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Nanobodies are a class of antigen‐binding protein derived from camelids that achieve comparable binding affinities and specificities to classical antibodies, despite comprising only a single 15 kDa variable domain. Their reduced size makes them an exciting target molecule with which we can explore the molecular code that underpins binding specificity—how is such high specificity achieved? Here, we use a novel dataset of 90 nonredundant, protein‐binding nanobodies with antigen‐bound crystal structures to address this question. To provide a baseline for comparison we construct an analogous set of classical antibodies, allowing us to probe how nanobodies achieve high specificity binding with a dramatically reduced sequence space. Our analysis reveals that nanobodies do not diversify their framework region to compensate for the loss of the VL domain. In addition to the previously reported increase in H3 loop length, we find that nanobodies create diversity by drawing their paratope regions from a significantly larger set of aligned sequence positions, and by exhibiting greater structural variation in their H1 and H2 loops.

Young children create spaces to claim as their own within their larger environments. Some spaces serve social and play functions, while others may offer a sense of security and safety, as suggested by prospect–refuge theory (Appleton, J. (1975). The experience of landscape. New York: John Wiley and Sons). Although we know that children create secret spaces for themselves, less is known about how children construct these spaces. This study used focus groups to learn what materials preschoolers would like to create spaces within their classrooms. Then, children were given the materials and provided time to create spaces. Results showed that children preferred flexible materials (e.g., blankets, bed sheets, cardboard tubes), worked collaboratively to create their spaces, and that the spaces provided refuge for the children. Implications for children's social development, classroom environment, and early childhood education are discussed.

The aim of the present investigation was to examine parent–child synchrony and its link to children's communicative competence and self-control. Data were collected from 80 families with toddler age children (41 girls, 39 boys) during a laboratory assessment. Five components of parent–child dyadic synchrony were assessed during a semi-structured parent–child play activity at 18 months. Assessments of children's communicative competence and self-control were obtained at 36 months. Results indicated that parent–child synchrony, shared positive affect, and mutual compliance were highly intercorrelated components of dyadic synchrony. Moreover, children from highly synchronous parent–child dyads displayed more communicative competence and more self-controlled behavior. Mother–child mutual compliance and father–child shared positive affect were particularly significant contributors to children's self control. The associations between synchrony and child developmental adjustment remained significant after controlling for individual child and parent behavior. Developmental implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Summary This article considers and then illustrates an apparent pardox associated with the exponential distribution, which is known as the “Memoryless Property”.

Eine bestimmte ebene, instationare und drehungsfreie gasdynamische Stromung wird in naturlichen Koordinaten formuliert und untersucht. Die Einfuhrung eines Stromungsparameters β gestattet die Unterscheidung von drei Stromungstypen, je nachdem ob β = β(t), β = β0 = const oder β = 0 ist. Fur die ersten beiden werden Methoden zur Losung der Grundgleichungen angegeben und an einem Beispiel erlautert. Der Fall β = 0 fuhrt auf eine Klasse von Stromungen, die bereits von anderen Autoren betrachtet worden ist. Certain unsteady, plane irrotational gasdynamic flows are investigated using an intrinsic geometry formulation. By introducing a flow parameter β three types of flow are identified, namely β = β(t), β = β0 (a constant) and β = 0, Methods of solving the basic equations are then given for the first two types and are illustrated with an example. Finally the case β = 0 is shown to reduce to a class of flows which has been considered by other authors.

The kinetics of sorption of dilute aqueous solutions of acetone, n-propanol, ethylen glycol, and glycerine by packed beds of Dowex 50W-X8 (H+) resin have been investigated experimentally. Data indicate that intraparticle diffusion of the solute is rate controlling and that density mixing and nonlinear equilibrium effects must be considered in analyzing this type of operation.

The blood of Vietnamese, Khmer, Cham, Rhade, Sedang and Stieng populations of the Republic of Vietnam was studied for hemoglobins, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase by starch gel electrophoresis. Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite rates were obtained in all groups but the Stieng. The prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was lowest in the Sedang (0.004), the Vietnamese (0.014) and the Rhade (0.023). The highest prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was found in the Stieng (0.153). The lowest frequencies of hemoglobinE were in the Vietnamese (0.025) and the Sedang (0.029). All other groups had high frequencies of hemoglobinE, the highest being the Stieng (0.365). The prevalence of phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseB ranged from 0.000 in the Stieng to 0.054 in the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese were not differentiated from the Sedang at the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or the hemoglobin loci but were differentiated at the phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus. Using the three markers most of the populations studied in South Vietnam were distinguishable one from the other. There was variable correlation between the frequency of hemoglobinE and the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. A correlation of the endemicity of falciparum malaria and the frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and of hemoglobinE was inconclusive. The frequency of the adenylate kinase2 allele was low to absent. Adenylate kinase3 was found in the Khmer and in the Stieng.