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A series of Sr2ZnWO6 phosphors co-doped with Eu(3+), Bi(3+) and Li(+) were prepared using the Pechini method. The samples were tested using X-ray diffraction and luminescence spectroscopy. The results show that the samples can be effectively excited by near-ultraviolet (UV) and UV light. The introduction of Bi(3+) and Li(+) significantly enhances the fluorescence emission of Sr2ZnWO6 :Eu(3+) and changes the light emitted by the phosphors from bluish-green to white. When excited at 371 nm, Sr(2-x-z)Zn(1-y)WO6:xEu(3+), yBi(3+), zLi(+) (x = 0.05, y = 0.05, z = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) samples emit high-performance white light. Intense red-orange emission is also observed when excited by UV light. The obtained phosphor is a potential white-emitting phosphor that could meet the needs of excitation sources with near-UV chips. In addition, this phosphor might have promising application as a red-orange emitting phosphor for white light-emitting diodes based on UV light-emitting diodes.

Sb3+-activated CdWO4 phosphors were designed according to sp energy levels regularities of Sb3+ ion in some inorganic compounds. The sp energy levels regularities of Sb3+ in dozens of compounds were established with the aid of the dielectric theory of the chemical bond for complex crystals: EA = 6.2187−1.7584he, EB = 7.019−1.957he, EC = 7.259−1.964he. Environmental factor he of Cd site was calculated to be 1.6583 with the refined crystal structure and refractive index of CdWO4:Sb3+. Sb3+-doped CdWO4 was synthesized through a precipitation method and its structure was refined with the General Structure Analysis System. The transition energy of A band of Sb3+ in CdWO4 can be predicted to be 3.312 eV (374 nm), according to the relationship equation between EA and environmental factor he. By monitoring the 521 nm emission band, the excitation spectrum gives a weak excitation band peaking at 355 nm, which was assigned to the 1S0–3P1 transition of Sb3+ according to our prediction. Thus, Sb3+-doped CdWO4 phosphor was designed and synthesized successfully based on sp energy levels regularities of Sb3+ ion. This work is a great help to understand the spectroscopy of Sb3+ ion and will be useful for the design and development of Sb3+-doped phosphors for applications.

A continuous-flow, on-line sample pretreatment technique using a silica gel microsyringe extractor has been developed. All steps including extraction, separation, clean-up, and concentration occur in the microsyringe. The overall sample pretreatment process takes 0.99. Complex plant samples of Sambucus Mandshurica Kitag have been tested using this method. Fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and plant hormones were detected in all the samples, and concentrations ranged from 24.2–34.9, 43.8–67.1, 25.9–29.2, and 14.5∼110.8 ng/g, respectively.

Are consumers' financial needs, and financial values, the same or different across cultures? Two studies, with student (Study 1; n = 988) and non-student (Study 2; n = 959) participants, explore the extent of equivalence, across six countries (Brazil, Russia, China, Taiwan, Tunisia and US), in financial need belief, and financial value, measurement models. The financial need beliefs, derived from self-determination theory (SDT) principles, include financial self-efficacy, financial autonomy, financial community trust and support; the financial values include materialism and financial altruism. Both the financial need and financial value constructs evidence configural invariance (similar factor structure), and factor invariance among student but not non-student samples. The financial need constructs evidence full, and the financial value constructs evidence partial, metric (factor loading) invariance. Factor covariance invariance obtains for the financial need beliefs constructs but not the financial value constructs. Finally, neither financial need nor financial value constructs evidence scalar (intercept) invariance. These results provide partial support for extending SDT's hypothesis of universal human needs to the financial domain. In contrast, the financial value constructs of altruism and materialism are largely instable across cultures, suggesting that consumer views of giving, and the role of wealth in social status, differ between countries.