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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, commonly progressing from failure to recall important names and dates to partial or complete inability to care for oneself. AD is recognized as the most common form of dementia, with dementia being the general term used in addressing diseases of the brain resulting in a decline in cognitive functioning and memory. Risk factors and causes of AD are heavily researched, as the pathology of this disease is very complicated and case-dependent. Common risk factors of AD are continually sleeping too much or too little (less or more than 7-9 hours), poor diet, lack of exercise, untreated mental or physical illness, substance abuse, and more. For this project, common risk factors of AD were evaluated and their prevalence correlated with the severity and onset of an individual with an AD diagnosis. This analysis was done two ways; a survey for family members of a loved one with an AD diagnosis, including questions surrounding the loved one’s diagnosis and habits through their young adult/adult life, and the other being qualitative analysis of credible literature focused on these risk factors. It was hypothesized that those with a higher abundance of risk factors would have an earlier onset of AD and/or experience the disease at a greater severity. Quantitative analysis of literature addressing risk factors of AD and qualitative analysis of the survey responses determined that the major risk factors for AD including sleep duration and quality, social involvement, and overall physical health are relevant across multiple domains. While there are many exceptions and a high rate of unpredictability with this disease, it can be determined there are lifestyle choices and occurrences that place an individual at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease.

Addiction has been a problem in all areas for decades. It can be applied to anything from over-eating to use of illicit substances. While each addiction is likely present in every population, alcohol addiction/abuse is very prevalent in Route County, Colorado. The Yampa Valley Medical Center sees many patients presenting in the Emergency Department with high blood alcohol content each week, many of them repeatedly. This poses the question to the caregivers of whether putting the addicts through hospital detoxification repeatedly is harming them mentally and physically more than just allowing them to return to a safe blood alcohol content and leave, waiting for them to be ready to choose and plan a detoxification. The proposed study attempts to answer this question; In addicted patients living in the United States, how does planned detoxification compare to unplanned detoxification with regards to both mental and physical patient outcomes? The answer to this question is essential for nurses to know to ensure higher levels of compliance with patients, increasing community health. It is important for nurses to provide and advocate for the care that will serve the patient better in the long run, even if it may not be what first appears to be the healthiest decision.

This paper explores how the level of knowledge in hospice and palliative care nurses concerning policy affects patient care. A literature review was conducted to determine how the level of policy knowledge influences various patient outcomes. This review focused on four main areas, including pain administration at the end of life, hesitancy to report errors, nonadherence to legislation and policy, and the impacts of moral distress. In addition to discussion concerning patient outcomes, this paper addresses education and other clinical practice recommendations to improve patient outcomes related to the four main areas of this paper.

Introduction: Tearing the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a significant threat to athletes when an unanticipated component is present. The current research investigated the change in injury and performance kinetics when manipulating the timing of a directional stimulus through a range of 0ms to 400ms before landing. Methods: Thirteen uninjured recreational athletes jumped forward from a 30cm tall block, landing bilaterally with the dominant foot on a Bertec forceplate. Upon landing, participants either performed a vertical jump or a left/right jump at 90��, indicated by an LED panel. Stimuli were sent in one of four conditions: 1) anticipated (AN), before movement; 2) classically unanticipated (CU), moment the participant left the block; 3) timed unanticipated at 300ms (TU300) and 150ms (TU150) before landing; or 4) at landing (LA). Stimuli and timing were controlled via an Arduino Uno microcontroller. Results and Discussion: Differences in peak vertical landing force (FZLA) and peak vertical takeoff force (FZTO) were found in the lateral jump condition, LA condition resulting in a larger FZLA than the other conditions, and a smaller FZTO with stimuli presented at TU150 than AN and CU. Generally, FZTO decreased and contact time increased as available time to react decreased, negatively affecting performance. Further research on the changes of combined kinetics and kinematics is necessary before intervention programs are implemented.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a cognitive task on jump-landing biomechanics and performance. Methods: 26 recreational athletes participated in the study. Participants jumped forward off of a 30cm box a distance equal to one half of their body height, then immediately performed a countermovement jump. This movement was performed in a control condition, while counting backwards by intervals of 1, and by intervals of 7. Initial knee flexion, knee range of motion, peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF), stance time, and jump height were calculated. Results: There were statistically significant differences in initial knee flexion (p = 0.0004), PVGRF (p = 0.031), and stance time (0.038) between the control and counting by 1 condition. There were also significant differences in knee range of motion (p = 0.049, p = 0.012) and jump height (p = 0.001, p = 0.0002) between the control and both the 1 and 7 conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the addition of a cognitive task did alter both landing biomechanics and performance. These results have implications for developing new ACL injury screening procedures to more realistically imitate a sport environment.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates glucose uptake through expression of GLUT-4 on cell membranes and its use as a fuel, thus preventing injury and apoptosis. Mice were randomly assigned to be trained (T), sedentary and resting (SR), or sedentary and exercised to exhaustion (SE) immediately prior to sacrifice. Samples were taken from the heart and quadriceps. Males had higher activation of AMPK among all groups in the heart. TE groups had higher activation than SR and SE. SR groups had higher activation than SE groups. In quadriceps, the females showed higher AMPK activation in the TE and SE groups. Gender discrepancy between controls did not exist. TE and SE groups had higher activation than SR controls. The SR groups had higher activation in the heart than the SE group. This was not found in the quadriceps. Gentle handling of the SR group could induce a fright response, thus activating AMPK in that group. Our findings support prior studies showing a graded response to exercise. Discrepancy between genders was more substantial than graded training effects in the heart, but not the quadriceps. This study suggests the training effect is more dramatic in the males' heart and females' quadriceps.

Physical activity is an important aspect in the improvement of wellbeing and in the increase of the number of years in a person's life. Many factors affect the prevalence of physical activity among certain groups of people and the prevalence of inactivity in other groups of people. These factors include age, education level, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender of either a single individual or a community that people are members of. My research focuses on each of these epidemiological components that can result in the emergence of a physically active lifestyle or a more sedentary lifestyle. It has been designed to help with the improvement of healthy behaviors among people. By being able to determine high-risk epidemiological situations an individual or community is able to target these factors and develop physical activity programs that deviate from settings that may jeopardize a successful physical activity program.

Data describing the number of articles using the work burnout. As well as the statistics of medical professionals experiencing burnout during COIVD-19.

The obesity epidemic has been rising in magnitude for several decades and has spread its influence to include children of all ages. Much research has been done to examine the effect that physical activity (PA) has on an individual's weighty. The amount of PA that children participate in is mediated by various factors: high socioeconomic status, more green space, having a sibling, and parental support for PA are all associated with greater child PA. While all of these factors influence PA participation, their concurrent effect is unknown. A holistic perspective is imperative to the understanding of childhood PA, as children are not experiencing just one of these influences at a given time. The purpose of this project was to determine how family characteristics, including number of siblings and socioeconomic status, are associated with parental behaviors, knowledge, and beliefs regarding child's PA. A secondary goal was to determine how child PA varies according to family characteristics. Of special interest is the role of siblings and birth order in determining preschooler PA (min/day) and whether or not children participate in rough & tumble play. Parent and family characteristics, child PA, and parental knowledge and beliefs regarding child PA were assessed via a web-based survey (modified Preschool Physical Activity Questionnaire, Pre-PAQ). Linear regression and logistic regression analyses were used to determine variation in child PA and parenting behaviors according to family characteristics.

In the US 40% of our food is thrown away, and yet over 50 million Americans struggle to be sure there will be enough food to put on the table. Across the nation, some corporations, restaurants and universities have taken a lead in developing food recovery programs, that take high-quality food that would otherwise be wasted and donate it to organizations that share it with people who are facing food insecurity. In 2013 a group of students at the University of Wyoming (UW) recognized the issues of food insecurity in the Laramie community and proposed to help UW enact their own rood recovery program. Cowboy Food Sharing was born that year and in the fall of 2015, UW's Residence Life & Dining Services began sharing good, safe food that would otherwise be thrown away with the Laramie Soup Kitchen. The following will share the story of this project, including the process of drafting and implementing a new food sharing policy and how many people and partners were involved, and will discuss future directions for this work. The work done by The University of Wyoming's Cowboy Food Sharing program has resulted in over seven months of donations, which have helped the Soup Kitchen supply 600 more people in 2015 than they did in 2014.

Background: Through a previous project my goal was to research and understand cultural identity. Through that project I found I wanted to help as many people as I can and it became a goal to research the adolescent age group. Body: The purpose of this project was to review existing literature and come to a conclusion about proper warm-up components and techniques in adolescent sports and physical activity that help to lower the chance of injuries. The leading cause of injury in adolescents is sports, so the focus is to help decrease the amount of injuries in adolescent sports. Methods: Articles used in this review include those with both females and males participating in diverse sports, recreational and intermediate level sports, as well as physical education class level of activity. Results and Conclusion: A structured dynamic warm-up led by an adult is the most beneficial warm-up for preventing adolescent injuries. The warm-up should consist of stretching, strengthening, balance, sport-specific agility, and landing techniques. This will prepare the body for the specific sport or exercise. The literature on this topic is a good foundation but much more research focused on gender differences and different level of competition still needs to be completed.

Comparative effectiveness research is used in healthcare fields to provide information on the effectiveness, benefits, and harms of different treatment options. In this study, a comparative effectiveness approach was used to learn about and compare a variety of campus wellness programs, the services they offer, and their successes with their student communities. The purpose of this study was to learn about the successes of five various campus wellness programs in efforts to evaluate and improve the University of Wyoming's Wellness Center and programs. The University of Wyoming Wellness Center opened in November 2015 and provides health education programming and services that promote holistic health and wellness. I have been an intern at the Wellness Center since its opening and have been a part of its growth. I wanted to do this research to learn ways that other universities cater to what their students want/need from a wellness program and learn how they market their programs and services to students successfully. Directors from five colleges and universities were contacted to learn about their wellness programs. The small sample of campus wellness programs includes universities and a community college in different regions, of different sizes, and with both new and well developed wellness programs. This study showed many differences in services and programs across the sample as well as various strategies to improve success at the University of Wyoming's Wellness Center. This study will hopefully be incorporated for future intern use and continued research and evaluation.

With stroke being the 4th leading cause of death in the United States and expected to only increase in the near future, the significance of preventative and rehabilitative measures is ever more pressing. While there is a current body of research to show that most recovering stroke patients regain the use of their lower limbs, a significant portion fail to regain the functionality of their upper limbs. The current body of research pertaining to upper limb rehabilitation post stroke has been largely focused on improving the functionality of the "paretic limb," or the affected limb. Such a design is flawed insomuch that the coordination pattern of both limbs working congruently is ignored. The current study is aimed to correct this oversight, by measuring the effectiveness of bimanual training in improving the upper limb coordination of stroke patients. Through the use of a joystick task in training the coordination pattern of efficient movements, it is expected that the stroke patients may learn the coordination pattern required to produce said movements. In using such a procedure, it is hoped that significant gains will be made in the motor functionality of stroke patients and an effective bimanual training protocol might be established.

The population in the United States is becoming more and more obese, roughly 37.5% of adults (CDC, 2012), and more unhealthy and non-active, as less than half of Americans engage in what is considered regular physical activity (CDC, 2007). This is leading to many health problems, including premature deaths and astronomical healthcare costs (Ben-Meacham, 2007). Increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior may help reduce these rates and help people live a healthier lifestyle. Even if body mass index is not impacted, a large body of research suggests that activity and prevention of inactivity achieve significant health benefits. In a small community, such as Buffalo, Wyoming, the short distances and low traffic levels may lend themselves to people using active forms of transportation, including biking. However, as a Buffalo native, I have only very rarely seen a person ride their bike anywhere in the town. The purpose of this study is to take a look into why this is the case, by performing an assessment on the safety of riding a bicycle on the 3 main roads where the vast majority of businesses are located, and try and decide whether people simply do not want to bike because they are inactive, or whether they choose not to because of safety concerns. The assessment was based off of criteria that are deemed motivators and deterrents for people that would consider beginning a bike regiment, based off of previous research. Assessment was performed by actively traveling the routes to see if they meet any of the circumstances that have been predetermined to be cycling motivators or deterrents. It was performed in the summer months, as a base study, to eliminate any potential deterrents that cannot be controlled, such as winter weather.

Many runners purchase expensive shoes with enhanced support believing that these shoes will make them faster, and reduce the chance of developing a running related injury. However, shoes with enhanced support have been shown to lead to more leg injuries and require more metabolic energy than running barefoot. Here we will investigate the apparently paradoxical recent results of Lieberman et al. (Nature, 2010) who found lower metabolic rates and a reduced potential for injury among habitual barefoot runners. These results are paradoxical because previous investigations have found that barefoot runners use greater muscle volumes and rates of force generation (1/Tc) compared to shod runners; two muscular contractile properties that would be expected to raise, not lower, the rates of muscle metabolism. To investigate the relationship between muscle function and metabolic energy use during barefoot versus shod human running, we measured rates of oxygen uptake through indirect calorimetry, volumes of active muscle via surface electromyography, and rates of force production from foot-ground contact duration. Subjects completed duplicate running trials at four speeds in three differing experimental conditions; traditional running shoes, barefoot, and a new shoe designed to mimic the barefoot condition. We specifically predict that the lesser stance average ground support forces required of barefoot running explains the increased running economy of the barefoot condition.

Running is a form of physical activity that is prevalent and widely studied all over the world. People run for various reasons ranging from competitions to health-related motives. Although running is a common type of physical activity, it is considered a repetitive motion, stressing the body and causing a number of injuries such as Achilles tendinopathies, plantar fasciitis, and iliotibial band syndrome. Because running-related injuries are common, it is important to understand correct running form. Correct running technique encompasses the entire kinetic chain, involving the combined effects of an individual's musculature, skeletal, and nervous systems. Not only is correct running form important in order to minimize the risk of injury, but understanding the type of footwear best suited for an individual is significant in order to provide the best support, enhancing an individual's technique. Examining how the musculature, nervous, and skeletal systems coordinate and affect the kinetic chain will provide information on the most energy-efficient and least injury-prone running technique.

Obesity is a current epidemic in the United States with no medical treatment. Over 3.8 million Americans weigh over 300 pounds and the effects of obesity in the United State is increasing. The primary cause of obesity is energy imbalance. Obese people tend to consume well over the recommended amount of calories and tend to participate in minimal physical activity. Obesity has negative consequences on person's physical being but also affects social, academic, mental and psychological well-being. One of the avenues to help the effects of obesity is to study appetite and hunger. Two of the important hormones used in hunger regulation are ghrelin and leptin. These were two hormones that were recognized however, the main area of study was to understand the effect of the chemical compound lactic acid. The effects of lactic acid on human subjects and how it correlated with hunger were studied. We tested a certain population of walkers and runners to come in and exercise and rest. With each test day we would take blood samples and analyze the effect of lactate on hunger and hunger ratings. I hypothesis with the increase concentrations of lactic acid while exercising, hunger rates will decrease dramatically.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of death in the world, and significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Though DM is characterized by elevated blood glucose, significant diabetes-related morbidity and mortality is due to cardiovascular diseases. To date, the majority of diabetic cardiomyopathy research has been conducted in the left ventricle. However, in most disease contexts, right ventricular (RV) function predicts survival, yet little is known about the diabetic RV nor are there specific RV-targeted therapies. Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and exercise have clear cardioprotective effects, yet whether these interventions protect the RV in the setting of diabetes is unknown. To determine whether SGLT2i and exercise protect the diabetic RV, diabetic Sprague Dawley rats induced by streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) and a high-fat diet underwent a 13-week intervention of the SGLT2i canagliflozin (3mg/kg/day in 0.5% methylcellulose) with and without access to exercise. Indicators of diabetic cardiomyopathy were assessed by myocyte cell size, fibrosis by trichrome staining and expression of fibrotic mediators, and expression of molecular signature genes in failing heart (fetal gene program). Expression of pro-fibrotic mediators (collagen and ��-SMA) were significantly attenuated with SGLT2i and exercise compared to sedentary controls. RV histology demonstrated significant evidence of diabetes-induced hypertrophy, and fibrosis that was attenuated in SGLT2i and exercise groups compared to sedentary controls and exercise and SGLT2i monotherapies. Together, we demonstrate that SGLT2i and exercise have protective effects on the RV in diabetic rats. The clinical implication of this data suggests a potential for therapeutic interventions that target the RV in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) improves aerobic and functional fitness and prevents chronic disease and premature morbidity. Aerobic and functional fitness are validated clinical indicators of chronic disease risk. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time efficient and safe alternative to MICE that has positive effects on some chronic diseases and risk in younger healthy populations. Limited research has investigated HIIT in older, at-risk populations; and the health benefits of including resistance training into HIIT approaches (HIRT) is even more limited in older, at-risk adults. The purpose of this research was to determine the aerobic and functional fitness efficacy of HIIT and HIRT exercise interventions compared to MICE in older adults at-risk for chronic disease. Forty-eight adults (���65 years) were recruited and randomized into three 8-week exercise intervention groups: MICE (active control), HIIT, and HIRT. Aerobic (VO2max) and functional fitness (functional movement screen, FMS; timed-up-and-go, TUG; floor transfer time, FTT) were measured at baseline and after 8-weeks. VO2max improved similarly in all groups (HIIT 2.2��0.3; HIRT=3.5��0.7. MICE 2.1��0.5 ml/kg/min, P

McKruman Technologies proposed a design of a high-speed treadmill for evaluating the performance of Olympic-caliber athletes for use in the Kinesiology Department. The treadmill will increase the amount of research they can conduct on world class athletes. For Dr. Bundle and the department to carry out their research, certain devices and specifications were integrated into the treadmill. These devices consisted of a high torque electric motor, a servo control of the electric motor, multi-axis load cells, and safety equipment. The treadmill design is based on reading and analyzing the forces athletes and animals exert on the bed of the treadmill in both the radial directions. To reduce weight the motor was mounted separately from the bed via a flexible line shaft. The bed was made out of a fiber glass and carbon fiber combination with the core being foam. The bed was fastened to four AMTI-MC3A multi-axial load cells via a metal bonded plate. Teflon plates were placed on top of the bed to reduce friction and metal brackets were screwed to the composite frame and bed to allow for roller attachments and adjustments. Steel was used to construct a safety frame surrounding the treadmill.

Background: Barefoot running has been thought to be more metabolically economical than conventional, shod running. However, some studies have suggested that only experienced barefoot runners may benefit due to biomechanical changes the body must first adopt. As an experienced barefoot runner, I tested the theory on myself to determine metabolic economy in barefoot and shod running. Methods: After establishing VO2max, treadmill tests were conducted on three separate days on a single subject trained in the barefoot running style. On each test day, two 15-minute running sessions were conducted, spaced by a rest period of at least 15 minutes. Sessions were identical at 7.0 mph and 0% grade. Subject was always shod in the first session and "barefoot" (wearing very minimalistic Vibram FiveFingers) in the second session. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion were recorded, as well as oxygen uptake measured by a metabolic cart, each minute to determine average oxygen consumption relative to VO2max. Results: Running the "barefoot" style was found to elicit an average oxygen consumption savings of 3.41% compared to running shod. Conclusion: Running "barefoot" (including very minimalistic footwear) offers a metabolic advantage over running shoes in a runner who is accustomed to the biomechanical variance of barefoot running.

Health care professionals constantly emphasize the importance of exercise to an individual's mental and physical well-being. Despite these constant reminders, many individuals face motivational challenges when attempting to begin and maintain an exercise program. There are numerous theories that strive to explain this phenomenon, and health care professionals can be better prepared to help their clients by understanding and utilizing the most appropriate motivational theory for the situation. The purpose of this study was to assess how the Theory of Planned Behavior, Self-determination Theory, and Self-efficacy Theory can be used to understand the exercise behavior of a personal training client. The individual answered specific questions pertaining to his motivational and exercise history, as well as his reasons for starting an exercise regime. A qualitative analysis was then conducted to compare and contrast how the different theories explained the person's exercise behavior. Results indicate that each theory possessed both weakness and strengths in describing the client's exercise behavior, and that the most apropos fit is a combination of all three theories. Therefore, due to the variable nature of human care, theoretical and practical knowledge of varying theories best prepares health professionals to motivate their clients.

This study aims to explore whether children and adolescent athletes are competing to win (CW) or competing to excel (CE), and if that changes with age and gender of the athlete. Administration of questionnaires (Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale, Goal Competitiveness Subscale of Personal Development Competitive Attitude Scale, and Competitiveness Questionnaire) will determine if males are truly more CW than females, as has been stated by previous literature. Comparison of different age groups will verify whether there is a key age in which athletes shift from primarily CE to primarily CW. This will allow coaches, parents, and educators to utilize trait competitiveness in an advantageous manner to ensure less burnout, more involvement, and more satisfaction of youth and adolescents in athletics. As a pilot study examining the potential existence of an age and gender related shift, the study will be purely observational if the sample size is not large enough to show statistical significance.

One of the most common knee injuries is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear, which can occur in non-contact jump-landings. Safely falling and rolling can potentially reduce the risk of ACL injuries, for falling and rolling in parkour athletes has shown decreased knee loading upon landing. Twelve recreational athletes were tested so far. Each subject wore 16 retroreflective markers and completed jump-landing tasks on force plates to measure knee loading. It was found that falling and rolling reduced vertical ground reaction forces when compared to normal landing. This indicates that falling and rolling may be used as a strategy to reduce the risk of ACL injuries. Athletic coaches and physical therapists can utilize this information to help reduce sport-related ACL injuries.

Exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage often resolves in 1-5 days, however severe complications occasionally arise. Identifying predictors of severe muscle damage may reduce potential risks associated with high volume or extended duration workouts. PURPOSE: Determine if pain perception is related to markers of skeletal muscle damage following a standardized HIRFT bout. METHODS: Participants (n=19[13 males, 174.7±7.9 cm, 77.9±13.7 kg, 25.8±6.5 y, training experience 3.5±1.3y] completed a standardized HIRFT workout (1 mile run, 100 pull ups, 200 pushups, 300 air squats, 1 mile run). At 5 timepoints (24h pre, immediately pre, immediately post, 24h post and 48h post exercise), participants completed the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), including responses to 15 pain terms and a visual analog scale (VAS). Plasma osmolality (Posm) was measured from blood samples taken at each of the above timepoints. RESULTS: RMANOVA revealed a main effect of time for 11 pain descriptors, VAS, and Mean Plasma Osmolality (all p ≤ .035). A stepwise regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between VAS immediately post exercise and mean plasma osmolality 48h post exercise. CONCLUSION: Eleven MPQ terms best described perceived muscle pain following the HIRFT bout. The relationship between VAS immediately post and plasma osmolality 48h post exercise demonstrates individuals who perceived more pain immediately following workout showed evidence of increased skeletal muscle damage 48h after the workout. This muscle damage may be due to a release of urea from the skeletal muscle cell following exercise. Findings indicate perceived muscle pain may be a valuable predictor of muscle damage.

Oral health is a global issue that affects every living person. The mouth can be considered the beginning of overall health since all ingested foods must first go through the mouth, except in very unique circumstances. Oral health does not operate in a vacuum. It is interconnected with many different aspects of life, such as chronic diseases, the quality of life, and other social factors. This holds true for even the least populated state in the nation: Wyoming. Efforts to improve oral health in Wyoming include the WYDENT and WICHE programs, which incentivize Wyoming residents to pursue dentistry as a career and establish a practice in Wyoming; the Wyoming Healthcare Professional Loan Repayment Program; Wyoming Health Centers; and the Downtown Clinic in Laramie, WY. The Downtown Clinic offers free emergency dental care to eligible patients, but is exclusive to Albany county residents. I volunteered my time at the Downtown Clinic by cross-referencing the medical files with those who had also received dental care. My goal was to find common risk factors among patients, and eventually help the Downtown Clinic set up a method to track patients who need dental care the most. By establishing high risk factors for poor oral health, I hope to help the Downtown Clinic incorporate preventive dentistry to reduce future costs of emergency care.

There has been some research on how positive psychological processes can positively affect the rehabilitation of athletes. Following my own experience with an injury I found that there can be significant negative psychological outcomes after an injury in the general population. From this experience I saw the importance of how maintaining positive psychological processes could have prevented negative outcomes that I experienced. To study how to positively affect the psychology of the injured person using a model that looks at how the biological, psychology, and social aspects of the injury affect the outcomes of the injury and rehabilitation. I will also look at motivation and psychological need fulfillment for the injured person that can increase positive psychological outcomes. Looking at those two aspects of injury and rehabilitation I want to create a handbook of psychological processes that anyone in the healthcare system can use to promote rehabilitation and prevent negative psychological outcomes.

There are many health-related benefits associated with exercise. However, aging effects experienced by older adults can impact the quality and efficiency of the movement they perform during their exercise programs. The goal of the research is to collect information that will help design developmentally appropriate practices for older adults participating in a group exercise class. The motor performance of participants in a senior balance and exercise class at the Eppson Senior Center (Laramie, WY) was observed. Biomechanical characteristics of the movements were identified, physical properties of the movers were described, and possible task and environmental constraints were acknowledged. From these observations individual factors were specified that constrained or restrained the movements and the degree to which task and environmental constraints afforded efficient and effective motor performance. Finally, the results were used to develop evidence-based practices and suggestions for improvement of a senior exercise class.