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Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper I quantify the effect of the tightening of the security precautions post-9/11 on the volume of cross-border shopping from Canada into the United States. Using an extended version of the cross-border shopping model of Ferris (2000), the results suggest that the events of September 11th, 2001, precipitated a drop of between 300,000 and 600,000 same-day cross-border travellers per month or roughly a quarter of the previous volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2001, the safety of drugs purchased from other countries, especially Canada, became a major policy issue in the United States. A political and geographical line was drawn in the sand separating Canadian and American drugs. Canadian drugs were characterized as dangerous-'a maple peril.' This article explores the practice of cross-border drug reimportation and considers the Bush and Clinton administration's policies regarding the necessary balance between drug access, affordability, and safety. This paper suggests continuity rather than change typified these policies. It connects business, economic, and political history with public policy and it aims to furnish an interdisciplinary overview of the legislative and executive branches, as well pharmaceutical firms and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The story of the 1960s civil rights movement is conventionally viewed as a distinctly American phenomenon arising from that nation's longer history of slavery, civil war, segregation, and racial violence. The following paper challenges this convention by looking at the dynamic relationship between black activists in Halifax and Toronto and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a radical organization based in southern states from 1965 to 1967. Indeed, neither SNCC nor Canadian activists saw themselves in local or even national terms. While their aim was to transform local injustice, their sightlines were transnational. In this, singing proved instrumental. This paper takes two instances from 1965--the Selma, Alabama, solidarity protests in Toronto and the Freedom Singers Maritime Tour--to chart how activists on both sides of the border recognized music's strategic importance to public protest. Both events mark a high point in SNCC/Canadian solidarity. However, the productive intersection of north-south activism with singing was fleeting. By 1966 SNCC's internal transformations had adverse repercussions on its Canadian support base. At the same time, singing's place as the dominant realization of culture with revolutionary praxis also changed in ways that would privilege the visual over the aural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research to date on heterosexual couples that have never been able to engage in penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) has been conducted almost exclusively outside of Canada and the United States and is primarily problem-focused, examining biomedical treatments of sexual dysfunction that cause the inability to have PVI (or unconsummated marriage as it is referred to in the literature). Almost nothing is known about the experience of the individuals affected by this phenomenon. This study used a phenomenological approach to answer the question: what is the lived experience of individuals in heterosexual relationships who have been unable to have penile-vaginal intercourse despite wanting to do so? The focus of this paper is on answering the following questions: (1) what is the meaning of PVI? and (2) what is the impact of the inability to have PVI on the relationship and sex life of individuals in heterosexual relationships who have been unable to have PVI? The study involved semi-structured interviews with 17 individuals residing in Canada and the United States. Study findings indicated that although all of the participants expressed a desire to be able to have PVI, the majority described satisfying relationships and sex lives without PVI. However, even participants who described satisfying sex lives tended to view PVI as having special significance over other sexual activities. Implications for healthcare providers and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares and contrasts the Canadian and American culture of militarism working with the Thomas theorem of belief and consequence. Thomas argued that a belief does not have to be real, but consequences result from a perception of what is real. In a political climate characterized by a culture of high-level military and service influence, the perception of what is real is generated and conveyed to specific populations. In this paper, the population is predominantly American and Canadian military wives. Socialization, networking, specific information and organizational dominance strengthen a culture for military families who are involved in war deployment. The culture draws strength from a belief system that promotes certain realities. As the military-industrial-service-complex becomes more pervasive in the lives of Canadians and Americans, their coping mechanisms develop to accommodate the cultural norm. The leading force in the effort to remove autonomy from soldiers and wives and keep them within a pseudo-reality becomes evident from the coping mechanisms they develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (University of Toronto Press) is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Work by Aschauer (1989) triggered a debate in the United States on the role played by public capital in determining productivity and growth; more recently, infrastructure has become an issue in the Canadian public policy debate. This paper sheds some light on this debate by addressing three questions: (i) How large is the stock of public infrastructure in Canada? (ii) What are the main components of that infrastructure? (iii) How has that infrastructure evolved over the last 40 years? The paper also examines the impact of public infrastructure on Canada's standard of living and on the performance of the business sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks first to show that persons who are convicted of crimes can be perceived as either remorseful or as lacking in remorse. This division establishes a moral hierarchy that has profound implications for the characterization and disposition of persons who are so designated. Second, using both Canadian and American cases, it looks at how inclusion in the category of the unremorseful affects the characterization and disposition of those who have been wrongfully convicted. Finally, it suggests that remorse is a major site of conflict between persons who are wrongfully convicted and officials within the criminal justice system, conflict that involves the use of institutional pressure to encourage the expression of remorse, on the one hand, and the mobilization of individual resources to resist those expressions, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is essentially twofold. The first aim is to establish the demographic patterns and social trends which characterize contemporary grandparenthood in Canada using nationally representative data from the 1990 and 1995 General Social Surveys of Canada. Patterns characterizing and influencing grandparenthood such as the prevalence of grandparenthood, multiple generation families, step- grandparenthood and the availability of grandparents and grandchildren are examined. Analysis also focuses on rates of intergenerational cohabitation and surrogate parenting by grandparents, as well as the intersection of grandparenthood and other family and work-related roles. The second aim of the paper--where methodologically possible--is to provide a comparative analysis of Canadian and American trends, thereby placing findings within a North American context. Canadian families are presently undergoing processes of transformation and redefinition, generally assuming more heterogeneity in size and structure. Increasing life expectancy, decreasing fertility, changing gender roles, patterns of work and of marriage and divorce, all join to influence family structure and consequently, grandparenthood.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Criminology is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Histories of public health reform in Canada rarely mention New Brunswick, even though its innovative Department of Health, established in 1918, was the first full ministry of health in Canada. This paper traces the institutionalization of this public health reform by a small group of New Brunswick physicians, united by their immersion in American medical training and innovative public health ideologies. It reframes explanations of the rise of public health reform in Canada by widening an explanatory lens to encompass the exclusive influence of American models of disease and public health. It also breaks a negative regional stereotype of New Brunswick by highlighting the potential for reform and innovation in small and ostensibly less modern regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Physiotherapy Canada is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Violence against the Aged (VAA) can take on the form of psychological, physical, sexual, economic abuse or neglect. The under-reporting of VAA is a major problem, although both Canadian and USA studies show that the consequences of this crime are very serious. Moreover, although the rates may be stable (5-10%), the numbers are rising due to the aging of the Canadian and USA populations. In this paper, I introduce an integrated conceptual model for predicting VAA, which goes beyond intimate partner violence. The model also suggests that struggles against VAA must simultaneously occur at the personal, social and structural dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Literary archives often reflect the individual writer, and, in the case of Marie-Claire Blais, especially illustrate her complexity. An overall picture of the core Blaisian archival collections, including media, in Canada, the United States, and France is briefly presented, with some discussion of challenges posed for the researcher concerning their access and use. To illustrate some insights afforded into Blais's literary development in the first 10 years of her career, letters from three archives, the Fonds Judith Jasmin in Montreal, the Wilson collections at Yale University, and the Barbara Deming Papers at Radcliffe College, are studied together with related material from Blais's memoir "Parcours d'un écrivain: Notes améicaines," Wilson's published letters and diaries, and Mary Meigs's autobiography "Lily Briscoe: A Self-Portrait." Some observations and ideas concerning multidimensional innovators such as Blais and the archival issues thus raised are explored, with a suggested role for our national institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions about the social shaping of technology are explored by com- paring direct broadcasting satellite policy in two very different countries. Canada has a vast geography, low population density, extreme ethnic and linguistic diversity, and close proximity and long-time cooperation with its neighbour, the United States. South Korea is centralized around Seoul, has a high population density, is relatively homogenous culturally and ethnically, and has a history of conflict with the country sharing a common border. The specific goals set for satellite broadcasting arising from these differing national contexts are explored. The paper also compares services and audiences in South Korea and Canada, and it asks what these cases can illustrate about the relationship between industry, policy, audiences, and the shaping of a new media technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the competitive position of Canadian industries vis-à-vis their American counterparts. Our results suggest that recent good economic news and a strong trade performance mask Canada's competitiveness difficulties. The export surge and a big increase in the trade surplus were largely the result of a strong US economy and a large real depreciation of the Canadian dollar vis-à-vis the US dollar. but were not due to any improvement in underlying competitiveness. As a matter of fact, Canada lost substantial ground to the United States in productivity, the fundamental determinant of the underlying competitiveness. Canada's relatively weak performance in terms of capital accumulation, innovation, highly skilled labour, greater importance of small-sized firms in the economy and a slower shift to New Economy industries all have contributed to its productivity and competitiveness difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at changes in hourly wages and hours worked per week of prime-age males in different skill groups (measured by earnings quintile) in the United States and Canada from 1981 to 1997. The analysis reveals that increases in hourly wage inequality are primarily responsible for increases in weekly earnings inequality in both countries. Increases in the dispersion of hours worked per week play a more important part in explaining the increase in earnings inequality in Canada than in the United States. High-skill workers experienced increases in earnings growth due to increases in hours and, at least for the US, increases in wages. In contrast, low-skill workers experienced declines in earnings growth due to decreases in wages and hours. This evidence is consistent with a skill-biased demand shock. In Canada a larger percentage of the reduction in earnings of low-skill workers is accounted for by declining hours. This evidence suggests a higher degree of downward wage rigidity in Canada than in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the benefits and drawbacks of writing a dissertation about the bilateral trade treaty between the U.S. and Canada. Intriguing results from the research on two different yet closely related political, economic and governmental systems; Determination of the intended audience and their response to both sides of the story; Opportunity for travel for the researcher to do research; Access to governmental archives.

Reform proposals in Canada and the United States have called for the increased use of fines as a substitute for imprisonment and have assumed that sentences of fines can be made equivalent to imprisonment in severity. This study examines the Canadian public's perceptions about the appropriate use of fines, and examines the cultural ideology of punishment and money. Members of the public generally accepted the substitution of fines for imprisonment for property offences. No matter how severe, fines were not seen as appropriate for minor violent or sexual offences. This paper suggests that when denunciation is desired, fines are not viewed as appropriate to accomplish this goal in sentencing. Both the severity and the social and cultural contexts of penalties need to be explored. These findings suggest that we must think of sanctions as multi-dimensional when making attempts at sentencing reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines characteristics of offenders, victims, and circumstances of the offence for Canadian youth charged with homicide between 1961 and 1983. The Canadian data set is compared with findings from published American studies on the topic. Recently in Canada, a great deal of publicity has been given to cases of individuals charged with homicide under the "Young Offenders Act." The sensationalist tone of the media in these instances has implied that the number of homicides committed by youth is high, and that these offenders are receiving inordinately light sentences for crimes that, in the adult world would be treated much more severely. The few criminological studies of youth homicide that have been done are from the United States and for the most part draw their data from single geographical areas. Youth are defined as any individual under the age of 18 regardless of the legal prerequisites for qualification as a "young offender" under the Young Offenders Act. The bulk of the analysis is concerned with individuals under the age of 18 who commit the crimes of first or second degree murder. In this paper, victim-offender relationship is of prime importance. Relationship has been coded as the most intimate relationship between an offender and a victim. Gender and age are available for both offenders and victims. Those under 13 have been grouped. For purposes of the analysis of race, only caucasians and Canadian Indians are examined.

The family life cycle construct focuses upon major transition events in family formation, development, and dissolution. This paper provides an analysis of selected aspects of marital dissolution in Canada and the United States over the past six decades. In both countries, dissolution of marriages due to death have declined while dissolutions due to divorce have increased. Since the 1960's, divorce has been increasingly replacing death as a dissolver of marriages. In contrast to the United States, death still dissolves more marriages in Canada per year than divorce. Given these trends it is anticipated that Canada will follow the American pattern, in that divorce will become the primary contributor to marital dissolution. Implications of these changes for children of dissolved marriages, the phenomenon of remarriage, and the viability of the family life construct are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Criminology is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Criminology is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Requiring a government to pay compensation when it takes property is a common means of protecting property rights. In this article, I explore the implications of this right to property having a constitutional form, rather than a statutory or common law form, by examining the comparative law of compensation for takings in Canada and the United States. The analysis is focused on the various functional interests in efficiency and fairness that underlie the protection of property rights and their often competing requirements for rigidity and flexibility. Rather than providing a binding constraint that enhances efficiency, the choice of a constitutional form appears most consistent with the prioritization of distributive concerns around government's power over property rights. However, the substantive protection of property rights appears to be driven as much by the underlying interests as by the choice of legal form. Variation in the practical content of property rights in Canada and the United States is much more subtle than the difference in constitutional status suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]