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As opposed to remarkable advances in the cell therapy industry, research reveal inexplicable difficulties associated with preserving and post-thawing cell death. Post cryopreservation apoptosis is a common occurrence that has attracted the attention of scientists to use apoptosis inhibitors. Transporting cells without compromising their survival and function is crucial for any experimental cell-based therapy. Preservation of cells allows the safe transportation of cells between distances and improves quality control testing in clinical and research applications. The vitality of transported cells is used to evaluate the efficacy of transportation strategies. For many decades, the conventional global methods of cell transfer were not only expensive but also challenging and had adverse effects. The first determination of some projects is optimizing cell survival after cryopreservation. The new generation of cryopreservation science wishes to find appropriate and alternative methods for cell transportation to ship viable cells at an ambient temperature without dry ice or in media-filled flasks. The diversity of cell therapies demands new cell shipping methodologies and cryoprotectants. In this review, we tried to summarize novel improved cryopreservation methods and alternatives to cryopreservation with safe and viable cell shipping at ambient temperature, including dry preservation, hypothermic preservation, gel-based methods, encapsulation methods, fibrin microbeads, and osmolyte solution compositions.

In this study, for the first time, salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction was performed in a microchannel system. The proposed design is based on the increase of contact surface area between target analytes and extracting phase during the sample and extracting phase transfer in microchannel. In this method, first sample solution, extracting solvent, and salt were mixed by stirrer and simultaneously delivered into a microchannel using a syringe pump. In order to optimize the influential parameters on the extraction efficiency of the proposed method, zidovudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were selected as model analytes. The main parameters such as extracting solvent and its volume, salt amount, pH of sample solution, and microchannel shape, length, and its inner diameter were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method was linear in the range of 0.1-30 µg/mL and R2 coefficients were equal to 0.9922 and 0.9947 for zidovudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, respectively. Extraction efficiency of the proposed method was compared with conventional salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction. The results show that the proposed design has higher extraction efficiency than conventional salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of zidovudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in plasma samples

Objective: To compare dietary intake and lifestyle behaviour in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and healthy women. Methods: 160 healthy women (partner with male infertility) were recruited to a control group; 168 women with PCOS (diagnosed on ultrasound) were recruited to a case study group for this cross-sectional comparative study. The case group was classified into three phenotypes based on presence or absence of menstrual disorder (M), hyperandrogenism (HA), and polycystic ovary according to sonography (PCO): HA+PCO (n=53), PCO+M (n=57) and M+HA+PCO (n=66). Dietary intake and lifestyle behaviour were measured using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a lifestyle questionnaire (LQ). Results: The mean energy (P

Susceptibility to tuberculosis and progression of the disease depend on interactions between the bacterial agent, host immune system, and environmental and genetic factors. In this case-controlled study, we aimed to determine the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-17 in susceptibility to tuberculosis. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of patients and controls. The association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in interleukin-4 (-590C/T), interleukin-17 (-152A/G) and interferon-gamma (+874T/A) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and amplification refractory mutation system-PCR. A total of 76 tuberculosis patients and 119 healthy individuals were included in this study. The interferon-gamma (+874T/A) TA genotype was significantly associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in patients compared to controls (OR = 1.76; 95%CI = 0.84-3.71; p = 0.007), while the interferon-gamma (+874T/A) TT genotype (OR = 0.51; 95%CI = 0.19-1.36; p = 0.007) had protective effects against tuberculosis and was related to a low risk of tuberculosis development. The difference between allelic and genotypic frequencies of interleukin-4 (-590C/T) between patients and controls was not significant (p = 0.46). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the interleukin-17 (-152A/G) AG genotype (OR = 2.27; 95%CI = 1.19-4.34; p = 0.03) and AA genotype (OR = 1.03; 95%CI = 0.43-2.44; p = 0.03) were significantly different between patients and controls. In conclusion, single-nucleotide mutations in different cytokine genes may have protective effects or increase the risk of tuberculosis.

Objective: To compare dietary intake and lifestyle behaviour in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and healthy women.\ud \ud Methods: 160 healthy women (partner with male infertility) were recruited to a control group; 168 women with PCOS (diagnosed on ultrasound) were recruited to a case study group for this cross-sectional comparative study. The case group was classified into three phenotypes based on presence or absence of menstrual disorder (M), hyperandrogenism (HA), and polycystic ovary according to sonography (PCO): HA+PCO (n=53), PCO+M (n=57) and M+HA+PCO (n=66). Dietary intake and lifestyle behaviour were measured using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a lifestyle questionnaire (LQ).\ud \ud Results: The mean energy (P

Surface preparation is very important in adhesive bonding of spray coatings to the surface of a work piece. The common practice is grit blasting of the surface before subjecting it to the spray coating process. In this study, grit blasting of an AISI 4130 steel (of different heat treatments) with Al 2 O 3 particles was studied and the mean roughnesses (Ra), of the grit-blasted surfaces were then measured. The results show that variations of working distance, air pressure and blasting time significantly affect the resultant surface roughness. The results also show that a 90° blasting angle gives slightly higher Ra but a significantly higher amount of grit residue, in comparison with the results obtained for a blasting angle of 45°. After grit blasting, the specimens were plasma spray coated with 80% ZrO 2 -20% Y 2 O 3 powder. The adhesive strength of the coating to the substrate was then measured according to the ASTM C633 standard. The results show that for a certain base metal, the adhesive strength is directly related to the surface roughness and hardness of the base material.