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The colour of a paint layer is determined by the pigments mixed with a vehicle and painted on a support. According to their chemical nature, the vehicles are substances that, after drying or hardening, produce an uniform and homogeneous layer. With the aim of quantifying the influence of the medium on the specification of the painting colour, we realized samples of paintings. We considered pigments and dyes of the artist's hues using the vehicles typical of ancient times: oils (especially linseed and poppy oils), casein and egg yolk, mixed according to old recipes. Measurements were performed by reflectance spectrophotometry observing the Spectral Reflectance Factor (%SRF) trend and calculating colour changes. The colorimetric study was carried out in the CIELAB colour space related to the CIE 1964 standard observer and with the D65 illuminant. The results were evaluated also on the basis of the distribution of pigment particles on paint layers observed by scanning electron microscopy.

Accurate color reproduction in conservative dentistry is fundamental to the aesthetic success of the restorations. The need to specify the color objectively has been known for some years, and this article aims to make a contribution to this field. This work is part of a multidisciplinary research project, and it has a double aim. The first purpose was to measure the color differences between the two new composite resin restorative materials and the most used dental color scale. Measurements show some differences from color shades indicated by the manufacturers and those obtained from experimental data. The influence of different order of enamel and dentin layers on color perception was also investigated to evaluate clinical strategies useful to obtain desired result. Relevant differences are observed in the stratification of dentin and enamel discs especially for one of the two studied composites.

An on-line database was compiled for the Raman and fluorescence spectra, obtained using three different excitation wavelengths (531.5, 632.8 and 780 nm), of 99 pigments analysed dry and already applied with four painting techniques (egg tempera, casein tempera, oil and fresco). The database makes it possible to determine easily the most suitable excitation wavelength for the identification of pigments already applied with these painting techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.