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Cinnamon was been a widely used plant in medicinal and spices for a long time and has spread all over the world. However, the differences in the components of the bark from Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum verum, the two most common types of cinnamon, have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present experiment, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography LTQ-Orbitrap Velos Pro hybrid mass spectrometer-based metabolomics coupled with chemometrics and feature-based molecular networking were employed to dramatically distinguish and annotate Cinnamomum cassia Bark and Cinnamomum verum bark. As a consequence, principal component analysis, orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminates analysis, and heat map analysis demonstrated clear discrimination between the profiles of metabolites in cinnamon. Besides, as the known compounds, proanthocyanidins (cinnamtannin B1 and procyanidin B2) and alkaloids (norboldine, norisoboldine) with variable importance in the projection scores >6, and an unknown alkaloid (formula C24 H33 NO6 ) were selected as the best markers to discriminate cinnamon. Furthermore, large numbers of proanthocyanidins and alkaloids components were identified through feature-based molecular networking for the first time. Our investigation provides new ideas for the discovery of quality markers and identification of unknown components in natural products.

Background To improve the utilization rate of cinnamon essential oil and compensate for the shortcomings of its easy decomposition and oxidation, the microemulsion of cinnamon essential oil was prepared using Tween 80 and anhydrous ethanol as surfactant and cosurfactant, respectively. The effects of the surfactant type, Km value, preparation temperature and aqueous pH on the quality of the microemulsion were studied via a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The slow-release performance of cinnamon essential oil microemulsion and the control performance of the insect repellent package on the rice weevil were characterized. Results The results showed that, when Tween 80 was used as a surfactant and anhydrous ethanol was used as a cosurfactant, the Km value was 3:1, preparation temperature was 40 °C, aqueous pH was 5 and prepared cinnamon essential oil microemulsion was of the O/W type. The microemulsion had strong stability and a 81.5-nm concentrated particle size distribution, and possessed excellent embedding and sustained-release effects. The prepared insect repellent active package prolongs the use time and the effect of cinnamon essential oil. The repellent rate of the rice weevil was as high as 100% after 48 h, and the contact mortality and fumigation mortality rates of the rice weevil also reached 96.67% and 86.67%, respectively, after 96 h. Conclusion The prepared cinnamon essential oil microemulsion and active packaging had a good sustained-release effect. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Avocadoes are a rich source of nutrients and nutraceuticals that preserve human health. Nevertheless, this fruit is susceptible to phytopathogen infection during the postharvest period causing severe economic losses. Herein, we report on the in situ antifungal assessment of biodegradable films impregnated with the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (CvEO) as natural fungistatic coatings to extend postharvest quality of Hass avocadoes (Persea americana cv. Hass). These coatings were evaluated on fruits previously infected with a native strain of Fusarium verticillioides. The cytotoxic assessment of CvEO on F. verticillioides revealed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3±0.0 g L

Existing evidence has uncovered the potential health benefits of cinnamon intake; however, its effect on liver function is unclear. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes. Relevant articles were identified through a systematic search in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase up to September 2020. All trials assessing the effect of oral cinnamon supplementation on serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in adults were included. The pooled effect sizes were obtained using the random-effects model and expressed as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of seven original trials (nine treatment arms) involving a total of 256 subjects were included in the final analysis. The pooled analysis indicated that cinnamon supplementation had no significant effect on serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP. However, there was a significant reduction in ALT levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (MD: -4.01 U/L; 95% CI: -6.86, -1.15) and in trials with low-dose supplementation (1,500 mg/d), follow-up duration longer than 12 weeks, and in the elderly patients (aged50 years). The beneficial effects of cinnamon intake were also shown in AST levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and trials with long-term follow-up (12 weeks). Longer-term, oral cinnamon supplementation may improve serum levels of liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further high-quality studies are needed, especially in populations with abnormal liver enzyme levels, to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of cinnamon on liver function.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the effect of cinnamon on body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist–hip ratio (WHR), and body fat mass including the maximum number of studies. METHODS: Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library were searched with no limitation from inception up to August 2019 for relevant randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The RCTs' risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration's tool. Random‐effects model was used for meta‐analysis. RESULTS: Twenty‐one RCTs with 1,480 participants were included. The meta‐analysis showed that cinnamon supplementation significantly reduces BMI [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −0.40 kg/m², 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.57, −0.22 kg/m², p < .001, I² = 78.9%], body weight (WMD = −0.92 kg; 95% CI: −1.51, −0.33 kg; p = .002; I² = 84.2%), and WHR (WMD = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.038, −0.018; p < 0.001; I² = 0%). Cinnamon supplementation did not significantly affect the WC (WMD = −1.76 cm, 95% CI: −3.57, −0.045 cm; p = .056; I² = 90.8%) and body fat mass (WMD = −0.87%, 95% CI: −1.87, 0.025%; p = .057; I² = 78.6%). CONCLUSION: Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduces body weight, BMI, and WHR. Future high‐quality long‐term RCTs are recommended to confirm these results.

The hydrodistilled essential oil obtained from leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) collected throughout the year was examined using gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) and gas chromatography connected with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The variation in essential oil yield was found to be in the range of 1.1–1.4% (w/w). Between 28 and 40 components, representing 97.92 ± 0.15% of the total oil, were identified. The chief compound was identified as eugenol, varying from 60.24 ± 0.42 to 89.82 ± 0.55%. The other constituents were eugenyl acetate (ranging from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 19.87 ± 0.52%), α‐phellandrene (ranging from 0.76 ± 0.04 to 6.23 ± 0.13%), benzyl benzoate (ranging from 0.91 ± 0.05 to 5.03 ± 0.20%), linalool (ranging from 1.11 ± 0.04 to 3.25 ± 0.08%), and β‐caryophyllene (ranging from 0.50 ± 0.01 to 2.92 ± 0.10%). The essential oils collected throughout the year were found to be rich in phenyl derivative constituents (88.49 ± 0.97%). The biosynthesis and conversion of eugenyl acetate to eugenol appeared as the leaves of C. zeylanicum reached maturity. It was noticed that when leaves were immature, in July and August during the full rainy season, the content of eugenyl acetate was found to be highest, as compared with mature leaves in the other months, with the exception of February (flowering season).

To improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties of chitosan (CS) films, a ternary blend edible film was prepared by incorporating CS, gelatin (GE), and natural cinnamon essential oil (CEo). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were performed to evaluate the films. The mechanical properties, light transmission, thermal stability, hydrophilicity, and antibacterial activity of the films were also determined. The results confirmed all of the films exhibited excellent UV protection with low transparency at 600 nm. Compared with the CS films, the ternary composite film (CSGEo film, containing CS, GE, and CEo) had a higher elongation at break but a lower tensile strength. SEM images revealed that all films had smooth surfaces, although some obvious differences between CS and CSGEo films were observed by AFM. Additionally, the incorporation of GE and CEo to the films enhanced their thermal stability and contact angle, but decreased their crystallinity and wettability. The antimicrobial activity results showed that CSGEo films had excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, for which the antibacterial rate exceeded 98%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the CSGEo solution against E. coli and S. aureus were both 52.06 µg/mL, and the minimal bactericidal concentrations were 104.12 and 52.06 µg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that CSGEo films possess good mechanical and antibacterial properties, and therefore, their application in the food packaging industry is promising. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The main raw materials of the edible films developed in this study are aquatic by-products, so the films are edible and biodegradable. The addition of gelatin and CEo improved the UV barrier and thermal properties but decreased the crystallinity and hydrophilicity of the films, making them suitable for use as packaging materials. CEo-incorporated films exhibited excellent mechanical properties and antibacterial activity and can, therefore, be used in the food packaging industry.

Background Anisakidosis is caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods containing viable Anisakis larvae. Several natural extracts, oils, essential oils, and their compounds have been tested against Anisakis. In this study the effectiveness of Tunisian olive oil with different spices or plants (cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, laurel, and rosemary) was tested against Anisakis larvae type 1. Results For the in vitro test, larvae were submerged separately in the oils mentioned above and observed to check viability. Cinnamon oil was the most effective against parasites with lethal time (LT) scores being LT50 = 1.5 days and LT100 = 3 days, followed by rosemary. Laurel, cardamom, and ginger oils were less effective. For the ex vivo experiment, cinnamon, and rosemary oils were tested in anchovy fillets, previously artificially parasitized. Cinnamon was the most effective against parasites (dead after 4 days) as compared to rosemary (7 days). Conclusion The use of cinnamon and rosemary-flavored olive oil in the industrial marinating process can be considered as an efficient alternative to the freezing process required by European Regulation EC No 853/2004 to devitalize Anisakis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chronic diarrhea is one of the most common complaints in clinical practice for both adults and children. The purpose of this study was to assess the commonly used Chinese herbal medicine navel therapy for the treatment of chronic diarrhea (traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of spleen deficiency). The literature search was up to June 2018. Four types of studies (clinical trials, case series, case reports, and experts' experience) researched on Chinese medicine navel therapy used alone or combined with other therapies for the treatment of chronic diarrhea all included. Information on prescriptions, effectiveness, and safety of intervention was collected. Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System V2.5 was used to do data analysis. We included 416 studies. All these studies carried out in 194 cities of China. We obtained the most commonly used single herbs, herbal medicine combination, and Chinese patent medicine for both adults and children. The top 3 single herbs were Caryophylli Flos (Dingxiang), Cinnamomi Cortex (Rougui), and Euodiae Fructus (Wuzhuyu). The most frequently used Chinese patent medicines were Ding Gui Infantile Navel Paste and Huoxiang Zhengqi Liquid. The effectiveness assessment was based on clinical trials, but we did not perform a meta-analysis because of different study design and unsatisfactory methodological quality. No serious adverse reaction happened in original studies. The application of Chinese medicine navel therapy could be one of the ideal treatments for chronic diarrhea in the future, especially for children. However, high-quality studies are very needed to provide clear evidence.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder with obscure etiology and no disease-modifying therapy to date. Hence, novel, safe, and low cost-effective approaches employing medicinal plants are currently receiving increased attention. A growing body of evidence has revealed that cinnamon, being widely used as a spice of unique flavor and aroma, may exert neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. In vitro evidence has indicated that the essential oils of Cinnamomum species, mainly cinnamaldehyde and sodium benzoate, may protect against oxidative stress-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species generation, and autophagy dysregulation, thus acting in a potentially neuroprotective manner. In vivo evidence has demonstrated that oral administration of cinnamon powder and sodium benzoate may protect against dopaminergic cell death, striatal neurotransmitter dysregulation, and motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse models of PD. The underlying mechanisms of its action include autophagy regulation, antioxidant effects, upregulation of Parkin, DJ-1, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, as well as modulation of the Toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-κB pathway and inhibition of the excessive proinflammatory responses. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that cinnamon extracts may affect the oligomerization process and aggregation of α-synuclein. Herein, we discuss recent evidence on the novel therapeutic opportunities of this phytochemical against PD, indicating additional mechanistic aspects that should be explored and potential obstacles/limitations that need to be overcome for its inclusion in experimental PD therapeutics.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) is a plant with potent antioxidant activity and has been used in traditional medicine for improvement of heart function. The effects of cinnamon bark ethanolic extract were investigated against ischemia-induced arrhythmias and heart injury in an in vivo rat model of regional heart ischemia. The extract was also standardized, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min of ischemia by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 5 days of reperfusion. Thirty-two animals were randomized to receive daily oral administration of vehicle or C. zeylanicum bark extract (intragastric, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) 14 days before ischemia. C. zeylanicum was standardized through HPLC analysis. Administration of cinnamon bark extract significantly improved ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury as evidenced by reduction of the infarct size. Also, during the ischemic period, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopic beats episodes decreased as compared with that of the control group. The extract stabilized the ST segment changes and QTc shortening, decreased R-wave amplitude, and increased heart rate during ischemia. The extract also caused significant elevations in serum superoxide dismutase and glutation proxidase activities as well as a significant decrease in serum cardiac troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde levels, 5 days after reperfusion. In HPLC analysis, the amounts of Cinamic acid, Methyl eugenol, and Cinnamaldehyde were 8.99 ± 0.5, 13.02 ± 1.8, and 14.63 ± 1.1 mg/g, respectively. The results show that the ethanolic extract of cinnamon bark is able to protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury probably due to its antioxidant properties. Hence, it might be beneficial in these patients and this remedy might be used for preparation of new drugs.

Our aim is to assess the effect of cinnamon powder capsules on insulin resistance, anthropometric measurements, glucose and lipid profiles, and androgens of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Out of 80 women that were diagnosed as PCOS by Rotterdam Criteria, 66 were enrolled in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. All of the PCOS women were taking medroxy progesterone acetate 10 mg/day for the last 10 days of their menstrual cycles. The cases were randomly allocated to 2 groups. The women in the first group were treated by cinnamon powder capsules 1.5 g/day in 3 divided doses for 12 weeks and the second group by similar placebo capsules. Anthropometric measurements, fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, blood glucose 2 hr after taking 75 g oral glucose, HbA1c, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, triglyceride, and cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and total) before and after the intervention were evaluated and compared as outcome measures. Fasting insulin (p = .024) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (p = .014) were reduced after 12 weeks in the cinnamon group compared with the placebo. There was also a significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein in cinnamon group (p = .004) as compared with baseline that caused significant difference with placebo (p = .049). However, changes in other outcome measurements did not lead to statistically significant difference with placebo. The present results suggest that complementary supplementation of cinnamon significantly reduced fasting insulin and insulin resistance in women with PCOS.

BACKGROUND Insecticidal activities of Cinnamomum cassia and C. zeylanicum oils and their components are not known against Ricania sp. Insecticidal activities of major components derived from C. cassia and C. zeylanicum oils were examined in spray and leaf dipping bioassays against Ricania sp. nymphs and adults. RESULTS LC50 value of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum oils was 37.66 and 72.62 mg/L, respectively, in the leaf dipping bioassays against Ricania sp. nymphs, and 77.38 and 134.86 mg/L in the spray bioassays against Ricania sp. adults. The insecticidal activity of C. cassia oil was 1.74-1.93 times greater than that of C. zeylanicum oil. In the components of C. cassia and C. zeylanicum oils examined by GC-MS, the content of cinnamaldehyde derived from C. cassia and C. zeylanicum oils was 80.20% and 46.32%, respectively. Based on LC50 values of cinnamaldehyde, hydrocinnamaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde against Ricania sp. nymphs and adults, cinnamaldehyde (LC50, 31.25 and 62.43 mg/L) demonstrated the most potent insecticidal activities, followed by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde (172.19 and 212.77 mg/L) and hydrocinnamaldehyde (275.05 and 318.63 mg/L). CONCLUSION The findings revealed that C. cassia oil, C. zeylanicum oil and cinnamaldehyde have potential value in management of Ricania sp. and could be valuable as effective insecticides.

The effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark essential oil (CBEO) on human skin cells has not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the activity of a commercially available CBEO in a validated human dermal fibroblast system, a model of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. We first evaluated the impact of CBEO on 17 protein biomarkers that play critical roles in inflammation and tissue remodeling. The impact of CBEO on genome-wide gene expression was also evaluated. CBEO showed strong anti-proliferative effects on skin cells and significantly inhibited the production of several inflammatory biomarkers, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant, and monokine induced by gamma interferon. In addition, CBEO significantly inhibited the production of several tissue remodeling molecules, including epidermal growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which is an immunomodulatory protein molecule, was also significantly inhibited by CBEO. Furthermore, CBEO significantly modulated global gene expression and altered signaling pathways, many of which are important in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cancer biology. The study shows that CBEO is a promising antiinflammatory agent; however, further research is required to clarify its clinical efficacy. © 2017 The Authors. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

BACKGROUND Barks and twigs of common species of cinnamon with abundant proanthocyanidins are used as a spice, fold medicine or supplement. Cinnamomum osmophloeum is an endemic species in Taiwan and coumarin was not detected in the oil of the C. osmophloeum twig. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the bioactivities and proanthocyanidins of C. osmophloeum twig extracts (CoTE). The n-butanol soluble fraction from CoTE was divided into 10 subfractions (F1–F10) by Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography. The antihyperglycemic activities were examined by α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory assays. Total antioxidant activities were examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and ferrous ion-chelating assays. RESULTS The results revealed that subfractions F6–F10, with high proanthocyanidin contents, showed excellent antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities. Subfractions F6–F10 were analyzed further by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry and thiolysis-reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methods. The results showed that the mean degrees of polymerization of proanthocyanidins in subfractions F6–F10 ranged from 3.5 to 5.1, with the highest degrees of polymerization of proanthocyanidins reaching 8 in subfractions F8–F10. Two compounds in F6 were identified as cinnamtannin B1 and parameritannin A1. These proanthocyanidins contained at least one A-type and major B-type linkages. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that proanthocyanidins are associated with their antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities in CoTE. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Wilt and rot occur readily during storage of baby ginger because of its tender skin and high moisture content (MC). A storage medium, which consisted of sand, 20% water, and 3.75% super absorbent polymers delayed weight loss and loss of firmness at 12 °C and 90% relative humidity. Microorganisms were isolated and purified from decayed rhizomes; among these, 3 fungi were identified as pathogens. The results of 18S rDNA sequence analysis showed that these fungi belonged to Penicillium, Fusarium, and Mortierella genera. The use of essential oil for controlling these pathogens was then investigated in vitro. Essential oils extracted from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) completely inhibited the growth of all of the above pathogens at a concentration of 2000 ppm. Cinnamon oil showed higher antifungal activity in the drug sensitivity test with minimal fungicidal concentration (

Background Dentinal hypersensitivity is a common problem and there is a growing interest in herbal based formulations for the treatment of oral diseases. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a commercially available novel herbal dentifrice in reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity. Methods A total of 73 subjects (38 males and 35 females; aged 25–60 years) were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 – a placebo dentifrice (The Himalaya Drug Company Research and Development, Makali, Bangalore) and Group 2 – (test group), a commercially available herbal dentifrice (Hi Ora K, The Himalaya Drug Company Research and Development, Makali, Bangalore). Sensitivity scores for controlled air stimulus and cold water were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Results The test group was found to be significantly better compared to the placebo group at the end of 6 and 12 weeks in reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity. Conclusions The novel herbal dentifrice can be recommended for treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.

Cinnamon-flavoured products (toothpaste, chewing gum, food, candy and mouthwash) can cause oral adverse reactions; among these, the most common is contact stomatitis (cinnamon contact stomatitis, CCS). Signs and symptoms of contact allergic reactions affecting the oral mucosa can mimic other common oral disorders, making diagnosis difficult. As CCS may be more prevalent than believed and its clinical features can frequently determine misdiagnosis, we reviewed case reports and case series of oral adverse reactions due to cinnamon-containing chewing gums, emphasizing clinical aspects, diagnostic and management procedures. We also proposed an algorithm to perform a diagnosis of CCS as in the previous published literature the diagnostic approach was not based on a harmonized and shared evidence-based procedure. Moreover, as patients can refer to different specialists as dentists, dermatologists and allergists, a multidisciplinary approach is suggested.

Background Mast cells (MC) are main effector cells of allergic and other inflammatory reactions; however, only a few anti-MC agents are available for therapy. It has been reported that cinnamon extract (CE) attenuates allergic symptoms by affecting immune cells; however, its influence on MC was not studied so far. Here, we analyzed the effects of CE on human and rodent MC in vitro and in vivo. Methods Expression of MC-specific proteases was examined in vivo in duodenum of mice following oral administration of CE. Release of mediators and phosphorylation of signaling molecules were analyzed in vitro in human MC isolated from intestinal tissue (hiMC) or RBL-2H3 cells challenged with CE prior to stimulation by FceRI cross-linking. Results Following oral treatment with CE, expression of the mast cell proteases MCP6 and MC-CPA was significantly decreased in mice. In hiMC, CE also caused a reduced expression of tryptase. Moreover, in hiMC stimulated by IgE cross-linking, the release of β-hexosaminidase was reduced to about 20% by CE. The de novo synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes, TNFα, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, was almost completely inhibited by CE. The attenuation of mast cell mediators by CE seems to be related to particular signaling pathways, because we found that activation of the MAP kinases ERK, JNK, and p38 as well as of Akt was strongly reduced by CE. Conclusion CE decreases expression of mast cell–specific mediators in vitro and in vivo and thus is a new plant-originated candidate for anti-allergic therapy.

Diabet. Med. 29, 1480–1492 (2012) Abstract Aims Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies have frequently looked at dietary components beneficial in treatment and prevention. We aim to systematically evaluate the literature on the safety and efficacy of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on diabetes. Methods A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in the following databases; PubMed, Web of Science, Biological Abstracts, SciVerse Scopus, SciVerse ScienceDierect, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library. A meta-analysis of studies examining the effect of C. zeylanicum extracts on clinical and biochemical parameters was conducted. Data were analysed using RevMan v5.1.2. Results The literature search identified 16 studies on C. zeylanicum (five in-vitro, six in-vivo and five in-vivo/in-vitro). However, there were no human studies. In-vitro C. zeylanicum demonstrated a potential for reducing post-prandial intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase, stimulating cellular glucose uptake by membrane translocation of glucose transporter-4, stimulating glucose metabolism and glycogen synthesis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and stimulating insulin release and potentiating insulin receptor activity. The beneficial effects of C. zeylanicum in animals include attenuation of diabetes associated weight loss, reduction of fasting blood glucose, LDL and HbA1c, increasing HDL cholesterol and increasing circulating insulin levels. Cinnamomum zeylanicum also significantly improved metabolic derangements associated with insulin resistance. It also showed beneficial effects against diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy, with no significant toxic effects on liver and kidney and a significantly high therapeutic window. Conclusion Cinnamomum zeylanicum demonstrates numerous beneficial effects both in vitro and in vivo as a potential therapeutic agent for diabetes. However, further randomized clinical trials are required to establish therapeutic safety and efficacy.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum L.) bark is widely used as a spice and in traditional medicine. Its oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins are believed to be partly responsible for the beneficial properties of the plant. We describe here the metabolic fate of cinnamon proanthocyanidins in the urine and feces of rats fed a suspension of the whole bark. The metabolites include ten mono-, di-, and tri- conjugated (epi)catechin phase II metabolites and more than 20 small phenolic acids from intestinal microbial fermentation. Some of these are sulfated conjugates. Feces contain intact (epi)catechin and dimers. This suggests that free radical scavenging species are in contact with the intestinal walls for hours after ingestion of cinnamon. The phenolic metabolite profile of cinnamon bark in urine is consistent with a mixture of proanthocyanidins that are depolymerized into their constitutive (epi)catechin units as well as cleaved into smaller phenolic acids during their transit along the intestinal tract, with subsequent absorption and conjugation into bioavailable metabolites., This work was supported by the SpanishMinistry of Education and Science (AGL2009–12374-C03–03/ALI). J.P.-J. thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the ISCIII for her Sara Borrell postdoctoral contract (CD09/00068).

The relationship between chemical composition and feeding deterrent activity of seven essential oils is explored, including those from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae), Lavendula latifolia (L.) Medicus, Lavendula angustifolia L., Mentha crispa L., Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) against an important agricultural pest, the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hubner, Noctuidae), using a leaf-disc choice bioassay. Comparison of the deterrent activity of ‘full mixtures' with respective artificial blends missing individual constituents demonstrates that, for most oils, minor constituents in a mixture can be as important as major constituents with respect to the overall feeding deterrent effect. There is a lack of correlation between the feeding deterrent effect of an individual constituent of an essential oil and its contribution to the overall activity of the ‘full mixture’ in some cases. The effect of removing an individual constituent from the mixture of an essential oil depends on the unique properties of the mixture, which in turn may reflect the interaction of its constituents. Understanding the role and contribution of each constituent to the overall activity of the oil can facilitate the creation of artificial blends that optimize their efficacy against different pests.

The composition of the volatile fraction of Polygonum bistorta L. (also known as bistort or snakeroot) was investigated. Fresh aerial parts of this plant species were collected in the Western Italian Alps during the summer at three different phenological stages, namely vegetative, flowering, and fruiting, and steam-distilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oils accounted for 0.004 to 0.010% of the fresh plant material, and their compositions were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. The composition of the oils during the vegetative period varied both in quantity and quality; several classes of compounds were found with a predominance of alcohols in the vegetative phase, terpenes and linear-chained saturated hydrocarbons in the flowering phase, while saturated aliphatic acids and their methyl esters were predominant in fruiting phase. The most abundant compounds were 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol in the vegetative phase, linalool in the flowering phase, and dodecanoic acid and its methyl ester in the fruiting phase. The obtained essential oils were then tested against two major bee pathogens, i.e., Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius, and against a reference bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis. Data were compared to those obtained with reference standards used against those pathogens such as the essential oils obtained from leaves and bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), and the antibiotic oxytetracyclin.

In this study, antifungal activities of Thymus vulgaris L., Eugenia caryophyllata L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume and Carum copticum L. essential oils against Monilinia fructicola and Botrytis cinerea, two important postharvest pathogens of stone fruit,were investigated underin vivostudies.Results showed that the essential oil treatments,especially T. vulgaris and E. caryophyllata oils,had a good antifungal activityinreductionofbothdiseaseincidenceanddiseaseseverityofbrownandgray mold rots caused by M. fructicola and B. cinerea on apricots,respectively.Gas chromatography(GC)andGC/massspectrometryanalysisoftestedessentialoilsshowed that thymol (37.55%), eugenol (48.76%), cinnamaldehyde (90.33%) and thymol (50.88%) were the main components of T. vulgaris,E. caryophyllata,C. zeylanicum, C. copticumoils,respectively.ApplicationofC. copticumandE. caryophyllataoilson apricot fruit showed a significant effect on fruit quality retention as evaluated with weight loss (%), fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and maturity indexinsensoryparameters.TheseresultsrevealedthatT. vulgarisandE. caryophyllataoilscouldbenaturalalternativestofungicidesinthecontrolofM. fructicolaand B. cinereainfections.

UNLABELLED Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial diarrheal illness worldwide. Many strains are now becoming multidrug resistant. Apple-based edible films containing carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde were evaluated for bactericidal activity against antibiotic resistant and susceptible C. jejuni strains on chicken. Retail chicken breast samples inoculated with D28a and H2a (resistant strains) and A24a (a sensitive strain) were wrapped in apple films containing cinnamaldehyde or carvacrol at 0.5%, 1.5%, and 3% concentrations, and then incubated at 4 or 23 °C for 72 h. Immediately after wrapping and at 72 h, samples were plated for enumeration of viable C. jejuni. The antimicrobial films exhibited dose- and temperature-dependent bactericidal activity against all strains. Films with ≥1.5% cinnamaldehyde reduced populations of all strains to below detection at 23 °C at 72 h. At 4 °C with cinnamaldehyde, reductions were variable for all strains, ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 logs and 1.8 to 6.0 logs at 1.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Films with 3% carvacrol reduced populations of A24a and H2a to below detection, and D28a by 2.4 logs at 23 °C and 72 h. A 0.5-log reduction was observed for both A24a and D28a, and 0.9 logs for H2a at 4 °C at 3% carvacrol. Reductions ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 logs and 0.4 to 1.2 logs with 1.5% and 0.5% carvacrol at 23 °C, respectively. The films with cinnamaldehyde were more effective than carvacrol films. Reductions at 23 °C were greater than those at 4 °C. Our results showed that antimicrobial apple films have the potential to reduce C. jejuni on chicken and therefore, the risk of campylobacteriosis. Possible mechanisms of antimicrobial effects are discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Apple antimicrobial films could potentially be used in retail food packaging to reduce C. jejuni commonly present on food.

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic derangements that are associated with primary disturbances in adipose tissue. Abnormal visceral fat accumulates from physical inactivity and excess calories in genetically susceptible individuals. This increased adipocyte mass acts as an endocrine organ and communicates with other organ systems via increases in inflammatory cytokines. The resulting disorders define MS as increased waist circumference, decreased serum high-density lipoprotein, and increased serum triglyceride levels, hypertension, and insulin resistance. MS accounts for the majority of cardiovascular disease risk in the U.S. population. Dietary interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet, have been shown to improve these metabolic derangements. Many substances found in these diets are being investigated as specific therapies for MS, and when scientific substantiation is lacking, they may be considered as part of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). However, as scientific evidence accumulates, these CAM treatments may become part of conventional medicine. This review will scrutinize the emerging evidence behind many, though not all, CAM treatments currently thought to target the various derangements found in MS.

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale), caraway (Cuminum cyminum L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extracts were added at two concentrations (0.2 and 0.5%) to yayik butter. The butter samples were stored at two different temperatures, 4°C and 25°C. Product acceptability was monitored following the Weibull Hazard sensory method where the end of shelf life was the time at which 50% of panellists found the product unacceptable. Ginger, thyme and cinnamon extracts increased the shelf life of yayik butter and were comparable to the synthetic preservatives sorbic acid and BHA. The shelf life of the samples stored in the refrigerator was approximately twice as long as the samples stored at room temperature.

Summary. Thirteen essential oils were isolated from officinal plants and tested in vitro against dermatophyte strains isolated from patients with dermatophytosis. Of the tested oils, those obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eugenia uniflora and Alpinia speciosa were found to be the most active, inhibiting 80% of the dermatophyte strains tested and producing inhibition zones more than 10 mm in diameter. Zusammenfassung. Dreizehn atherische Ole wurden aus Heilpflanzen isoliert und in vitro gegen Dermatophytenstamme getestet, die von Dermatophytose-Patienten isoliert worden waren. Von den untersuchten Olen erwiesen sich die von Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Ocimum gratissi-mum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eugenia uniflora und Alpinia speciosa gewonnenen als die aktivsten. Sie hemmten 80% der eingesetzten Dermatophytenstamme und bildeten Hemmzonen von mehr als 10 mm Durchmesser aus.

The potential for natural antimicrobial compounds extracted from true cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees ) to use as a food additive to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut apples was investigated. Several different extracts were prepared using cinnamon bark and powder to evaluate their antimicrobial activity on two marker microorganisms, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria innocua. An ethanolic extract of cinnamon bark (2% w/v) inhibited the growth of E. coli and L. innocua by 94 and 87%, respectively. When incorporated in a commercial antibrowning dipping solution, FreshExtend, the cinnamon bark extract (1% w/v) reduced significantly (P

An HPTLC densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol as well as trace amounts of piperine in pepper-contaminated cinnamon was developed. The applicability of the method was tested with cinnamon bark powder adulterated with pepper powder, cinnamon oil, clove powder, clove oil and a commercial preparation containing cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. The method was validated for specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method was found to be precise for different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and piperine. The accuracy of the method was checked by conducting a recovery study at three different levels. The linearity was found to be in the ranges 52.54-735.56, 533.2-8531.2 and 50-300 ng/spot, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9985 +/- 0.04, 0.9982 +/- 0.06 and 0.9937 +/- 0.11 for cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and piperine.

Two whole cell Escherichia coli luminescent biosensors were used to determine the antibacterial actions of 16 herbal tinctures. These bioassays can detect genotoxic (strain DPD2794) and general oxidative stress (DE135) events when challenged with antibacterial substances. Many of the herbal tinctures were active against these Gram-negative bacteria, affecting their metabolism without, in some cases, arresting cell growth or causing cell death. Antibacterial activity ranged from undetectable for Curcuma longa, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Apium graveolens to highly effective against both E. coli strains in the case of Rosmarinus officinalis. Some of the results were unexpected. Althaea officinalis affected microbial metabolism in spite of the lack of literature precedent, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum did not appear to be antimicrobial, as claimed in some literature. It is concluded that studies using luminescent bacterial biosensors can provide important new insights into the potency and modes of the lethal and sub-lethal antibacterial action of whole herbs, and thereby provide crucial evidence for efficacy demanded by modern science and medicine.

AIM: To develop and evaluate an objective method for assessing lip size and treatment-related morphological changes in orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with swollen lips because of OFG (n ¼ 21) were enrolled. A light-body polyvinylsiloxane material was used to take lip impressions before and after treatment (n ¼ 10), or during treatment (n ¼ 11). Plaster models were cast from the impressions and the lips were measured using callipers. The intra-examiner and inter-examiner reproducibility of the technique were assessed. RESULTS: OFG patients had significantly larger lips than controls (P < 0.0001). The coefficient of variation on repeated measurements of the same impression was 1.6% and for duplicate impressions was 2.6%. Significant reduction in lip size was shown in all 10 patients after diet restriction (P < 0.002). Seven of 11 patients whose impressions were taken at least 3 months after the initiation of cinnamon- and benzoate-free diet also showed reduction in lip size during follow up (P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Serial lip impressions appear to be reliable for routine quantification of morphological changes of the lips in OFG patients. We present a new reproducible and sensitive method for assessing changes in lip size in response to treatment in OFG. Oral Diseases (2007) 13, 93–98

Aspergillus niger is an opportunistic human pathogen and a strong air pollutant. A study was conducted with 75 different essential oils for the inhibition of hyphal growth and spore formation in Aspergillus niger. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (leaf), Cinnamomum cassia, Syzygium aromaticum and Cymbopogon citratus were the top five essential oils which demonstrated marked inhibitory effect against hyphal growth and spore formation of A. niger. The chemical composition of these five most active essential oils was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS). Most of the other essential oils were found challenging to combat A. niger, suggesting their use as strong aroma therapeutic agents.

Summary Mature Embul (Musa, AAB) bananas were treated with emulsions of either cinnamon bark or leaf (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) or clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oils to control post-harvest diseases, packed under modified atmosphere (MA) using low-density polyethylene (0.075 mm, LDPE) bags, and stored in a cold room (14 ± 1 °C, 90% RH) or at ambient temperature (28 ± 2 °C). The effects of the essential oils on post-harvest diseases; physico-chemical properties and organoleptic properties were determined and compared with controls and bananas treated with benomyl. Treatments with cinnamon bark and leaf oils controlled crown rot, whereas clove oil treatment did not affect crown rot development. Treatment with emulsions of cinnamon oils combined with MA packaging can be recommended as a safe, cost-effective method for extending the storage life of Embul bananas up to 21 days in a cold room and 14 days at 28 ± 2 °C without affecting the organoleptic and physico-chemical properties.

Rats were given Cinnamomum cassia bark or extracts from Cinnamomum cassia and zeylanicum to evaluate blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in rats under various conditions. The cassia extract was superior to the zeylanicum extract. The cassia extract was slightly more efficacious than the equivalent amount of Cassia bark. A decrease in blood glucose levels was observed in a glucose tolerance test (GTT), whereas it was not obvious in rats that were not challenged by a glucose load. The elevation in plasma insulin was direct since a stimulatory in vitro effect of insulin release from INS-1 cells (an insulin secreting cell line) was observed. Thus the cassia extract has a direct antidiabetic potency.

The antifungal activity of Aniba rosaeodora, Laurus nobilis, Sassafras albidum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils were investigated against 17 micromycetes. Among the tested fungal species were food poisoning, spoilage fungi, plant and animal pathogens. In order to determine fungistatic and fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC) macrodilution and microdilution tests were used. Linalool was the main component in the essential oil of A. rosaeodora, while 1.8-cineole was dominant in L. nobilis. In sassafras essential oil safrole was the major component and in the oil of C. zeylanicum the main component was trans-cinnamaldehyde. The essential oil of cinnamon showed the strongest antifungal activity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

cope Intestinal fibrosis, a complication of inflammatory bowel disease, is currently being addressed by surgery alone, with no adequate alternative therapy available for patients. We propose that anti-inflammatory plant substances like cinnamon extract (CE) or its main compound cinnamaldeyde (CA) could aid in therapy. We recently found CE reducing inflammation in murine colitis. Here, we analyzed effects of CE on fibrosis in IL-10−/− colitis. Methods and results IL-10−/− and wild-type (WT) mice were orally treated with/without vehicle or CE. Colonic tissue was analyzed for collagen deposition and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Influence of CE or CA on expression and release of cytokines, and phosphorylation of IκB in LPS-activated fibroblasts was assessed. Fibrosis score and mRNA expression of MMPs were down-regulated in colonic tissue of CE-treated IL-10−/− mice. Fibroblasts treated with CE or CA showed reduced expression and release of IL-6, KC/C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) 8, and C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2 in response to LPS-treatment. CE and CA appear to act via reducing phosphorylation of IκB. Conclusions Cinnamon decreases fibrotic symptoms and markers in murine colitis, and expression of inflammatory and fibrotic markers in hiFB. Thus, CE and CA could be potential anti-fibrotic agents in chronic colitis.

International audience; New agents that are effective against common pathogens are needed particularly for those resistant to conventional antimicrobial agents. Essential oils (EOs) are known for their antimicrobial activity. Using the broth microdilution method, we showed that (1) two unique blends of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis EOs (AB1 and AB2; cinnamon EOs from two different suppliers) were active against the fourteen Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria strains tested, including some antibiotic‐resistant strains. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.01% to 3% v/v with minimal bactericidal concentrations from