (external factors). It covers the problems and significance of the choice of stone, the method and (often too small) depth of its extraction from the deposit for the construction of significant buildings, insufficiently long aging (storage) after extraction, incorrect installation (stacking) of the stone in relation to its position in the deposit, as well as various errors in stone processing and execution, along with inadequate maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the influence of complex engineering geological and geotechnical ground conditions on the selection of combined measures for the rehabilitation of landslide on the main road M5. Field and laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the engineering geological and geotechnical conditions of the site. The road is situated on a relatively high embankment within the landslide area, under which a culvert channels a natural stream. The geological substrate is found quite deep, 7 to 8 meters below the surface. Beneath the road, there is a mixture of fill materials of different qualities, indicating that a railway used to run along this route in the past. The slope below the road is relatively steep, approximately 10 meters in height, with a poorly maintained stone wall at its base. The fundamental concept of the proposed solution involves the construction of a support structure comprising piles, a head beam, and a reinforced concrete wall. The designed rehabilitation measures ensure the stability and functionality of the roadway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to avoid complex processes of changes, or weathering (decay) of freshwater limestones embedded in numerous buildings and/or monuments due to interaction with various environmental conditions (external factors), builders have always tried to avoid construction (internal) factors, such as the selection of stone, the method and (often too small) depth of its extraction from the deposit for the construction of significant buildings, insufficient aging (storage) after extraction, improper installation (stacking) of stone in relation to its position in the deposit, as well as mistakes in stone processing and execution, in addition to inadequate maintenance. This paper presents the complex processes of changes, or weathering (decay) of freshwater limestones embedded in buildings and monuments as a result of its interaction with various environmental conditions (external factors), such as: the effects of temperature, humidity and quality of air, winds, precipitation, acidic rain, exhaust gases, micro-particles and organisms in the air and water, harmful salts, radiation, soil, biological colonization, along with the destructive action of man. In this process, the aesthetic deterioration of the stone surface is only a secondary problem compared to the destruction of its structure. The consideration must certainly include the pollution flows and the environment, and meteorological and microclimatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of e-Zbornik: Electronic Collection of Papers of the Faculty of Civil Engineering is the property of University of Mostar, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture & Geodesy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Giant stone structures all over the world, with their millennia-old age, size, durability, construction method that surpasses the technical capabilities of ancient cultures, but also with a mysterious purpose, have aroused the interest of experts and the general public for years. Megalithic architecture, which is part of the eponymous culture, the longestlasting and most widespread building culture in human history, is characterized by the placement of monumental stone blocks of various shapes - megaliths, single or grouped into different structures/buildings. This overly broad definition includes Neolithic (and later) megalithic monuments (dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs and others), but also later structures of the so-called "more advanced architecture", which had architectural features, built from megaliths of regular geometric shape, weighing tens and hundreds of tons. These structures are often popularly called "cyclopean", which some authors contest by using that name only for the so-called "Mycenaean civilizations/ cultures". Therefore, the authors decided to use the universal name "giant stone buildings" and divide this broad topic into separate papers, trying to encourage readers to further study the extensive available literature in search of answers to the many doubts that we all still have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the initial part of this paper, a brief overview of the drywall construction and its spatial-historical coverage, especially in the eastern part of the Adriatic Sea, is given. In the central part of this paper, some significant dry stone constructions in Herzegovina region, from (pre) Illyrian times to modern applications, are given. In the final part of the work, poor educators of farmers and owners are emphasized as one of the main causes of their degradation, as well as the need for their thorough inventory, evaluation and revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of this paper, a historical review on stone construction in B&H, from pre-romanic times until today, is presented. The classic way of using stone as a constructive element is almost completely squeezed, so the stone is mainly used as a decorativeprotective covering of a load-bearing structure made of other materials. In the second part of this paper a review on the construction of freshwater (lakeside, tuffaceous) limestones in B&H are presented. Special review of the construction of "miljevina"/"muljika" stone on a large number of localities, predominantly in the karst fields of Herzegovina, Southwest Bosnia, as well as in Central Bosnia, are presented in this paper. Where there are “sedra” stone or "tenelija" stone, or very similar "miljevina" stone, which are easy to dressing, there are buildings more elegant, gentle and refined, from ancient times to the present .. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the second of three papers that will speak about traditional (and modern) dry stone structures, their relationship with the surrounding environment, and the need for their conservation, inventorying and revitalization in the future. The first paper provided a detailed description of the various types of dry stone walls, as the most widespread form of dry stone construction, whose main role was to protect and separate the "own property" from "others people property", with some examples of Herzegovina and Dubrovnik Riviera. This paper provides a detailed description of the various dry stone residential dwellings/structures (habitats), from the most primitive shelter to recent dry stone structures with improved processing of stone. This paper also shows the basic building techniques, and briefly described the stone used for dry stone construction. In the final part of this paper a few examples of modern using of dry stone building techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Old Bridge in Mostar was restored in mid-2004. The first cracks were observed in 2007. The cracking process has been ongoing since then. This paper presents the process of cracking and comments on the vertical deflection of measurement points on the bridge since construction of the new bridge. The analysis of these phenomena has been carried out and some possible causes of their emergence have been addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural stone is a traditional building material which in the past, and even today, is widely used, regardless of origin. For the proper and rational use of stone, it is necessary to know the entire complex of its general and specific properties. In general, the testing of stone can be: mineralogical-petrographic, physico-mechanical and special tests. This paper presents an overview of the physical and mechanical properties of the stone used as a coating in the retaining walls at the wider location of the engine room at HE Jablanica. The prepared samples were tested for: compressive strength in dry state, compressive strength in water saturated state, bulk density, water absorption, porosity, and stability of stone samples under the effect of frost using sodium sulphate solution (Na2SO4). The samples were taken from the coating of reinforced concrete or concrete retaining walls, for the purpose of assessing the condition of the coating and preparation of rehabilitation programme for damaged stone coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of this paper, the history of the construction of a new parish house and the history of the church construction, is given. Preparatory works began in 1935, the construction of the church began in 1938, interrupted during the Second World War and in the period behind it, and continued and ended in the period from 1958 to 1961. In the central part of the work, the structure of the church is described. The walls of the church, 75 cm thick, are two-ply stonewalls. The inner layer is made of crushed local limestone, while the exterior is made of a rectangular stone. Almost the entire wreath was built of stone, except for the part that in 1958 was upgraded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is because of their construction methodology that bridges from the Ottoman period represent a masterpiece not only of that era but of the present. Modern architecture is unthinkable without the historical background. Structures are among the most lasting witness of history ‒ by providing reliable information about the creative powers of some era. Determining the current condition and state of structures and the implementation of certain measures of restoration is the only way to preserve these objects for the coming generations. The three bridges elaborated in this article are unique and distinctive located on roads from Mostar towards Istanbul. All three bridges suffered similar fates. They were damaged, rehabilitated and reconstructed in ways that would later prove to be inadequate, and that in a certain way violated their authentic look, and in some cases even contributed to their further degradation. However, the bridges were eventually rehabilitated and returned to their original appearance. They are now used as pedestrian bridges and again shine with their full beauty over the rivers. The second part of this paper deals with the construction methodology and specifics about the materials that have been used for bridge reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abrasion resistance is one of the crucial parameters to consider when evaluating natural stone for use in public infrastructure with light traffic. The assessment and evaluation of abrasion parameters can be carried out according to the EN 14157 standard, using two typical natural stones from different sources in order to compare the necessary parameters. The parameters will be analysed in correlation with other factors in order to find optimizations. The results showed a significant correlation coefficient between the dry sample and water saturation tests. This suggests that the abrasion resistance of natural stone when dry is closely related to its resistance when saturated with water. This information is valuable in selecting appropriate natural stone materials for public infrastructure, as it provides insights into how the materials will perform under different conditions. In public squares, natural stone is often used as paving material because of its durability, resistance to weathering, aesthetics and other parameters. However, different types of natural stone have different levels of abrasion resistance, which can affect their suitability for use in public squares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limestone breccia of Middle Triassic age from the area of the village of Hreša, 6 km northeast of Sarajevo, was the main dimension stone for the construction of a large number of public and private buildings in Sarajevo from the end of the 15th century until almost the end of the 20th century, especially during the Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian rule. Urbanization and the expansion of the city core created a recognizable, hewn appearance of the red stone surface of the walls, staircases, paved squares and pedestrian areas of Sarajevo. In previous mineralogical petrographic investigations, they have been identified as breccia limestone (intrasparudite), fossiliferous microcrystalline limestone (fossiliferous micrite) and fossiliferous partially lumpy limestone (fossiliferous pelmicrite). Limestone breccias and breccia limestones known under the commercial name "Hreša" are extracted in the Hreša site. The locality belongs to the structural tertiary unit Vučja Luka - Hreša - Ljubogošča (geological map of the Prača area) and D. Crepoljsko - Trebević - Treskavica - Prača (geological map of the Sarajevo area). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abrasion resistance is one of the crucial parameters to consider when evaluating natural stone for use in public infrastructure with light traffic. The assessment and evaluation of abrasion parameters can be carried out according to the EN 14157 standard, using two typical natural stones from different sources in order to compare the necessary parameters. The parameters will be analysed in correlation with other factors in order to find optimizations. The results showed a significant correlation coefficient between the dry sample and water saturation tests. This suggests that the abrasion resistance of natural stone when dry is closely related to its resistance when saturated with water. This information is valuable in selecting appropriate natural stone materials for public infrastructure, as it provides insights into how the materials will perform under different conditions. In public squares, natural stone is often used as paving material because of its durability, resistance to weathering, aesthetics and other parameters. However, different types of natural stone have different levels of abrasion resistance, which can affect their suitability for use in public squares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stone as a basic building element of two prominent examples of Croatian interwar sacral architecture is not only important for its form but also for its symbolic meaning. The 1930s were marked by dominant styles of international functionalism of modern architecture in the world, Europe and Croatia, but two selected examples of contemporary styled stone architecture confirm the existence of a strong and independent trend in Croatian construction, which resulted in a recognizable Croatian version of architectural modernism. The Church of Our Lady of Health in Split, created by the principle of architectural synthesis of reduced classicism and the characteristics of dominant modernism, and the Chapel of the Mother of God - the Queen of Croats on Sljeme in Zagreb, as an example of contemporary interpretation of traditional and historical sacral architecture of continental Croatia, have become expressions for themselves, and not examples of mere reinterpretations of historical architectural inventory. At that time, young architects Juraj Denzler and Lavoslav Horvat presented themselves to the public and to the profession, not only as mature designers but also as excellent masters of performance in big and small scale. Even today, their exceptional regionally characterized sacral architecture justifiably takes the highest place in reviewing Croatian architectural achievements in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors focus on a study related to the physical, mechanical and petrographic properties of "Tenelija" and "miljevina" stones. They state that the stones have been used as architectural stones in Mostar, Bosnia and Hercegovina throughout the periods of the Ottoman empire in Turkey and Austro-Hungarian rule from 1867-1918. They mention that the stones are finegrained limestones from Mukoša, south of Mostar.

The legal status of mining resources, or mineral raw materials, method and conditions of the management of mineral raw materials, protection, mining works, occupational safety measures, suspension of works and permanent cessation of mining operations, technical documentation and design, mine surveying and mining plans, inspection supervision, protection and arrangement of space, penal provisions and other issues related to management of mineral resources are regulated by the Law on Mining (Official Gazette of the Federation of B&H No. 26/10). This law defines that mineral raw materials are non-renewable and renewable natural resources that are impossible to directly or indirectly economically exploit. Management of mineral raw materials includes all procedures and actions necessary for (optimum) exploitation and use of mineral raw materials. The right of exploitation of mineral resources is acquired based on the approval for exploitation and based on permits in accordance with the Law on Mining. Rules on the content and method of preparation of Mineral Resources Management Strategy (Official Gazette of the Federation of B&H No. 31/2012) were adopted on the basis of the Law on Mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of formation of calcareous sinter is often related to karst areas, or areas covered by limestone and dolomite deposits. Such an area is the Dinaric Alps, which cover a large part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The widely known waterfalls and cascades on the Trebizat - Mlade River, formed by geological and tectonic processes, provided the precondition for formation of waterfalls. Through parallel and subsequent processes of formation of calcareous sinter, they have been shaping the waterfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]