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Background The quantity of metastases lesions is an important reference when it comes to making a more informed treatment decision for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases. However, the molecular alterations in patients with different numbers of lesions have not been systematically studied. Methods We investigated somatic alterations and microsatellite instability (MSI) of liver metastases from patients with single, multiple or diffuse metastasis lesions. A new algorithm “Pathway Damage Score” was developed to comprehensively assess the functional impact of somatic alterations at the pathway level. Pathogenic pathways of different metastasis were identified and their prognosis effects were evaluated. Furthermore, the subnetworks and affected phenotypes of the altered genes in each pathogenic pathway were analyzed. Results Somatic alterations and altered genes occurred sporadically as well as in MSI state in different metastasis types, although MSS patients had more metastatic lesions than that of the MSI patients. Every metastasis group has their own pathogenic pathways and damaged “Cargo recognition for clathrin‐mediated endocytosis” is significantly associated with poor prognosis (P

Double-crown Ni, Pd, or Pt nanoclusters have attracted extensive interests due to their aesthetic structure and intriguing properties. However, their doping by other metals remains unknown until now. Herein, Pd4 (PET)8 and Pd5 (PET)10 (PET: SCH2 CH2 Ph) were successfully doped with gold and the doped nanoclusters were characterized by using multiple techniques such as mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. It is revealed that in the doping not one but two gold atoms replace one Pd with the other double-crown structure essentially unchanged, and the gold-doping results in the blue-shift of the maximum visible absorption, the increase of optical energy gap and the reduction of anti-aromaticity of monometal Pd nanoclusters. Importantly, it is found that Au4 Pd2 (PET)8 nanocluster bears chirality originating from not only the helixed Au4 Pd2 S8 framework, but also unanimous R or S configuration of sulfur atoms in the enantiomer. For the latter chirality origin, it was not previously reported or proposed. Au4 Pd2 (PET)8 reported here also represents the smallest chiral bimetal nanocluster so far to the best of our knowledge. This work advances one step toward both the tailoring of group 10 metal nanoclusters by doping and the understanding of chirality origin for metal nanoclusters.

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the primary DNA repair pathway that removes helix-distorting DNA strand damage induced by ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation or chemical carcinogens to ensure genome integrity. While the core NER proteins that carry out damage recognition, excision and repair reactions have been identified and extensively characterized, and the NER pathway has been reconstituted in vitro, the regulatory pathways that govern the threshold levels of NER have not been fully elucidated. This mini-review focuses on recently discovered transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that specify the capacity of NER, and suggests the potential implications of modulating NER activity in cancer prevention and therapeutic intervention.

A π-phase-modulated Talbot illuminator means that there is a half-period π phase modulation in the output array. We will show that, by using the rule of regularly rearranged neighboring-phase difference, simple equations can be derived to describe the pure-phase distributions and the pulse-density increased phenomena in a π-phase-modulated Talbot illuminator. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 49–52, 2001.

The transient interaction between a refraction index grating and light beams during simultaneous writing and thermal fixing of a photorefractive hologram is investigated. With a diffusion- and photovoltaic-dominated carrier transport mechanism and carrier thermal activation (temperature dependent) considered in Fe:LiNbO3 crystal, from the standpoint of field–material coupling, the theoretical thermal fixing time and the space-charge field buildup, spatial distribution, and temperature dependence are given numerically by combining the band transport model with mobile ions with the coupled-wave equation. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 23: 372–376, 1999.

Based on the quadratic residue number system (QRNS), a novel optical matrix-vector multiplication is proposed. Complex number multiplication has higher parallelism than other algorithms. If the residue number is binary encoded, this multiplication can be easily implemented with a multichannel incoherent optical correlator. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Based on the concept of area coding, a 2D gray-scale morphological processor module is developed by the integration of an optical connector and a PROM device. It is shown that the technique is compact in construction, simple to fabricate, and insensitive to environment. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A compact packaging optical crossbar network is proposed in the article. It is based on a polarization multiplex technique. This compact packaging crossbar network is easy to assemble and insensitive to environmental disturbance. We also construct an optical HIPPI interconnection system. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Based on programmable polarization-optical neighborhood interconnection, which is a stacked integration of rotatable crystal plates for beam splitting the controllable wave plates for polarization direction controlling, a kind of morphological processor with real-time programmable structure elements is developed. It is compact in structure and effective as well as stable in performance.

An accumulative recording scheme capable of enhancing diffraction efficiency effectively during nonvolatile holographic storage in LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystals is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. The main idea of this new holographic recording schedule is that, during every red-beam recording interval, an ultraviolet light is used to excise more electrons to a shallower center for the next faster and higher recording. After sufficient accumulation of the space-charge fields developed in a deeper center, it is possible to gain a high diffraction efficiency of the finally fixed hologram. The experimental results demonstrate that the finally fixed diffraction efficiency is enhanced by about 31% compared to the conventional recording schedule. No additional equipment is needed in this method, and it has potentials for applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 423–425, 2002.

In this article, one-rule symbolic substitution is introduced to process 2D pattern logic. All the 16 possible logic gates of two input variables are designed. By using a combined system of a multiimaging unit and an optoelectronic morphological unit with two independent input planes of the control pattern and the input patterns, all the logic functions can be achieved by simply programming the control pattern. Experimental results are presented. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Hartline model is an important neural network model which reveals the lateral inhibition in neural systems. In this article an optoelectronic architecture is proposed for implementing the Hartline model, in which an incoherent optical convolutor is used for the realization of the convolution operation and a polarization-coding method for the representation of the connection weights in the Hartline model. The subtraction is performed by electronics. Preliminary optical edge-enhancement experiments for two-dimensional images illustrate the versatility of the network.

We use a normalized pattern spectrum to construct an image feature vector. In addition, we set up an optical learning vector quantizer to execute real-time image feature vector classification. On the base, shift-and rotation-invariant pattern recognition can be achieved. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A new binary-encoded matrix-matrix multiplication architecture based on correlation by shadow casting is presented. It can perform a binary-encoded matrix-matrix multiplication in a fully parallel manner to gel the mixed-binary output matrix in the focal plane of the lens. Both the advantages and the disadvantages of the proposed architecture are carefully discussed. The proof-of-principle experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An imaging system with the use of a liquid crystal device for two-dimensional optical Hopfield associative memory is described. Experimental operations for 7 × 7–pixel patterns are demonstrated. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An optoelectronic architecture is suggested to perform local cellular logic. A polarization coding technique along with the electronic substraction and thresholding techniques are developed to complete the operations with both positive and negative interconnections. Experimental results of the Laplacian operator for edge enhancement and their numerical simulations are given.

Based on dual-rail spatial coding, in this article a self-programming optical logic concept is proposed. The self-programming is formulated by different coding of input images. Thus all 16 binary logic operations can be realized optically in parallel. Experimental results are demonstrated.

The optical implementations of a 2-D neural net with a third-order interconnection for image quadratic associative memory are reported. Two types of incoherent optical systems, based on multiple imaging and correlation, are used. In particular, a compact-encoding method, which can greatly reduce the size of the interconnection tensor, is also proposed. The experimental results are given.