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International audience; Many researchers, policy makers and food activists view Short Food Supply Chains (SFSC) as attractive levers for improving farm income and the sustainability of farming systems. However, the empirical evidence documenting the association between SFSC participation and farm economic performance has been mixed. In this study, through a meta-analysis using a logistic regression, we identify key factors to explain differences between studies that find better economic performance in SFSC and those that do not. Our meta-analysis consists of 48 studies published in English and French from 2000 to 2022 that examine the economic performance of farms engaged in SFSC. Based on far more empirical evidence than previous reviews, we find that the relationship between SFSC participation and farmer income remains ambiguous. More specifically the findings indicate that the reported effect of SFSC on a farm economic performance varies depending on location and the indicator used to capture the economic performance of farms. Studies conducted in Europe are more likely to report higher farmer income as are studies that use profit satisfaction metrics rather than measures of gross or net income. We also emphasize the need to interpret the reported results cautiously because few are based on causal inference methods. Furthermore, the very few studies that account for selection bias often do so with inadequate corrections.

This study presents an analytical framework for examining how remanufacturing rate, consumer buying behavior, and consumer preferences impact a supply chain's economic and environmental outcomes. An original equipment manufacturer and a third-party remanufacturer make decisions influenced by the competitive leverage of relicensing fees and the maximum available quantity of remanufactured products. We analyze this monopoly scenario in a two-period model, assuming that consumers are strategic. The remanufacturing rate has a nonmonotonic impact on the economic outcomes of this supply chain system, and excellent environmental improvement is not an inevitable consequence of a high remanufacturing rate.

We study the consequences of a working time reduction (WTR hereafter) in an exogenous growth model with unemployment (due to efficiency wage considerations) and a renewable natural resource. The resource is an essential input whose marginal productivity is bounded by physical laws. In the laissez-faire equilibrium, firms set headcount employment, working time and a wage level which affects workers’ effort. We show that if a WTR always decreases the total number of worked hours, its impact on the number of (un)employed crucially depends on the relative scarcity of the resource. If the ressource inflow is unlimited, the economy converges toward a balanced growth path and a WTR lowers the levels of output, employment and wages along this path, without affecting their growth rate. When the resource inflow is finite, the economy converges toward a stationary state. In this case, a WTR increases the stationary level of hourly wages and employment if the resource is scarce enough (which is for instance the case if the labour and capital saving technical progress is unbounded). Furthermore, the long-term elasticity of employment (resp., of the hourly wage) to the cut in hours is larger (resp., smaller) when the resource is scarcer. The transitory dynamics toward the stationary state is studied numerically. As far as the impact of a WTR on employment and wage are concerned, this analysis confirms the results put forward for the stationary state

When vacancies are filled, the ads that were posted are often not withdrawn, creating "phantom" vacancies. The existence of phantoms implies that older job listings are less likely to represent true vacancies than are younger ones. We assume that job seekers direct their search based on the listing age and so equalize the expected benefit of a job application across listing age. Forming a match with a vacancy of age α creates a phantom of age α with probability β and this leads to a negative informational externality that affects all vacancies of age α and older. Thus, the magnitude of this externality decreases with the age of the listing when the match is formed. Relative to the constrained efficient search behavior, the directed search of job seekers leads them to over-apply to younger listings. We illustrate the model using US labor market data. The contribution of phantoms to overall frictions is large, but, conditional on the existence of phantoms, the social planner cannot improve much on the directed search allocation.

This paper analyzes a model of aid allocation equalizingthe opportunity between recipient countries to reach acommon poverty reduction goal. We propose a fair andefficient aid allocation based on a multicriteria principle.The model considers structural handicaps in recipientcountries in terms of lack of human capital and economicvulnerability, their initial poverty, and the naturalgap between the growth rate required to reach a developmentgoal and the observed one. We show that ourproposed aid allocation favors poor and vulnerablecountries with our multicriteria principle. It substantiallydiffers from the observed allocation. Analyses alsoshed light on the impact of the donors' aversion to thelow natural growth gap in recipient countries on theoptimal aid allocation and the marginal efficiency of aid.

International audience; At odds with the large literature devoted to the fiscal discipline effects of fiscal rules, only few contributions investigate their impact on public spending. Using a large sample of 185 countries, estimations based on the entropy balancing method reveal the following causal effects: fiscal rules significantly reduce total public spending and public consumption, leave public investment mostly unaffected, and increase the public investment-to-public consumption ratio. Moreover, the type of fiscal rule and countries' level of economic development influence the way fiscal rules affect public spending. Lastly, fiscal rules' features seem to be a major driving force of the way governments change public spending-and, notably, total spending and public investment-in response to the adoption of fiscal rules. Consequently, the public investment decline during recent times should mostly be attributable to other things but fiscal rules (which sometimes even raise public investment); and increased attention should be given to the various fiscal rules' features, which may enforce or, on the contrary, weaken their fiscal discipline performances.

International audience

Low insurance take-up in low-income populations is not easily explained by the standard single-period expected utility model of insurance that overlooks the relevance of time preference when liquidity is constrained. We design field survey instruments to elicit quasi-hyperbolic time preferences, as well as prospect theory risk preferences, and use them to examine whether time preferences explain health insurance behavior of low-income Filipinos. Consistent with theory, those with stronger parameterized time preference are less likely to insure and the partial association is most pronounced at low wealth where liquidity is most likely to be constrained. Among those with better understanding of insurance, lower take-up is also associated with present bias. We do not find that insurance is significantly associated with risk preferences.

International audience; This article investigates the impact of European Central Bank policies on credits considering financial and banking fragmentation. Using European data from the past decade, we estimate SVAR models to analyze the regional impact of conventional and unconventional measures on price and volume indicators of fragmentation. The risk-taking channel is studied using GVAR models to document the national consequences of this fragmentation. We find that unconventional measures increase credit in peripheral countries. Monetary policies alleviate fragmentation, but mostly in terms of price dispersion rather than credit volume. Finally, unconventional measures imply a rebalancing of European bank assets in favor of foreign currency denominated-assets.

International audience; The study analyses unintentional home and leisure injuries (HLIs) for the French senior population using data from the 2012 wave of the French health, health care and insurance survey. The results of our logit models reveal that health status, age, and risky attitudes are the main characteristics associated with HLIs for older people. When the severity of injuries is taken into consideration, the highest exposure to HLIs concerns the oldest seniors, aged 85 years old or older, with deteriorated health. This result is confirmed in the case of severe indoor HLIs, whereas for severe outdoor injuries, the most vulnerable individuals seem to be younger seniors, that is, 75–79 years old. Moreover, our findings suggest that HLIs, and mainly severe home HLIs, generate a short-term influence on a person's health.

International audience; This article analyzes the impact of producer organizations (POs) on dairy farmers’ self-assessed experiences of unfair trading practices (UTPs) and negotiation power. We employ an endogenous switching regression (ESR) model using cross-sectional survey data collected in four EU countries: France, Germany, Spain, and Poland. The results show rather mixed impacts of PO membership. PO membership reduces the likelihood of farmers reporting UTPs. On the other hand, PO membership is found to reduce the self-assessed negotiation power of PO members. The estimated impact of PO membership is found to be largest for smaller farms.

International audience; We utilize a natural experiment, an education reform increasing compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey, to obtain endogeneity-robust estimates of the effect of male education on the incidence of domestic violence against women. We find that husband's education lowers the probability of physical, emotional, and economic violence. Schooling lowers also the likelihood of having an arranged marriage and makes men less inclined to engage in various socially unacceptable behaviors. We show that these findings are very robust to alternative regression specifications and restricted sample estimation. Finally, we argue that assortative mating implies that the educational outcomes of the two spouses are correlated. Our findings are robust to accounting for the husbands' and wives' education jointly. Moreover, when we separate the two effects, we show that the favorable effect of education can be attributed causally to men's education rather than to the education of their wives.

International audience; This paper highlights the procyclical and unstable behaviour of mutual funds, characterized by a varying sensitivity on common asset pricing factors. It proposes a novel factor model that allows for regime changes associated with macroeconomic and financial state variables. Estimated on a panel covering 825 US equity mutual funds over a period of 30 years, it appears that the yield curve, the dividend yield, short term interest rates and the industrial production coincide with regimes switches in the Fama-French factors. Furthermore, the estimated regimes coincide with financial crises and economic downturns, thus confirming the procyclical behaviour of mutual funds' returns. These findings, coupled with the emerging systemic role of mutual funds, promote the consideration for a specific macroprudential regulatory framework targeted at the mutual fund industry.

With the usual estimation methods of factor models, the estimated factors are notoriously difficult to interpret, unless their interpretation is imposed via restrictions. This paper considers different methods to identify the factor structure and interpret the factors without imposing their interpretation: sparse PCA and factor rotations. We establish a new consistency result for the factorsestimated by sparse PCA. Monte Carlo simulations show that our exploratory methods accurately estimate the factor structure, even in small samples. We also apply them on two standard largedatasets about international business cycles and the US economy: for each empirical application, they identify the same factor structure, offering a clear economic interpretation of the estimatedfactors. These exploratory methods can be useful to justify or complement approaches in which the factor structure is imposed a priori.

We investigate two puzzles in the export duration literature. The first puzzle has to do with the frequent entries and exits of firms in export markets, which are at odds with the large fixed export costs in such markets. We introduce convex production technologies in a trade model to show how variable marginal costs create direct linkages between export markets. As fixed export costs vary across destinations, more productive firms need not necessarily export to more destinations. Cost convexity implies that the probability of supplying a given export market is adversely affected by positive export shocks in other markets. This is supported by our empirical analysis of bilateral flows for over 200 agri-food products to 176 destinations originating from six large exporting countries. The second puzzle has to do with the paradoxical effect of tariffs reported in empirical export duration studies. When endogeneity is addressed, tariffs increase the probability of an export failure., Dans cet article, nous tentons de réconcilier deux constats empiriques en lien avec la durée des exportations et les théories du commerce international. Tout d’abord, les entrées et sorties fréquentes observées des entreprises sur les marchés d’exportation sont en contradiction avec les théories modernes pour lesquelles les coûts d’exportation fixes ont un rôle central dans les décisions d’exportation. Nous introduisons des couts marginaux de production non constants dans un modèle de commerce international et montrons comment les coûts marginaux variables créent des liens directs entre les différents marchés d’exportation. La convexité des coûts implique que la probabilité de maintenir son activité d’exportation vers un pays dépend négativement des chocs positifs d’exportation vers d’autres marchés. Notre analyse empirique des flux bilatéraux de plus de 200 produits agroalimentaires vers 176 destinations, provenant de six grands pays, confirme cette hypothèse. Ensuite, on questionne l’effet positif paradoxal des tarifs douaniers dans les études empiriques sur la durée des exportations. Lorsque l’endogénéité des tarifs est prise en compte, l’effet devient négatif en accord avec la théorie.

International audience; This paper investigates how labour market regulations alter the adverse impact of rising import competition from China in European local labour markets between 1997 and 2006. The paper constructs measures of regional exposure to Chinese imports based on previous literature and on regional labour market frictions exploiting involuntary labour reallocations. Taking into account the endogeneity of import competition and its interaction with labour market regulations, the paper finds that regions more exposed to the rise of China have suffered from a reduction in manufacturing employment shares. This shock grows larger with regional labour market frictions; hence, it exacerbates the impact of trade shock on employment. Moreover, the paper finds that employment in public services, and not in construction or private services sector, absorbed the negative shock to the manufacturing sector. The unemployment rate, the labour force participation rate and wages in all sectors are unresponsive to import competition from China.

International audience; Although the Covid-19 crisis has shown how high-frequency data can help track the economy in real time, we investigate whether it can improve the nowcasting accuracy of world GDP growth. To this end, we build a large dataset of 718 monthly and 255 weekly series. Our approach builds on a Factor-Augmented MIxed DAta Sampling (FA-MIDAS), which we extend with a preselection of variables. We find that this preselection markedly enhances performances. This approach also outperforms a LASSO-MIDAS—another technique for dimension reduction in a mixed-frequency setting. Though we find that a FA-MIDAS with weekly data outperform other models relying on monthly or quarterly data, we also point to asymmetries. Models with weekly data have indeed performances similar to other models during “normal” times but can strongly outperform them during “crisis” episodes, above all the Covid-19 period. Finally, we build a nowcasting model for world GDP annual growth incorporating weekly data that give timely (one per week) and accurate forecasts (close to IMF and OECD projections but with 1- to 3-month lead). Policy-wise, this can provide an alternative benchmark for world GDP growth during crisis episodes when sudden swings in the economy make usual benchmark projections (IMF's or OECD's) quickly outdated.

International audience; Governments and corporations around the world are increasingly pressured to manage climaterelated business risks and reduce their carbon footprint. Consequently, a growing number of corporations have started implementing internal carbon pricing (ICP) programs, assigning a monetary value to their carbon emissions as a mitigation and adaptation mechanism. This paper explores the motives underlying voluntary ICP adoption and examines whether a firm's exposure to climate-related risks is a relevant driver of ICP adoption. Using a worldwide sample of firms reporting to the Carbon Disclosure Project between 2016 and 2018, we find that firm-level climate change exposure is significantly and positively related to the likelihood of ICP adoption. More specifically, the probability of adoption is largely linked to regulatory shocks and opportunity exposure. Moreover, we find that board independence acts as a moderator in the climate change exposure-ICP adoption relation. The findings of this study shed light on the factors contributing to the acceleration in ICP implementation in the context of a coordinated effort between public and private sectors to reduce global emissions.

International audience; This research examines the similarities between port traffic structure and economic structure of French port cities. Based on the combination of Automated Identification System (AIS) data and employment data, it performs complementary analyses of the mutual specialization between ports and cities. Main results show that while larger cities handle more diversified traffic, the cross-specialization is blurred by the complexity of trade networks and supply chains. We then propose a novel methodology whereby the spatial unit of analysis is enlarged according to the type and volume of port traffic.

International audience

International audience; We characterize negative awards. Their pervasiveness in various domains as well as the objectives of their designers and promoters are documented. We discuss the outcomes generated by negative awards and provide some rationales explaining why individuals and organizations may be interested in getting them. Several issues deserve further exploration.

International audience; We use a multi-equation model of polluting technologies to evaluate excess nitrogen's marginal abatement cost (MAC). The MAC is estimated using the convex non-parametric quantile regression. The empirical application is conducted at the plot level for wheat production in France in 2017. Results show a median shadow price for excess nitrogen of about €21 per kilogram. If the current European Union's Nitrates Directive (which sets a 170-kg constraint on organic nitrogen per hectare) were extended to mineral nitrogen, this would allow a reduction of total excess nitrogen by 9.5%, but this would be accompanied by a 3.1% decrease in wheat revenue.

International audience; Several physical features influence the perception of how cooperative a potential partner is. While previous work focused on face and voice, it remains unknown whether body odours influence judgements of cooperativeness and if odour-based judgements are accurate. Here, we first collected axillary odours of cooperative and uncooperative male donors through a public good game and used them as olfactory stimuli in a series of tasks examining whether and how they influence cooperative decision-making in an incentivized economic game and ratings of cooperativeness. Our results show that having access to the donor's body odours provided a strategic advantage to women during economic decisions (but not to men): with age, women were more likely to cooperate with cooperative men and to avoid interacting with uncooperative men. Ratings of cooperativeness were nonetheless unrelated to the donors’ actual cooperativeness. Finally, while men with masculine and intense body odours were judged less cooperative, we found no evidence that donors’ actual cooperativeness was associated with less masculine or less intense body odour. Overall, our findings suggest that, as faces and voices, body odours influence perceived cooperativeness and might be used accurately and in a non-aware manner as olfactory cues of cooperativeness, at least by women.

In this article, we assess farms’ technical efficiency accounting for their production heterogeneity and correcting for the potential endogeneity associated with the adoption of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) agri-environmental schemes (AESs). We estimate a first-step selection probit model. In a second step we estimate the latent class stochastic frontier model (LCSFM) separately on each of the two sub-samples, the AESs adopters and the AESs non-adopters. We also account for heteroscedasticity in the estimation of inefficiency effects in the LCSFM within each sub-sample. The application is to Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) dairy farms in France during 2002–2016. We identify one class with intensive technology and one class with extensive technology for each of the two sub-samples. The investigation of inefficiency effects shows that modeling production heterogeneity could help better target the CAP, since the relationship between operational subsidies and farms' efficiency differs depending on whether or not production heterogeneity is accounted for., Agricultural Economics, 53 (3), ISSN:0169-5150, ISSN:1574-0862

International audience; We use data from the COME-HERE longitudinal survey collected by the University of Luxembourg to assess the effects of the policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on life satisfaction in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden over the course of 2020. Policy responses are measured by the Stringency Index and the Economic Support Index from the Blavatnik School of Government. Stringency is systematically associated with lower life satisfaction, controlling for the intensity of the pandemic itself. This stringency effect is larger for women, those with weak ties to the labor market, and in richer households. The effect of the Economic Support is never statistically different from zero.

International audience; Public procurement represents a substantial share of gross domestic product (GDP) in many countries, and is notoriously home-biased as a result of often opaque practices. However, little is known about the determinants of restrictions on public procurement policies. To explore this issue, we map information from the Global Trade Alert (GTA) database on regulatory obstacles to public procurement alongside international trade flows at the country pair-product level and applied bilateral tariffs. Considering the universe of restrictions introduced over the period 2009-2016 by importers on exporters and products, we highlight three novel facts. First, the main foreign providers are not the most targeted, suggesting long-term contractual relationships between buyers and sellers in public markets. Second, the ear of retaliation is alleviating the protectionist pressure in the importer country. Third, we document substitutability between public procurement restrictions and tariffs.

International audience; We consider a simple economy where production depends on labor supply and social capital. Networking increases the social capital (“greases the wheel”) but also the corruption level (“sands the wheel”). Corruption is a negative productive externality. We compare the market economy, where the negative externality is not taken into account by individuals, with a centralized economy, where the planner internalizes the negative effect. We highlight the possible existence of cycles in the market economy and optimal cycles in the planned economy. We compare the centralized and the decentralized solutions in the short and long run.

National audience; We identify factors involved in the decision of farmers to use marketing contracts (pool, storage and forward contracts), and we explicitly account for the hedging and price-enhancement components of this decision. Using panel corner solution models (Tobit and double-hurdle) to represent farmers' contracting decision using a sample of French cereal producers, we find that both the hedging and the price-enhancement motives are important factors driving marketing choices. When risk aversion or exposure to price risk rises, the price-enhancement motive becomes less influential. Farmers appear to be more reluctant to base their marketing decisions on their price expectations in that case.

This paper examines the distributional implications of monetary policy, either standard, non-standard or both, on income inequality in 10 Euro Area countries over the period 2000-2015. We use three different indicators of income inequality in a Panel VAR setting in order to estimate IRFs of inequality to a monetary policy shock. The identification of monetary shocks follows a one-step procedure and relies only on country-specific determinants of income distribution. Results suggest that: (i) the distributional effects of ECB’s monetary policy have been modest and (ii) mainly driven in times of conventional monetary policy measures, especially in countries with a high level of market inequalities, while, overall, (iii) standard and non-standard monetary policies do not significantly differ in terms of impact on income inequality. Results are robust to alternative data sources either for income distribution or for non-standard monetary policies.

International audience; Household surveys do not capture incomes at the top of the distribution well. This yields biased inequality measures. We compare the performance of the reweighting and replacing methods to address top incomes underreporting in surveys using information from tax records. The biggest challenge is that the true threshold above which underreporting occurs is unknown. Relying on simulation, we construct a hypothetical true distribution and a “distorted” distribution that mimics an underreporting pattern found in a novel linked data for Uruguay. Our simulations show that if one chooses a threshold that is not close to the true one, corrected inequality measures may be significantly biased. Interestingly, the bias using the replacing method is less sensitive to the choice of threshold. We approach the threshold selection challenge in practice using the Uruguayan linked data. Our findings are analogous to the simulation exercise. These results, however, should not be considered a general assessment of the two methods.

This paper is a follow-up to a collective research project conducted between 2012 and 2014 as part of a response to a DARES-Ministry of Labour call for tenders on post-surveys to the REPONSE survey (Perez & Thèvenot, 2014).; International audience; Although the scale of the current crisis undoubtedly implies heavy repercussions on employment and work,this paper draws on the experience of French firms that implemented various workforce adjustments during the 2008 crisis. We focus on how adjustments were negotiated and the bargaining leeway for employee representatives. On the basis of 14 case studies, we seek to determine whether the crisis has led to concessionbargaining and, if so, assess the characteristics of the bargaining. Mobilizing the power resources approach, we identify three types of concession bargaining based on their reciprocal and reversible features and question how actors were able to mobilize resources(institutional, associational and structural) at the workplace level. Our analysis shows that times of crisis are conducive to concession bargaining, the counterparts of which are not always identifiable for employees. Ultimately, it raises the need to identify new resources that unions could mobilize to defend jobs in the face of the COVID-19 crisis.

National audience; We analyze the impact of choosing an elite school on high school graduation in an early tracking system in Flanders (Belgium). Whereas elite schools offer only an academic track, most other schools offer multiple tracks. On average, students experience a 3.3 percentage point increase in the likelihood of obtaining a degree. We find that the effects are heterogeneous. On average, students who self-select into elite schools do not experience an effect. However, students who do not choose an elite school would experience positive effects. Our results can be explained by different tracking decisions in both types of schools.

This paper documents the determinants of real oil price in the global market based on SVAR model embedding transitory and permanent shocks on oil demand and supply as well as speculative disturbances. We find evidence of significant differences in the propagation mechanisms of transitory versus permanent shocks, pointing to the importance of disentangling their distinct effects. Permanent supply disruptions turn out to be a bigger factor in historical oil price movements during the most recent decades, while speculative shocks became less influential.

We use detailed information on the location of agricultural and mining production to approximate international trade for different ethnic groups in order to study its impact on ethnic conflicts in Africa between 1993 and 2010. The goal is to go beyond the income effects of trade to study the residual effects of globalization on conflicts. We find that once we control for income but also for a wide variety of different factors in conflicts (using political variables and fixed effects), the international trade by ethnic groups has a pacific impact on conflicts. While this peaceful impact of trade is mainly found in the trade in agricultural products, it does not have a significant impact in the international trade in mining products. Finally, we propose an original two-step analysis showing that exports significantly reduce conflicts by affecting time-varying national characteristics. We interpret this result as an indication that globalization in Africa has participated in the formation of new national identities with peaceful effects between ethnic groups.

In this paper we bridge the gap between two different approaches to measure inequality: one based on household surveys and summary measures such as the Gini, and the other focused on taxable income and top income shares. We explore how these approaches adjust the Gini for equivalised household income in 26 European countries over 2003-2017 using the EU-SILC, focusing on the World Inequality Database (WID) adjustment as proposed in Blanchet et al. (2020). On average, the Gini increases by around 2.4 points as a result of the WID adjustment, for both gross and disposable income, with notable differences across countries, affecting rankings, despite limited impact on trends. We find that differences in inequality depend less on the adjustment method and more on whether it relies on external data sources such as tax data. In fact, SILC countries that rely on administrative register data experience relatively small changes in inequality after the WID adjustment. For recent years, we find that the Gini for 'non-register' countries increases by 2.8 points on average while in 'register' countries it does so by 0.9 points. We conclude by proposing ways in which household surveys can improve their representativeness of income and living conditions.

This paper studies the causes and duration of conflicts with a war of attrition game featuring overconfident players. We find that overconfidence is neither necessary, nor sufficient to have conflict. Overconfident decision makers are nevertheless more likely to initiate conflict, and to also remain active longer in a conflict. Our main results are that (i) the degree of overconfidence and conflict duration may have an inverted U‐shaped relationship, and (ii) the outcome of the war of attrition may be in favor of a weaker, yet overconfident player. We argue that this simple model helps understanding a host of real‐world conflictive situations.

The Moroccan agricultural sector employs around 40% of the country's total working population. Since the early 1990s, there has been a striking increase in the proportion of female wage laborers. This article investigates the effect of the gendered composition of the agricultural wage labor force on horticultural farms. We draw on an original data set collected in 2010, comprising 240 agricultural holdings located in the region of Souss Massa. The results suggest that local labor shortages do not play a major role in explaining the ratio of female hired wage laborers. Instead, it seems that quality requirements are encouraging farm holdings to hire a female labor force. [EconLit citations: Q12, O13, J43]

International audience; We here consider the link between individual financial profiles over time and well‐being, as measured by life satisfaction. We in particular look at annual self‐reported financial worsening and improvement information for over 25,000 individuals in Australian panel data from 2002 to 2017. We first find that satisfaction falls (rises) with a contemporaneous major financial worsening (improvement), with the largest correlation being with financial worsening. Second, the experience of these financial events in the past continues to be linked to current well‐being. Last, only the order of financial‐improvement spells relates to well‐being: a given number of past years where finances deteriorated has the same association with current well‐being whether the deterioration occurred in one continuous spell or was interrupted. We last show that these associations are heterogeneous over the distribution of well‐being.

Forthcoming

International audience; The objective of the present paper is to identify the determinants of the form of collaboration initiated between an upstream innovator and a downstream producerin order to incorporate a new input and commercialize an innovation consisting of a quality enhanced final product, with an empirical application to the geneticallymodified (GM) plant industry. The choice of upstream firm between license, joint venture, merger, or a subsidiary is modeled as a function of three parameters: degree of quality improvement engendered by the new input, the market share of the downstream producer, and the capability of the downstream producer to incorporate the new input and commercialize it successfully.

National audience; We study the design of public long-term care (LTC) insurance when the altruism of informal caregivers is uncertain. We consider non-linear policies where the LTC transfer depends on the level of informal care, which is assumed to be observable, while children's altruism is not. Our policy encompasses two policies traditionally considered in the literature: topping up policies consisting of a transfer independent of informal care, and opting out policies entailing a positive transfer only if children fail to provide care. We show that both total and informal care should increase with the children's level of altruism. This is obtained under full and asymmetric information. Public LTC transfers, on the other hand, may be non-monotonic. Under asymmetric information, public LTC transfers are lower than their full information level for the parents whose children are the least altruistic, while it is distorted upward for the highest level of altruism. This is explained by the need to provide incentives to highly altruistic children. In contrast to both topping up and opting out policies, the implementing contract is always such that social care increases with informal care.; Repenser les polices exclusives et non-exclusives : les soins informels dans un contexte de devouement aleatoire. Dans cet article, nous etudions le modele public d'assurance de soins de longue duree lorsque le devouement des aidants naturels est aleatoire. Nous nous interessons aux polices non-lineaires ou le transfert des soins de longue duree depend du niveau de soins informels, lequel etant supposement observable, a l'inverse du devouement des enfants, qui ne l'est pas. Notre police s'appuie sur les deux polices traditionnellement etudiees dans la litterature : les polices non-exclusives ( topping up policies ) consistant en un transfert independant des soins informels, et les polices exclusives ( opting out policies ) impliquant un transfert positif uniquement lorsque les enfants sont dans l'incapacite de fournir de l'aide. Nous montrons que l'ensemble des soins ainsi que les soins informels devraient augmenter proportionnellement au devouement des enfants, que l'information soit complete ou asymetrique. Les transferts publics de soins de longue duree, en revanche, peuvent s'averer non monotones. Dans un contexte d'information asymetrique, et pour les parents dont les enfants sont les moins devoues, les transferts publics de soins de longue duree sont inferieurs a ceux observes dans un contexte d'information complete; pour les parents dont les enfants sont les plus devoues, on observe une distorsion a la hausse. Ceci s'explique par la necessite de fournir des mesures incitatives aux enfants hautement devoues. Et contrairement aux polices exclusives et non-exclusives, le contrat d'execution est toujours tel que les soins sociaux augmentent proportionnellement aux soins informels.

International audience

National audience; Respectability politics—that is, the process by which privileged members of marginalized groups comply with dominant social norms to advance their group's condition—is the object of a growing body of literature in the fields of race and ethnic studies, social movements, and critical theory. Yet this body of literature remains theoretically unintegrated. This article offers a clarification of the concept by specifying who can resort to this type of politics and by characterizing respectability politics as an inherently ambivalent political strategy, one that stands at the crossroads of forms of resistance and accommodation of oppressive structures. The article also demonstrates the concept's potential to move beyond its current application in African American studies, as respectability politics holds promise in providing insights on the oppositional politics of other marginalized groups' members (such as Muslims in Europe or Latino/as in the United States). Lastly, the article sketches four research directions in the study of respectability politics, with important implications for understanding the workings of social conformance under domination.

International audience; Market-oriented housing reforms and the rapid urbanization process have led to spectacular growth in the Chinese real estate sector (RES). However, the changes in the role played by this sector in the structural dynamics of the Chinese economy have not been examined sufficiently. Accordingly, we analyze the intersectoral structural changes to the Chinese RES, its linkages with the rest of the economy, and its growth sources, using four Chinese input–output tables from 2002 to 2017. We depart from existing work on the RES by using the causative matrix approach and structural decomposition analysis, and obtain three main results. First, the RES, which received little non-RES feedback during the 2002–2007 period, has subsequently received much more substantial feedback. Second, the impact of the RES on China's economic growth stems mainly from its forward linkages. Third, the growth in the RES has been driven mainly by domestic demand expansion. Our results highlight that the Chinese RES, which plays a key role in value chains, is highly dependent on its own final demand and a fall in its demand would impede economic development. An important implication of these results is that developing the national economy by stimulating the RES would not be as effective as developing the RES through stimulating the national economy.

L'article s'inscrit dans une démarche de mesure d'impacts territorialisés de la durabilité de I'Economie sociale et solidaire (ESS). La portée plurielle d’évaluation posant l'utilité sociale et la durabilité renvoie à considérer l'inscription de l'action évaluée « dans » un territoire donné. Il est alors nécessaire d'aller au-delà des outils de mesure traditionnels et d'intégrer les parties prenantes de l'ESS. Cet article propose de suivre et d'analyser le cheminement méthodologique de la construction d'indicateurs de mesure d'impacts de trois initiatives en ESS. Nous illustrons comment la dimension territoriale de l'ESS devient support de co-construction d'une évaluation originale, de la portée des projets d'ESS. Ce filtre d'analyse territorialisée (re)couvre les enjeux de durabilité. Nous proposons d'interroger la conception des critères ayant pour but d'essaimer auprès de nouvelles structures partenaires : constitue-t-elle une mesure d'impacts tridimensionnelle adaptée aux objectifs de l'ESS et de la durabilité ? Partant de ces terrains, le texte propose un retour sur le positionnement des chercheurs dans la co-élaboration de l'outil de mesure d'impact et suggère l'intégration de la dimension territoriale dans la mesure d'impacts de durabilité des structures de l'ESS ainsi que l'appréhension de la finalité sociale de projet afin que le projet essaime et permette d'entamer une discussion sur les apports et rapports au territoire. Ces travaux de recherche ont été financés par le programme LIFE de l’Union Européenne pour le projet SoliFoodWaste (LIFE18 ENV/FR/000029) et par le Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de l’Insertion dans le cadre du PIC La Locomotive.

International audience; This article establishes an equivalence between four incomplete rankings of distributions of income among agents who are vertically differentiated with respect to some nonincome characteristic (health, household size, etc.). The first ranking is the possibility of going from one distribution to the other by a finite sequence of income transfers from richer and more highly ranked agents to poorer and less highly ranked ones. The second ranking is the unanimity among utilitarian planners who assume that agents' marginal utility of income is decreasing with respect to both income and the source of vertical differentiation. The third ranking is the Bourguignon (Journal of Econometrics, 42 (1989), 67–80) Ordered Poverty Gap dominance criterion. The fourth ranking is a new dominance criterion based on cumulative lowest incomes.

The volume of trading activity relating to China's commodity futures has grown rapidly over the course of the last decade. To improve risk management in China's commodity futures markets, this paper employs a regular vine (R-vine) copula model to study the dependence structure of commodity futures and to enhance Value-at-Risk (VaR) forecast. In doing so, we find that China’s commodity futures market is not centered on one category of commodity futures and the tail dependence between different categories of commodity futures varies significantly. Based on the dependence structure analyzed using the R-vine copula model, we forecast the VaR of individual indices, which are formed of several commodity futures, as well as forecasting the VaR of an equally-weighted portfolio. Our method can outperform the standard GARCH-VaR method in terms of VaR backtesting. The tool developed within this study will enable those involved in commodity futures markets to fundamentally improve their risk management.

National audience; Are religious believers more prosocial than other people? In a trust game field experiment with 774 subjects in Haiti, we elicit willingness to pay to play in the presence of religious images, and argue that this can be interpreted as a measure of the strength of religiosity. More religious individuals trust others more and reciprocate more than others, with effect sizes between 14% and 21% of mean behaviour depending on the measure. They do not reciprocate more in the presence of religious images than without them, nor towards members of the same denomination as themselves. The results support the view that religious affiliation is correlated with intrinsic trustworthiness. We show that lab behaviour correlates with intuitive measures of religiosity outside the lab and with participation in borrowing and lending networks.

This article presents empirical estimates of bank credit procyclicality for a sample of 11 Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) for the period 2000Q1–2016Q4. In the first step, we estimate a traditional‐type panel vector autoregressive (VAR) model and analyse the evolution of credit procyclicality in the CEECs by comparing the impulse response functions for different business cycle periods. The results confirm the existence of credit procyclicality in the CEECs and show that procyclicality is higher during boom periods. Furthermore, we observe the heterogeneity of credit procyclicality in the different countries in our sample. To explain the cross‐country heterogeneity in credit procyclicality we construct an interacted panel VAR model and analyse whether bank‐level competition, proxied by the aggregate Lerner index, constitutes a driving force of credit procyclicality. Our findings indicate that bank competition affects credit procyclicality and explains the differences in credit dynamics across the CEECs. Specifically, we show that the reaction of credit to a gross domestic product shock is on average higher in a less competitive banking market.

The growth effects of financial development might be asymmetric and nonlinear according to the level of financialisation of countries. As a corollary to this notion, in the subject study, we developed a three-regime Threshold Autoregressive Distributed Lags (TARDL) model, which allows us to accommodate the asymmetric effect of financial development on economic growth in top ten financially-developed countries. We augmented the TARDL model by including trade openness, capital formation and labour as potential determinants of economic growth. The empirical findings revealed the existence of threshold asymmetric cointegration between variables. In particular, in the upper regime, financial development boosts economic growth in Singapore while it exerts a negative impact on economic growth in Finland. In the middle regime, financial development increases economic growth in Australia and Singapore. However, in the lower regime, financial development hampers economic growth in the US, Malaysia and Singapore. Trade openness has a positive long-run influence on economic growth in Canada, South Africa, Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Finland and Norway. Capital formation strengthens economic growth in the US and Malaysia in the long-run. Labour is found to sustain economic growth in the long-run for Malaysia and Singapore. The dynamic multipliers which depict the response path of economic growth to a one-unit shock of financial development in the three regimes highlight the discrepancies in the reaction of economic growth to financial development shocks occurring in different regimes. Important policy implications can be instigated from the empirical results.