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Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon nanoparticles with a size of less than 10 nm, and are synthesized from various sources; they have been of great interest to scientists worldwide due to their unique optical, electrical, and chemical properties. Sources of carbon are inexpensive and can be classified as a renewable natural resources. Many researchers use CDs because of their low toxicity, better water solubility, high biocompatibility, and stable photoluminescence. The simple methods for producing CDs are hydrothermal and use inexpensive equipment, have low energy consumption, simple manipulation, and one-step preparation. Since the discovery of CDs, researchers have used them in various applications such as sensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and catalysis. In this review, CDs synthesized from natural resources such as samples from herbs, roots, leaves, flowers, and fruit and some applications are described. This review provides a summary of carbon dots that is expected to provide further information for development of new CDs.

To evaluate the clinical diagnostic validity of carbon nanoparticle suspension (CNS) in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for assessing lymphatic spread of early-stage cervical cancer.A prospective study.356 cases.We enrolled 356 stage Ia2-IIa2 cervical cancer patients to undergo SLNB using CNS, followed by systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy. All lymph node specimens were assessed using conventional histopathologic ± pathologic ultrastaging analyses.Sentinel lymph node detection rate (DR), clinical diagnostic validity and various related factors were analysed.CNS identified 1456 SLNs in 325 patients. The overall SLN DR was 91.29%. A significantly higher DR was found for patients with tumours20 mm (97.75% versus 71.91%; P 0.001). Two patients had false-negative results. SLNB with CNS had sensitivity of 96.65%, false-negative rate (FNR) of 4.35% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.29%. Importantly, sensitivity (100%), NPV (100%) and FNR (0%) were improved when testing the subgroup of patients with tumours20 mm (267 cases). There were no observed differences in DR based on pathological type or grade, stage, depth of stromal invasion, surgical approach, menopausal status or prior treatment with chemotherapy (P 0.05).Sentinel lymph node biopsy with CNS results in favourable DR, sensitivity and NPV for women with early-stage cervical cancer with small tumour sizes. SLNB with CNS is safe, feasible and relatively effective for guiding precise surgical treatment of early-stage cervical cancer.Sentinel lymph node biopsy with carbon nanoparticle suspension is safe and feasible for early-stage cervical cancer.

Protein-nanoparticle (NP) interactions offer a powerful tool to modulate enzymatic activity and activate biocatalysis. However, strong scattering effects may complicate conventional spectrophotometric studies of NP-assisted biocatalysis. Here, bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of cellobiose by the Humicola insolens cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) was electrochemically interrogated with two redox mediators, ferricyanide and cytochrome c, and two types of carbon NPs (CNPs), unmodified (CNP) and negatively charged 4-sulfophenyl-modified (CNP-) ones. We show that both CNPs activate the bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of cellobiose and improve the enzymatic specificity reflected in the k f/K M relationship of 6680 (no CNPs), 15500 (CNP-) and 10444 M −1 s −1 (CNP) shown for ferricyanide-mediated and 1262 (no CNPs), 3630 (CNP-), and 6375 M −1 s −1 (CNP) for cytochrome c-mediated reactions. The bioelectrocatalysis activation by CNPs apparently results from the interfacial/conformational regulation of the CDH activity and the CDH-electron acceptor reactivity, which may also be the case of other nanomaterials such as frequently used in bioelectrochemistry carbon nanotubes.

Background and objectives Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) has been widely confirmed the efficiency in sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping for various solid tumors. This study aims to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of CNPs during laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer. Methods We analyzed 45 women with stage IB1-IIA1 cervical cancer who underwent SLN mapping using CNPs during laparoscopic surgery. The effectiveness of CNPs was evaluated by the detection rate and accuracy parameters. Factors associated with SLN laterality and SLNs localizations were analyzed. Results The overall and bilateral detection rate was 93.3% (42/45) and 60.0% (27/45), respectively. Elevated body mass index was associated with decreased bilateral detection rate (P = .015). A total of 225 SLNs were harvested, with a mean number of 5.0 ± 3.6. A total of 81.3% of SLNs were in expected localizations including external iliac (39.1%), internal iliac (25.8%), and obturator (16.4%) regions, while 18.7% in unusual localizations including common iliac (10.7%), parametrial (7.6%), and presarcal (0.4%) regions. None positive lymph node was found in non-SLNs with a false-negative rate of 0%. Conclusion Laparoscopic SLN mapping with CNPs appears to be simple and efficient for patients with early-stage cervical cancer.

Heteroatom-doped carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have attracted considerable attention due to an effective improvement in their intrinsic properties. Here, a facile and simple synthesis of nitrogen, boron co-doped carbon nanoparticles (NB-CNPs) from a sole precursor, 3-aminophenylboronic acid, was performed via a one-step solid-phase approach. Because of the presence of boronic acid, NB-CNPs can be used directly as a fluorescent probe for glucose. Based on a boronic acid-triggered specific reaction, we developed a simple NB-CNP probe without surface modification for the detection of glucose. When glucose was introduced, the fluorescence of NB-CNPs was suppressed through a surface-quenching states mechanism. Obvious fluorescence quenching allowed the highly sensitive determination of glucose with a limit of detection of 1.8 μM. Moreover, the proposed method has been successfully used to detect glucose in urine from people with diabetes, suggesting potential application in sensing glucose.

This review is designed to be a comprehensive source for polyamide (PA) nanocomposite research, including fundamental structure/property relationships, manufacturing techniques, and applications of these materials. This work presents the scientific framework for the advances in PA nanocomposite containing carbon nanofiller, and different methods applied in order to synthesis them. This review focuses on the scientific principles and mechanisms in relation to the methods of processing and manufacturing. A comprehensive discussion on technology, modeling, characterization, processing, manufacturing, and applications have been done. The processing and properties of PA nanocomposites with carbon nanofillers are investigated. In addition, the mechanical properties and morphology changes of PA with the incorporation of nanoparticles are described. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:475–494, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Am Beispiel von Kohlenstoffnanopartikeln unterschiedlicher Funktionalitat und Gestalt sollen die Moglichkeiten einer umfassenden Oberflachencharakterisierung vorgestellt werden. Im Fokus der analytischen Arbeiten stehen dabei elektrokinetische und Benetzungsmessungen, die durch Rontgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie sowie Gassorptionsmessungen erganzt wurden. Damit konnte die chemische Funktionalitat, die Oberflachenenergie sowie die Topografie der Partikeloberflachen quantitativ beschrieben werden. Die Kenntnis dieser Grosen ermoglicht eine gezielte Auswahl von Partikeln als Verstarkungsmaterialien, aber auch als Nukleierungsmittel. Using the example of carbon nanoparticles of different functionality and shape, the possibilities of a comprehensive surface characterization are presented. In the focus of the analytical work lie electrokinetic and wetting measurements, which were supplemented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and gas sorption measurements. Thus, the chemical functionality, the surface energy as well as the topography of the particle surfaces can be described quantitatively. Knowing these variables allows a targeted selection of particles as reinforcing materials as well as nucleating agents.

The exploration of an old drug for new biomedical applications has an absolute predominance in shortening the clinical conversion time of drugs for clinical application. In this work, carbon nanoparticles suspension injection (CNSI), the first clinically approved carbon nanoparticles in China, is explored as a new nano-radioprotective agent for potent intestinal radioprotection. CNSI shows powerful radioprotective performance in the intestine under oral administration, including efficient free radical scavenging ability, good biosafety, high chemical stability, and relatively long retention time. For example, CNSI shows high reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities, which effectively alleviates the mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA double-strand breaks to protect the cells against radiation-induced damage. Most importantly, this efficient ROS scavenging ability greatly helps restrain the apoptosis of the small intestinal epithelial and crypt stem cells, which decreases the damage of the mechanical barrier and thus relieves radiation enteritis. Moreover, CNSI helps remove the free radicals in the intestinal microenvironment and thus maintain the balance of intestinal flora so as to mitigate the radiation enteritis. The finding suggests a new application of clinically approved carbon nanoparticles, which not only promotes the development of new intestinal radioprotector, but also has a great potential for clinical transformation.

Most recent application of carbon nanoparticles in electroanalysis are rewieved. After brief introduction on a variety of carbon nanomaterials, the methods of functionalisation or doping of carbon nanoparticles are presented. Next the techniques of their immobilization on the electrode surface are reviewed with special emphasis on layer-by-layer deposition and polymer film encapsulation. Then electrochemical properties of carbon nanoparticulate electrodes are presented with the emphasis on their electrocatalytic behavior. Finally the works on bioelectrocatalytic carbon nanoparticulate electrodes modified with enzymes or other biomaterial are reviewed.

Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CPs), a fascinating class of recently discovered nanocarbons, have been widely known as some of the most promising sensing probes in biological or chemical analysis. In this study, we demonstrate a green synthetic methodology for generating water-soluble CPs with a quantum yield of approximately 24% via a simple heating process using yum mucilage as a carbon source. The prepared carbon nanoparticles with an ~10 nm size possessed excellent fluorescence properties, and the fluorescence of the CPs was strongly quenched by Fe3+, and recovered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), thus, an ‘off’ and ‘on’ system can be easily established. This ‘CPs-Fe3+-ATP’ strategy was sensitive and selective at detecting ATP with the linear range of 0.5 µmol L−1 to 50 µmol L−1 and with a detection limit of 0.48 µmol L−1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Herein, the influence of carbon nanoparticle addition on the selective laser melting (SLM) behavior and the resultant properties of gas-atomized CuCr0.3 powder are investigated. The carbon addition ...

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), especially the highly fluorescent CdSe-based core-shell nanostructures, have generated much excitement for their variety of potential applications in optical bioimaging and beyond.[1,2] These QDs are widely considered as being more advantageous over conventional organic dyes as well as genetically engineered fluorescent proteins in terms of optical brightness and photostability.[1,3–5] However, a serious disadvantage with these popular QDs is their containing heavy metals such as cadmium, whose significant toxicity and environmental hazard are well-documented.[6–9] Alternative benign (nontoxic) QD-like fluorescent nanomaterials have therefore been pursued, including the recent finding of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (dubbed “carbon dots”).[10,11]

Consequently, a body of literature over the past decade hasbeen centered on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and ecotoxicity ofnanomaterials, pointing to the general understanding thatnanotoxicity is often derived from the physiochemicalproperties of the nanomaterials and their interplay with thehost environment.

This paper provides an overview of the use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) as pseudo-stationary phases (PSPs) in EKC. Specifically, it describes the characteristics and properties of the major types of CNPs used as PSPs in EKC separations, namely C(60) fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and covalently modified carbon nanotubes. Based on such properties, a plausible mechanism for the interactions governing EKC separation with these materials is proposed. Also, the most salient uses of CNPs as PSPs are outlined. Finally, CNPs are compared in terms of performance with other well-established types of nanostructures used to enhance selectivity in EKC over the past decade.

We synthesized hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) by femtosecond laser (0.8 µm, 40 fs) irradiation of the water layer of an aerated benzene/water (B/W) bilayer solution. Focusi...

Photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles (CNP) are prepared by size-controllable hydrothermal treatment (autoclave, 180 °C, 12 h) of various waste plastic bags in highly diluted H2O2 solutions (≤5.0 wt%) involving oxidative degradation, carbonization, and passivation followed by dialysis (molecular weight cut-off: 1,000 Da) and freeze-drying of the obtained solution.