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OBJECTIVES To describe the influence of physical traits of the corpus luteum (CL), as described by transrectal ultrasonography on day 6 post-oestrus, on the conception rate following embryo transfer (ET) in recipient beef cows. To investigate if higher recipient utilisation rates were achievable, without compromising conception rates to ET. DESIGN/RESULTS Data were analysed from Holstein Friesian embryos (n = 1075) frozen in ethylene glycol thawed for direct transfer into one herd of Angus recipient cows. For pregnancies achieved in the program (n = 693), no statistically significant effect was found for the physical traits of the recipients' CL on conception rate (CL volume (P = 0.20), CL side (P = 0.14). Conception rates were similar for recipients with a central lacuna (62%, n = 245) and recipients with no central lacuna (66%, n = 448) (P = 0.10). Of the pregnant recipients with a central lacuna (n = 245), 98.3% had no remaining luteal cavity by the 30-day pregnancy ultrasound. No effect on conception rate was found with either the small ( 50% of CL diameter) central lacunae (P = 0.18). For recipients with CLs that did not meet previous industry selection guidelines (n = 172, 16% of study population), the conception rate (63%) was not significantly different to the routinely selected recipient CLs (n = 903, conception rate 65%) (P = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS The suitability of a potential ET recipient is determined by observing an appropriately timed oestrus and a detectable CL, regardless of size or quality.

Cryopreservation of in vitro-derived bovine embryos is a crucial step for the widespread reproduction and conservation of valuable high-merit animals. Given the current popularity of bovine in vitro embryo production (IVP), there is a demand for a highly efficient ultra-low temperature storage method in order to maximize donor ovum pickup (OPU) turn-over, recipient availability/utilization and domestic/overseas commercial trading opportunities. However, IVP bovine embryos are still very sensitive to chilling and cryopreservation, and despite recent progress, a convenient (simple and robust) protocol has not yet been developed. At the moment, there are two methods for bovine IVP embryo cryopreservation: slow programmable freezing and vitrification. Both of the aforementioned techniques have pros and cons. While controlled-rate slow cooling can easily be adapted for direct transfer (DT), ice crystal formation remains an issue. On the other hand, vitrification solved this problem but the possibility of successful DT commercial incorporation remains to be determined. Moreover, simplification of the vitrification protocol (including warming) through the use of an in-straw dilution without the use of a microscope is a prerequisite for its use under farm conditions. This review summarizes the bovine IVP embryo cryopreservation achievements, strengths and limitations of both freezing systems and prospective improvements to enhance cryosurvival, as well as perspectives on future directions of this assisted reproductive technology.

By evolving the N-terminal domain of Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) that directly interacts with tRNAPyl, a mutant clone that displays improved amber suppression efficiency for the genetic incorporation of Nε-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-lysine three-fold more than the wild type was identified. The identified mutations are R19H/H29R/T122S. Direct transfer of these mutations to two other PylRS mutants that were previously evolved for the genetic incorporation of Nε-acetyl- L-lysine and Nε-(4-azidobenzoxycarbonyl)- L-δ,ε-dehydrolysine respectively also improved the incorporation efficiency of these two noncanonical amino acids. Since the three identified mutations are in the N-terminal domain of PylRS that is separated from its catalytic domain for charging tRNAPyl with a noncanonical amino acid, they can be potentially introduced to all other PylRS mutants for improving incorporation efficiency of their corresponding noncanonical amino acids. Therefore, it represents a general strategy to optimize the pyrrolysine incorporation system-based noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis.

Key Clinical Message Electrocardiographic findings at first medical contact and direct transfer to the catheterization laboratory are important in acute total occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Simultaneous emergency angioplasty and intra-aortic balloon pump implantation might be beneficial in overcoming the patient's most critical hemodynamic instability.

Yeast shuttle vectors are indispensable tools in yeast research. They enable cloning of defined DNA sequences in Escherichia coli and their direct transfer into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. There are three types of commonly used yeast shuttle vectors: centromeric plasmids, episomal plasmids and integrating plasmids. In this review, we discuss the different plasmid systems and their characteristic features. We focus on their segregational stability and copy number and indicate how to modify these properties. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Background In July 2012, the 34 presidents, three chancellors, and State Board leaders for the community and technical colleges of Washington State created a Strategic Visioning Committee. The committee's first project was to identify ways to achieve higher educational attainment rates in the context of the Great Recession with a substantially reduced investment in higher education. The group focused on educational delivery changes that would result in a high-quality education that is more affordable by utilizing technology. Methods The approach the committee pursued was competency-based education, modeled after Western Governors University. This study examines a critical question within this context: “Can a sustainable, low-cost CBE program be built from scratch inside or across institutions that have not had grassroots faculty activity for building one?” Results The result was the first, statewide, competency-Based, online, degree (a direct transfer associate's degree in business), developed, funded, and delivered collaboratively by six colleges and the State Board for Community and Technical Colleges. Conclusion The article describes the organizational factors and challenges that the collaborating colleges experienced in reaction to the introduction and implementation of the jointly developed CBE degree.

During machining of structural components, material inherent stresses are removed and additional residual stresses are induced into the subsurface of the workpiece. Both effects may result in distortions of the workpiece leading to shape deviations and time consuming repair processes. The research objective of this paper is to reduce part distortion caused by residual stresses of machined aircraft components by utilizing a distortion simulation in advance. The presented method is able to predict the part distortion caused by initial and process induced residual stresses. The results are verified in an experimental setup by comparison of measured and predicted distortions of a structural part. Based on the simulated results two basic strategies to minimize part distortion are described. Both strategies have a high potential for direct transfer into industrial application. In addition, three more advanced strategies with the objective of zero distortion are presented.

In Tasmania, commercial seahorse culture takes place in tank systems in which approximately 75% of the water is exchanged daily from the Tamar River estuary. The aim of this study was to examine the effect on survival of early juvenile pot-bellied seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis, directly transferred and cultured for 9 d in salinities of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 32 g/L. Direct transfer of seahorses to 5 g/L salinity resulted in 100% mortality within 7 d. After 9 d, an improvement in survival was recorded in seahorses cultured in 10 and 15 g/L compared to those cultured in 25 and 32 g/L salinities. This study is the first to report on the tolerance of H. abdominalis in captivity at salinities as low as 10 g/L in early life stages without compromising survival.

The distribution of mould species was examined at several points of the processing chain in a Manchego cheese plant and associated dairy farms. Geotrichum and Fusarium were the most frequent genera isolated in milk samples as well as in 1-month ripened cheeses, evidencing a direct transfer from raw milk. Conversely, the mycobiota of long-ripened cheeses consisted mainly of Penicillium species, which gained entry to the cheese through the air of ripening rooms. This study contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of fungal populations in semihard and hard cheeses, highlighting that airborne transfer from the stables could have a direct impact on their quality.

The optimization of single-embryo culture conditions is very important, particularly in the in vitro production of bovine embryos using the ovum pick-up (OPU) procedure. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of embryos derived from oocytes obtained by OPU that were cultured either individually or in groups in medium supplemented with or without sericin and to investigate the viability of the frozen-thawed embryos after a direct transfer. When two-cell-stage embryos were cultured either individually or in groups for 7 days in CR1aa medium supplemented with or without 0.5% sericin, the rates of development to blastocysts and freezable blastocysts were significantly lower for the embryos cultured individually without sericin than for the embryos cultured in groups with or without sericin. Moreover, the rate of development to freezable blastocysts of the embryos cultured individually with sericin was significantly higher than that of the embryos cultured without sericin. When the frozen-thawed embryos were transferred directly to recipients, the rates of pregnancy, abortion, stillbirth and normal calving in the recipients were similar among the groups, irrespective of the culture conditions and sericin supplementation. Our findings indicate that supplementation with sericin during embryo culture improves the quality of the embryos cultured individually but not the viability of the frozen-thawed embryos after transfer to recipients.

Mycorrhizal fungi can form common mycelial networks (CMNs) that interconnect plants. Here, we provide an insight into recent findings demonstrating that CMNs can be conduits for interplant signalling, influencing defence against insect herbivores and foliar necrotrophic fungi. A likely mechanism is direct transfer of signalling molecules within hyphae. However, electrical signals, which can be induced by wounding, may also enable signalling over relatively long distances, because the biophysical constraints imposed by liquid transport in hyphae and interaction with soil are relieved. We do not yet understand the ecological, evolutionary and agronomic implications of interplant signalling via CMNs. Identifying the mechanism of interplant signalling will help to address these gaps.

A major obstacle in the development of industrial catalysts is the scalability of both catalyst performance and synthesis. While utilizing pilot-scale test reactors allows for a direct transfer from the development stage to the application, it comes at the cost of flexibility. The amount of catalyst required in a pilot-scale test reactor often surpasses the yields of novel synthesis procedures, requiring extensive scale-up efforts. Here, pilot-scale reactors are combined with small lab-scale reactors, using the example of oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride.

Two ten-channel fixed-bed reactor systems were developed for high-throughput screening of new Deacon catalysts. The sequential ten-channel reactor allows the determination of the activity of up to ten catalysts per day. With a ten-channel ageing reactor the long-time stability of catalytic activity can be tested in parallel. Both systems are robust, quite resistant against corrosion, and use the identical reaction tubes which enable the direct transfer of a catalyst from one to the other system. A mass-spectrometric pulse method has been developed and applied successfully for the analysis of the corrosive product gas mixture of the Deacon reaction.

Rationale, aims and objectives Checklists have been adopted by various institutions to improve patient outcomes. In particular, readmission prevention checklists may be of potential value to improve patient care and reduce medical costs. As a result, a prior quality improvement study was conducted to create an intensive care unit readmission prevention checklist. The previous pilot demonstrated zero readmissions when the readmission prevention checklist was utilized but yielded low compliance (30%). Thus, a subsequent quality initiative was undertaken to refine the readmission prevention checklist with the primary aim of improved compliance while maintaining a reduced readmission rate that was observed with the original quality improvement study. Method A single-centre, cross-sectional study for assessing baseline data and a prospective observational study to assess the effectiveness of a refined readmission prevention checklist tool in a 20-bed tertiary medical-surgical intensive care unit at an academic medical centre in Rochester, MN was conducted. Medical patients admitted through the emergency department, upon direct transfer from outside facility, and post-operative surgical patients at our institution were included. A refined readmission prevention checklist tool was administered during an 8-week pilot period for medical and post-operative surgical patients. Results The refined readmission prevention checklist resulted in an even lower compliance (10.5%) from the initial phase likely resulting from utilization of a paper readmission prevention checklist in an electronic medical environment. Moreover, the refined readmission prevention checklist demonstrated a 22% unplanned readmission rate for patients in which the tool was utilized. Conclusions In conclusion, the findings of the current quality improvement study may serve to rethink the process of health care delivery that applies paper tools in an electronic medical environment.

Shape-transformable liquid metal (LM) micromachines have attracted the attention of the scientific community over the past 5 years, but the inconvenience of transfer routes and the use of corrosive fuels have limited their potential applications. In this work, a shape-transformable LM micromotor that is fabricated by a simple, versatile ice-assisted transfer printing method is demonstrated, in which an ice layer is employed as a "sacrificial" substrate that can enable the direct transfer of LM micromotors to arbitrary target substrates conveniently. The resulting LM microswimmers display efficient propulsion of over 60 µm s-1 (≈3 bodylength s-1 ) under elliptically polarized magnetic fields, comparable to that of the common magnetic micro/nanomotors with rigid bodies. Moreover, these LM micromotors can undergo dramatic morphological transformation in an aqueous environment under the irradiation of an alternating magnetic field. The ability to transform the shape and efficiently propel LM microswimmers holds great promise for chemical sensing, controlled cargo transport, materials science, and even artificial intelligence in ways that are not possible with rigid-bodies microrobots.

To date, numerous studies have searched for candidate molecules or clinical examination methods as potential biomarkers for monitoring intractable diseases, such as carcinomas. Evidence accumulated over the past decade shows that many proteolytic peptides appear in human humoral fluids, including peripheral blood, in association with an individual's health condition. Although an analysis of the whole peptide (the ‘peptidome’) using mass spectrometry is thought to be one of the most powerful and promising experimental approaches, it has failed to identify biomarkers in the clinical blood samples, presumably due to the methodological limitations. In general, commonly used techniques for proteomic analysis of blood require the removal of large amounts of serum/plasma proteins prior to mass spectrometry analysis, and this step seems to have resulted in the overlooking of important biomarkers during the analytical process. Here, we provide a brief overview of a new quantitative peptidomic analysis by a one-step direct transfer technology without depletion of major blood proteins. Using this technology, we herein report experimental data on serum peptidomic analysis for patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension as a clinical model. In addition, we refer to the potential utility of this approach for the monitoring of pathophysiological status in female reproductive system disorders in general.

Phosphonium salt ([Ph3P(+)CF2H] Br(-), DFPB) was found to be an efficient nucleophilic difluoromethylation reagent. Although DFPB is known as a phosphonium ylide precursor, its reaction with carbonyl compounds under traditional "Wittig reaction conditions" did not give the expected Wittig difluoroolefinated products, but afforded the nucleophilic difluoromethylation products, α-CF2H alcohols. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the unexpected transformation proceeded via the direct transfer of the CF2H group, which resulted from the high P-O affinity.

The O-difluoromethylation of 1,3-diones with S-difluoromethyl sulfonium salt is described. The sulfonium salt was previously believed to be a direct difluoromethylation reagent, but our mechanistic investigation reveals that the O-difluoromethylation reaction proceeds not only via the direct transfer of the CF2H group, but also via a difluorocarbene process. This work represents the first protocol for mild O-difluoromethylation of acyclic 1,3-diones.

A systematic and integrated use of single-use technologies was combined with a robust monoclonal antibody platform, which led to a substantial reduction of manufacturing costs, reduced timelines and increased flexibility in clinical manufacturing. A direct scale-up of a high titer monoclonal antibody-expressing CHO DG44-based cell culture platform was performed from shake flasks to a 1000 L production scale in a completely single-use manufacturing facility. The scale-up was done on the basis of calculating the specific volumetric power input which allowed a direct transfer from small culture volumes to the production scale. The timelines for process development were reduced to 3 months from the Research Cell Bank to the drug substance with highly optimized cells and appropriate culture conditions.

A direct transfer patterning process is presented that allows metallic patterns to be stamped onto a contoured substrate. This process was used to make some of the most efficient electrically small antennas to date, while maintaining bandwidths approaching the physical limit.

The objective of this study was to develop an in-straw dilution method suitable for direct transfer of vitrified bovine sexed embryos. Embryo sexing was performed by molecular diagnosis. Several sexed and vitrified-warmed embryos were transferred after evaluation of morphologically embryonic survival at warming and in-straw dilution (Evaluation group). The other embryos were immediately directly transferred to recipients without first being expelled from the straws after in-straw dilution (Non-evaluation group). The pregnancy rates of vitrified sexed embryos were 38.7% and 34.8% in the Evaluation group and Non-evaluation group, respectively, which were not significantly different. The viability of lower quality embryos before vitrification tended to be lower (P = 0.087) than that of the higher quality embryos regardless of evaluating embryos after warming and in-straw dilution. The abortion rates were similar, and there was no difference between the two groups (13.9% and 12.5%, respectively). These results demonstrate that vitrified bovine sexed embryos can be vitrified and diluted by the in-straw method and that the vitrified and warmed sexed embryos can develop to term.

In recent years, there has been tremendous progress in the research and development of printable electronics on mechanically flexible substrates based on inorganic active components, which provide high performances and stable device operations at low cost. In this regard, various approaches have been developed for the direct transfer or printing of micro- and nanoscale, inorganic semiconductors on substrates. In this review article, we focus on the recent advancements in the large-scale integration of single crystalline, inorganic-nanowire (NW) arrays for electronic and sensor applications, specifically involving the contact printing of NWs at defined locations. We discuss the advantages, limitations, and the state-of-the-art of this technol- ogy, and present an integration platform for future printable, heteroge- neous-sensor circuitry based on NW parallel arrays.

The effects of sudden salinity changes and rates of reduction in dissolved oxygen content on the lethal dissolved oxygen levels for brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) juveniles (51 mm mean length) and subadults (91 mm mean length) were determined by direct transfer from an acclimation salinity of 10 ppt to test salinities of 2.5, 5, 10, and 36 ppt at rates of reduction in dissolved oxygen content of 0.7, 1.4, and 2.6 ppm/hr. Behavioral responses to these environmental changes were observed and the relations of size and sex to lethal levels of dissolved oxygen were analyzed. The lethal dissolved oxygen concentrations for juveniles appear to be affected by sudden salinity changes, while those for subadults remain the same. In the acclimation salinity, subadults died over wider ranges and at higher mean oxygen levels than juveniles. Sex does not appear to significantly modify the lethal dissolved oxygen concentrations for either of these stages of the shrimp life cycle. Behavioral responses indicate that young brown shrimp can detect and therefore possibly avoid low levels of dissolved oxygen. Close monitoring of pond dissolved oxygen and maintenance above 2.0 ppm appears essential to good shrimp husbandry.

Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 are two voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms found in adult CNS neurons. These isoforms differ in their electrophysiological properties, even though the major regions that are known to be involved in channel activation and inactivation are conserved between them. To determine if the terminal domains of these channels contributed to their activation and fast inactivation differences, we constructed chimeras between the two isoforms and characterized their electrophysiological properties. Exchanging the N-terminal 205 amino acids of Nav1.6 and the corresponding 202 amino acids of Nav1.2 completely swapped the V_1/2 of steady-state activation between the Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 channels in an isoform-specific manner. Exchanging the C-terminal 436 amino acids of Nav1.6 and the corresponding region of Nav1.2 altered the voltage dependence and kinetics of steady-state inactivation, but the changes did not reflect a direct transfer of inactivation properties between the two isoforms. Finally, the N- and C-terminal domains from Nav1.6 demonstrated functional cooperation. These results suggest that the terminal sequences of the sodium channel are important for isoform-specific differences between the channels.

Microarrays containing multiple, nanostructured layers of biological materials would enable high-throughput screening of drug candidates, investigation of protein-mediated cell adhesion, and fabrication of novel biosensors. In this paper, we have examined in detail an approach that allows high-quality microarrays of layered, bionanocomposite films to be deposited on virtually any substrate. The approach uses LBL self-assembly to pre-establish a multilayered structure on an elastomeric stamp, and then uses microCP to transfer the 3-D structure intact to the target surface. For examples, different 3-D patterns containing dendrimers, polyelectrolyte multilayers and two proteins, sADH and sDH, have been fabricated. For the first time, the approach was also extended to create overlaid bionanocomposite patterns and multiple proteins containing patterns. The approach overcomes a problem encountered when using microCP to establish a pattern on the target surface and then building sequential layers on the pattern via LBL self-assembly. Amphiphilic molecules such as proteins and dendrimers tend to adsorb both to the patterned features as well as the underlying substrate, resulting in low-quality patterns. By circumventing this problem, this research significantly extends the range of surfaces and layering constituents that can be used to fabricate 3-D, patterned, bionanocomposite structures. [image in text]

— Salinity tolerance limits during the ontogenetic development of Farfantepenaeus paulensis postlarvae (PL) were determined at different temperatures. Initially, PL 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 maintained in 30 ppt (parts per thousand) salinity, 22-25 C, were directly transferred to 15 combinations of salinity (2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) and temperature (15, 20 and 30 C) for 96 h. Irrespective of age or salinity, higher survival rates were registered at 25 C. PL 10 suffered high mortality, especially at low salinities combined with low (15 C) or high (30 C) temperatures. From PL 20 to PL 40, an increase in survival was observed in all combinations. For PL 60 and 80, tolerance to low salinity was reduced, suggesting that PL have a maximum age by which they are able to develop adaptability to low salinities. In general, the effect of temperature contributed more significantly to mortality in PL 10 and PL 30, but its influence decreased afterwards. From PL 40, salinity becomes the main factor determining mortality. In order to examine the effects of acclimation to salinity on the tolerance limits, a second set of experiments was performed with PL 5, 10, 15 and 25 acclimated to 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt, 25 C, over a 5-d period. Postlarvae were then transferred to different salinity levels (2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) and kept for 96 h. High mortality of PL 10 occurred after direct transfer from high to intermediate/low salinity levels. Although the acclimation to salinity increased survival, it was still poor. An increase in the salinity tolerance was observed from PL 15 to 30, even with no acclimation. Results indicate that PL 10 do not have a fully developed osmoregulatory capacity to cope with low and/or abrupt changes of salinity. It is recommended that non-acclimated PL 10 should only be released in environments with salinity at or above 20 ppt. If acclimation is carried out, PL may be released in salinities above 10 ppt. The release of PL 10 in salinities below 5 ppt may result in mortality rates of up to 70%. The best age for the release of non-acclimated F. paulensis PL in environments with low and/ or wide fluctuations of salinity would he PL 15-30.

The Dutch system of maternity care is occasionally held up as an example to be emulated by health care providers in the United Kingdom. There are, however, certain differences between maternity care in the two countries which prevent the direct transfer of a system of maternity care from the Netherlands to the UK. The countries are different in terms of their geography and social class distribution. The organizational frameworks within which maternity care is provided demonstrate important differences. The midwives are from a different background, undergo a different preparation and face crucially different working arrangements. There are also certain, largely cultural, differences between mothers in the two countries. Despite these discrepancies, much may be learned by those involved in maternity care in the UK from their Dutch counterparts and the Dutch system of care.

The objective of this article is to explore effective ways of retaining knowledge involved in new product development. Although human–based mechanisms, such as the direct transfer of project members, more effectively convey knowledge required in design integration at the higher level of product systems, the article shows that standardized mechanisms are more appropriate for retention of lower–component knowledge. However, it is also argued that product architecture affects these relationships through its impact on a locus of design change in a product system. Such argument is partially tested in the context of the Japanese automobile industry.

A new characterization of elements of Colombeau-type algebras of generalized func- tions is presented. Since Colombeau functions are not uniquely determined by their pointvalues as defined in (1), (2), a concept of generalized points suitable for securing such a pointvalue description is introduced. This characterization provides an armative answer to an open question in the theory of algebras of generalized functions and enables a direct transfer of methods from classical analysis to generalized functions.

The air- and moisture-stable reagent (I) allows the direct transfer of the -S-CF3 group to different classes of substrates such as β-ketoesters, boronic acids, alkynes, and aldehydes under mild conditions.

The feeder pig industry is a significant part of the U.S. hog industry. A decade ago, roughly one-fourth of all market hogs slaughtered in the United States were bought as feeder pigs (Van Arsdall and Nelson). More recently, the hog industry has become increasingly industrialized with contract hog production becoming more prevalent, yet the feeder pig industry does not seem to have diminished in importance as specialization in feeder pig production is still common (Rhodes 1990, 1995). The pricing of feeder pigs takes place under a variety of market mechanisms. Roughly one-third are sold in traditional public auctions while another 8 percent are sold in electronic feeder pig auctions (Van Arsdall and Nelson). The remaining sales take place via direct transfer from pig producers to finishers with much of this direct transfer done under contract.

An ultraclean method to directly transfer a large-area MoS2 film from the original growth substrate to a flexible substrate by using epoxy glue is developed. The transferred film is observed to be free of wrinkles and cracks and to be as smooth as the film synthesized on the original substrate.

Data from inhalation studies in which AF/HAN rats were exposed to nine different types of asbestos dusts (in 13 separate experiments) are employed in a statistical analysis to determine if a measure of asbestos exposure (expressed as concentrations of structures with defined sizes, shapes and mineralogy) can be identified that satisfactorily predicts the observed lung tumor or mesothelioma incidence in the experiments. Due to limitations in the characterization of asbestos structures in the original studies, new exposure measures were developed from samples of the original dusts that were re-generated and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy using a direct transfer technique. This analysis provided detailed information on the mineralogy (i.e., chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite or tremolite), type (i.e., fiber, bundle, cluster, or matrix), size (length and width) and complexity (i.e., number of identifiable components of a cluster or matrix) of each individual structure. No univariate measure of exposure was found to provide an adequate description of the lung tumor responses observed among the inhalation studies, although the measure most highly correlated with tumor incidence is the concentration of structures > or = 20 microns in length. Multivariate measures of exposure were identified that do adequately describe the lung tumor responses. Structures contributing to lung tumor risk appear to be long (> or = 5 microns) thin (0.4 microns) fibers and bundles, with a possible contribution by long and very thick (> or = 5 microns) complex clusters and matrices. Potency appears to increase with increasing length, with structures longer than 40 microns being about 500 times more potent than structures between 5 and 40 microns in length. Structures < 5 microns in length do not appear to make any contribution to lung tumor risk. This analysis did not find a difference in the potency of chrysotile and amphibole toward the induction of lung tumors. However, mineralogy appears to be important in the induction of mesothelioma with chrysotile being less potent than amphibole.

Activation of π-bonds with organic Lewis acid and cationic surfactant mediates direct transfer of halides to alkynes (I) and alkenes (III), (V), (VII) and (IX) and affords α,α-dihaloketones (II) and 1,2-halohydrins (IV), (VI), (VIII) and (X), resp., with high regio- and stereoselectivity.

The sections in this article are Introduction Vertical and Horizontal Alignment on Surfaces Printing Using Inkjet Technology Vapor Deposition Methods Positioning Using Dielectrophoresis Laser Patterning Laser-Induced Forward Transfer Direct Transfer Self-Assembly of Peptides on LIFT-Patterned Biotin Nonlinear Lithography Summary and Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords: nonlinear lithography; self-assembly; hybrid materials; peptide nanofibers and tubes; positioning; dielectrophoresis; vapor deposition

We show that if a metabolic intermediate is directly transferred (‘channelled’) from an enzyme that catalyses its production to another that uses it as substrate, there is no change in its free concentration compared with a system with the same net flux in which there is no direct transfer. Thus the widespread idea that channelling provides a mechanism for decreasing metabolite concentrations at constant flux is false. Results from computer simulation that suggest otherwise [Mendes, P., Kell, D. B. & Westerhoff, H. V. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 257–266] are artefacts either of variations in flux or of alterations in opposite directions of the activities of the relevant enzymes.

Lithium t-butyl-N-tosyloxycarbamate (LiBTOC) has been found to be an electrophilic aminating reagent. This species reacts with organometallic reagents, ester enolates and α-cuprophosphonates to provide primary amines as well as α-aminocarboxylic and phosphonic esters in their N-(Boc) protected form. (35–80 % isolated yields).

Slugs of three species, Deroceras reticulatum, Arion fasciatus and A. subfuscus, which had fed on sclerotia or apothecia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum, transmitted the disease to water agar plates. In the case of Arion spp., transfer of excreta also produced infection. After feeding on apothecia D. reticulatum transmitted the disease to white clover plants, although the direct transfer of apothecia produced higher levels of infection. The visible symptoms of the disease were reduced when slugs were allowed to remain on the plants, apparently owing to a feeding preference of D. reticulatum for diseased leaf tissue.

Exposure of N-heterocycles and aliphatic trialkylamines to trifluoromethanesulfonylimino-λ3-bromane at room temperature results in direct transfer of the sulfonylimino group to the nitrogen atoms and affords a variety of iminoammonium ylides under transition-metal-free conditions. The imino-λ3-bromane probably serves as an active nitrenoid species without any activation and produces the ammonium ylides via a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution process.

In the routine handling of Mohs specimens the curetted first layer is integral to the process of tumor identification. Small specimens may be smeared inadvertently on filter paper or gauze or even lost between the operating room and laboratory. An efficient method for processing small curetted specimens has been devised that bypasses the use of a tissue tray. This method improves tissue morphology and saves time.

15N2 was used in a sealed controlled environment chamber to investigate the transfer of fixed nitrogen from white clover to perennial ryegrass growing in soil in pots. There was no difference in the 15N content of roots and shoots of clover plants after exposure to 15N. No labelled fixed nitrogen was detected in ryegrass plants growing with the clover plants for a period of 129 days. There was therefore no evidence of rapid direct transfer (excretion) of fixed nitrogen from clover to ryegrass.