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Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico's collective action clauses (CAC) for Puerto Rican bonds, as of October 2015; discusses role of contractual solution to the bondholder coordination problem; and mentions the legal issues surrounding the current debt crisis in the commonwealth.

The article offers information on the Chief Justice Of Puerto Rico's Supreme Court; discusses President's constitutional power to appoint Judges of the Supreme Court in the U.S.; and mentions differences between Associate Justices and the Chief Justice.

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the enactment of the zero-tolerance crime policies regarded as Mano Dura contra el Crimen (Iron Fist Against Crime) for narcoviolence in Puerto Rico and mentions that Mano Dura is a transnational exercise that joins Puerto Rico with the U.S. and Latin American region.

The article focuses on the need to impose the tax burden on online purchases from vendors in Puerto Rico under the constitutional provisions such as Due Process Clause of and the Commerce Clause of the U.S. and proposes an alternative for the tax collection by vendors when the purchase is made.

The article looks at the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Castle Rock v. Gonzales related to domestic violence and decision of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in Lenahan v. United States related to violation of human rights and discusses the equal protection of the laws.

The article discusses the use of performance standby on a letter of credit, that is a legal instruments providing a financial guarantee. Topics discussed include low use of LOC in Puerto Rico, as of January 2015; trends in the issuance of performance credits; and features of performance letter of credit.

The article explores discusses how export and payment regulations of the U.S. are affecting its trade with Cuba. Topics discussed include introduction of the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 supported by the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992; licensing policy of the U.S. Department of Commerce with respect to the export of agricultural commodities and medicine to Cuba; and export laws defined by the section 515 of Title 31 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.

The article explores the history of women's exclusion from jury service in the U.S. Topics discussed include the U.S. Supreme Court's jurisprudence in the court case 'J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.; violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution due to women's exclusion; and failure of the U.S. legal system in recognizing the effect of gender-based biases on individual-level jurors.

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Empresarial is the property of University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the laws and legislation related to electric energy market competition in the European Union. The author compares the European Union (EU) policies with regulations of electric energy in the United States, including constitutional laws, antitrust laws, and monopolies. He also considers the European competition law enacted by the EU and its impact on the electric energy sector.

The article analyzes the effects of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority's (PREPA) partial displacement as an energy producer in privately owned renewable energy generating facilities. It reflects on PREPA's present and future debt obligations in this context and highlights PREPA's assets and liabilities, total debt-load, and operating revenues and expenses. It describes PREPA's energy profile and fuel diversification plan.

The article focuses on the application of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) and reflects lessons learnt from the altruistic behavior of rescuers and helpers of World War II. It depicts that the millennial generation shares certain characteristics of the Holocaust rescuers of World War II. It discusses the law conference entitled "Using the Experience of Lawlessness to Teach Justice" that was sponsored by the American Association of Law Schools, held in Krakow, Poland in July 2004.

The article presents an analysis of the environmental law as well as the locus standi rights in Puerto Rico. Particular focus is given to certain provisions on this matter regarding court procedures and the regulations on other jurisdictions, such as the United States, Colombia, and Ecuador.

The article discusses a proposal for the regulation of attorneys' professional behavior in Puerto Rico. Topics related to the history of lawyer behavior and disciplinary procedures are presented, including certain suggestions addressed to the Supreme Court of Justice. The practice of law in this country has been influenced by the cultures of Spain and the United States.

The article offers information and opinions about mechanisms used in problem-solving courts in justice administration. Topics include the principle of therapeutic jurisprudence, the philosophy of the law, and the roles of judges in the courts. It is suggested that solution-based approaches in problem-solving courts will help lead to positive behavioral change.

This article discusses the role of the United States Constitution and Supreme Court decisions in U.S. territories, including Puerto Rico. The author comments on several ways in which the Supreme Court can eradicate outdated legal doctrines, citing the Boumediene v. Bush and Downes v. Bidwell cases, which dealt with the extension of constitutional rights in U.S. territories. It also examines the incorporation of the contrasting principles of de jure and de facto in law administration.

The article presents an analysis of the personal income tax incentives as stimuli for economic development. Particular focus is given to the entrepreneurial sector in Puerto Rico, and the influence of the tax incentive policies on it. The importance of a knowledge based economy is highlighted, which means the assessment of human capital over technology and fixed assets.

The article presents an analysis of the distribution of constitutional and statutory powers between Puerto Rico and the United States. Starting from the hypothesis that Puerto Rico has enough legal powers to deal with its economic and social problems, the author presents his research which analyzes the current political status, including several texts such as the Federal Constitution and the Federal-Puerto Rican Relations Act.

The article explores the different treatment between pregnant women and organ donors when they share the necessity of their medical treatment to save the life of another. It discusses relevant case laws involving medical treatment of donors to save the life of another and medical treatment of pregnant women to save the life of a fetus. An overview of the framework under which the courts analyze the right to refuse medical treatment is also provided.

The article offers information on the issues concerning the tax fraud in the sales tax and Puerto Rico's means of blocking them. It highlights the stopping of cash skimming frauds or the use of sales Zappers by businesses through electronic cash registers. The article also discusses the tax policy agenda including Commonwealth's adoption of the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA) and ways on how Puerto Rico can stem revenue losses from automated sales suppression software (Zappers).

The article discusses the development of a global policy and its development since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) globally. The author explores how the UDHR can serve as a basis for an international convention for the protection of the elderly. The author also cites recommendations that could benefit the older population.

The article presents a study on ageing and the shortcoming of legislation and public policies concerning the elderly component of the Puerto Rican society. The author evaluates the efficacy of the existing policies in Puerto Rico in its representation of the older population. The author also offers proposals for policy and law reform and how to marshal the necessary resources for its implementation.

The article discusses the soft law that aims for the reduction of the terrorist's operating expenses and their assets by using the international law and diplomacy. Also cited are the three parts that describes the process and the connection of terrorism to money laundering, the structure and purpose of the Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), and the significance of the FATF implementation from economic collateral damage. The three principal functions of FATF are also discussed.

The article focuses on therapeutic pedagogy and its use in preparing students to think like professionals. It notes that learning to think like a professional necessarily incorporates more of an emphasis on the inner values and motivations that promote or attend professionalism while simultaneously correlating with well-being and satisfaction. According to the author, law school administrators and faculties should rethink ways to better address integral professional formation in legal education.

The article discusses the lawyers' need for personal skills support (PSS) or the support for lawyers on issues such as self-awareness, interpersonal dynamics and stress management which arise in their relationship with clients. It cites Continuing Legal Education (CLE) as an appropriate source of training for lawyers. Also discussed are the challenges in implementing PSS which include scarcity of resources, resistance, isolation and confidentiality.

The article focuses on the link between therapeutic jurisdiction and judicial branch education as it can inform and enhance the practice of the actors in the court community. It offers a review on the impact of therapeutic jurisprudence on court operations and legal education that includes judicial branch education. It cites the areas of experiential learning, emotional intelligence, adult development, and cognitive development as the best curricular background for therapeutic judging education.

The article focuses on how the teachings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) can improve the kind of justice in the U.S. It notes that the criminal justice system operates without regard to the wishes of the parties involved. Also highlighted is the administrative goal of the TRC which is to produce and disseminate a final report that includes a record of the human rights abuses and other crimes that triggered its formation.

The article focuses on the application of therapeutic jurisprudence to address the high rate of domestic violence in New Zealand. It examines the capability of the doctrine of therapeutic jurisprudence in providing a way to implement an indigenous legal system. A proposed model to highlight the importance of the return to indigenous legal system in New Zealand through therapeutic jurisdiction is also included.

Invites proposals for individual papers and complete panels for the annual meeting of the Latin American and Caribbean Section of the Southern Historical Association in Atlanta, Georgia. Aspects of Latin American or Caribbean studies; Deadline of proposals; Contact information.