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Background Many foods contain proteins and polyphenols, but there is a poor understanding of the nature of the inhibitory effect of protein on the biologic activity of polyphenols. The inhibitory mechanism of the food protein lactoferrin on the antibacterial activity of oligomeric ellagitannin oenothein B (OeB) was investigated using fluorescence quenching, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD) measurement and molecular docking. Results The antibacterial activity of OeB against Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by lactoferrin, which was retained at about 60%. An interaction study revealed that an interaction occurred between OeB and lactoferrin. Thermodynamic analyses indicate that the binding process was spontaneous, and the main driving forces were based on electrostatic interactions that contributed to a high interaction affinity between OeB and lactoferrin. Furthermore, CD spectra provided insights into conformational changes of lactoferrin. Finally, molecular docking analysis provided a visual representation of a single binding site where OeB interacted with specific amino acid residues located at the active site of lactoferrin. In particular, due to the unique macrocyclic structure and rigid ring structure of OeB, a small number of hydroxyl groups in the rigid structure of OeB interacted with the amino acid of lactoferrin while most of the phenolic hydroxyl groups were not associated with lactoferrin. Conclusion Our study provides a theoretical basis for the use of OeB as an antibacterial substance that can be used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of oenothein B (OeB), a unique oligomer ellagitannin with a rigid structure, on porcine trypsin using fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking. Trypsin activity was strongly inhibited by OeB in a competitive way. Fluorescence quenching of trypsin by OeB was a static quenching. The CD spectra showed that binding of OeB to trypsin altered trypsin's conformation. The ITC and docking studies revealed that the inhibitory mechanism of OeB occurred via binding to the interior hydrophobic groups of trypsin and the formation of hydrogen bonds with trypsin through binding to the amino acid residues Asn97, His573, Ser195 and Gln192. This study provides a theoretical and computational basis for the precise control of trypsin in food industry. Based on the results, OeB may be used in food technology research as novel bioactive trypsin inhibitor.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration with optional core needle biopsy of head and neck lymph nodes and masses, with attention to differences between biopsy of treated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and biopsy of other lesions. METHODS Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, and the need for consent was waived for this retrospective study. All 861 US-guided biopsies of head and neck lymph nodes and masses performed between March 1, 2012, and May 16, 2016, were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 861 biopsies, 53 targeted SCC with residual masses after treatment. The biopsy procedures yielded benign or malignant pathologic results in 71.7% (38 of 53) of treated SCC and 90.7% (733 of 808) of all other lesions (P

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common and devastating disease characterized by a hypoxic microenvironment, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and potent resistance to therapy evidencing the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Various CSC markers have been studied in RCC, but overall there is limited data on their role and most markers studied have been relatively nonspecific. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is a validated CSC marker in the gastrointestinal tract and evidence for an equivalent role in other cancers is accumulating. We used bioinformatics, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, spheroid self-renewal and chemoresistance assays in combination with overexpression and siRNA-knockdown to study the stem cell-supportive role of DCLK1 alternative splice variants (DCLK1 ASVs) in RCC. To target tumor cells expressing DCLK1 ASVs directly, we developed a novel monoclonal antibody (CBT-15) and delivered it systemically to RCC tumor xenografts. DCLK1 ASVs were overexpressed, enriched together with CSC markers and predictive of overall and recurrence-free survival in RCC patients. In vitro, DCLK1 ASVs were able to directly stimulate essential molecular and functional characteristics of renal CSCs including expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase, self-renewal and resistance to FDA-approved receptor tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitors, while targeted downregulation of DCLK1 reversed these characteristics. Finally, targeting DCLK1 ASV-positive cells with the novel CBT-15 monoclonal antibody blocked RCC tumorigenesis in vivo. These findings establish DCLK1 as a CSC marker with implications for therapy, disease progression and survival in RCC and demonstrate the therapeutic value of DCLK1-targeted monoclonal antibodies against renal CSCs.

Objectives Preferential use of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) versus core needle biopsy (CNB) for distinguishing benign from malignant major salivary gland tumors is highly debated. The main disadvantage of FNA is lower sensitivity, whereas arguments against CNB include use of a larger bore needle and greater risk of complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate our experience performing ultrasound-guided (UG) FNA with selective use of CNB based on preliminary cytopathology, and to determine whether our preoperative diagnostic approach is more sensitive and specific than FNA alone—and at least as sensitive and specific as CNB alone. Study Design Retrospective review of UG needle biopsy sampling of lesions arising in or around parotid and submandibular glands. Methods Ultrasounds of 141 needle biopsies were identified. Patient/lesion/needle biopsy characteristics, preliminary cytopathology, final pathology, imaging studies, and subsequent clinical course and treatment were documented. Results Needle biopsies performed according to our protocol provided results that guided clinical decision making in 125 of 135 cases, 92.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86.8%–96.4%) of the time. Using 41 cases that had histologic verification, sensitivity was 100% (95% CI, 79.6%–100%), and specificity was 92.3% (95% CI, 75.9%–97.9%) for detecting malignancy. We definitively characterized 120 lesions as benign (84) or malignant (36). Conclusion Preoperative needle biopsy diagnoses allowed clinical management to progress 92.6% of the time. The protocol of FNA with selective use of CNB may potentially reduce patient exposure to risks associated with CNB without the tradeoff of lower sensitivity seen with FNA. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017

BACKGROUND Adequacy assessment for fine-needle aspiration procedures is a standard of care in large medical centers. Although the benefits of this approach include higher adequacy rates with fewer passes, it costs cytopathologist time and affects other clinical responsibilities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the use of mobile video streaming (FaceTime) technology with the help of smartphone adapters attached to microscopes for remote adequacy assessment of cytologic samples. METHODS The study consisted of 2 phases: Phase 1 was a retrospective assessment of 25 samples by a primary pathologist with simultaneous streaming to a second pathologist using a smartphone (iPhone/iPad) FaceTime connection. Data on the adequacy of each sample and preliminary diagnoses were recorded. In phase 2, live cases were assessed prospectively by an onsite primary pathologist and by a remote pathologist using an iPhone/iPad-FaceTime connection. The testing phase involved prospective assessment of additional samples with a resident or cytotechnologist as the slide driver. RESULTS In phase 1, retrospective evaluation of 25 samples yielded considerable agreement (22 of 25 samples; 88%) between onsite and remote adequacy assessments. Three samples (12%) yielded results that did not agree, including 2 samples that were read as adequate in the onsite evaluation that were assessed as indeterminate using FaceTime. In phase 2 and in the testing phase, 14 samples exhibited considerable agreement on both adequacy and preliminary diagnosis (6 samples in phase 2 and 8 samples in the testing phase) and are currently available for reporting. Problems encountered include software version standardization, camera alignment, and (rarely) comprehension of the audio stream. CONCLUSIONS The current data indicate that iPhone/iPad FaceTime technology can be used to perform remote adequacy assessments of fine-needle aspirations and can help save valuable time for pathologists. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:213–220. © 2015 American Cancer Society.

BACKGROUND Recent proposals to lengthen the interval in cervical cancer screening highlight the importance of the accurate interpretation of screening tests. Tumor debris present in Papanicolaou (Pap) tests from women with invasive cancer is known to hamper interpretation. The current study evaluated limiting factors in Pap tests from women with invasive cervical cancer. METHODS A total of 3003 women with the spectrum of cervical lesions who had ThinPrep (Hologic Inc, Marlborough, Mass) Pap and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping tests performed were grouped by their most severe histologic diagnosis. Cytologic and HPV results were analyzed by cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS The unsatisfactory rate of cytology specimens from patients with cancer (3.1%) was significantly higher than those from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of type 3 or less (0.8%) (P 30 years can help to identify high-risk women with unsatisfactory Pap tests. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:694–701. © 2014 American Cancer Society.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and the limitation of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in thyroid bed lesions, a retrospective review was performed of the medical records of thyroid cancer patients who underwent ultrasound-guided FNA biopsy of the thyroid bed at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center over a 5-year period. METHODS: Data were reviewed on 220 FNA biopsies taken from thyroid bed lesions in 195 patients who had undergone thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid bed FNA results were compared with clinical follow-up, including neck dissection results. RESULTS: Recurrent carcinoma was diagnosed by FNA biopsy in 139 of 220 (63%) cases. Neck dissections were performed for 112 sites identified by FNA biopsies, and recurrent carcinoma was confirmed in 110 sites. The concordance between positive and/or suspicious FNA diagnosis and positive neck dissection results was 98% (118 of 120 cases). A false-positive FNA occurred in one patient with follicular thyroid carcinoma. The other discrepancy was attributed to failure to remove the lesion by neck dissection. The diagnostic accuracy of thyroid bed FNA was 100% in papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma and 93% in follicular thyroid carcinoma. Suspicious and rare false-negative FNA results were attributed to low cellularity and lack of characteristic cytomorphologic features of thyroid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided thyroid bed FNA biopsy is accurate and efficient in triaging patients who require post-thyroidectomy follow-up for recurrent thyroid carcinoma. Caution should be taken in the interpretation of FNA specimens that have low cellularity and lack characteristic cytologic features of thyroid carcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.

A further chemical investigation of the plant Rubus corchorifolius L. f., collected in Hunan Province, afforded three new ent-kauranoids 3–5. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods.