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Variation of the electrophoretic karyotype is common among clinical strains of Candida albicans and chromosome translocation is considered one of the causes of karyotypic variation. Such chromosome translocations may be a mechanism to confer phenotypic diversity on the imperfect fungus C. albicans. A clinical strain, TCH23, from a vaginal candidiasis patient shows distinct carbohydrate assimilation profile, serotype B, no chlamydospore formation and an atypical karyotype (Asakura et al., 1991). To examine the taxonomic relationship among C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis and this strain, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The ITS1 sequence of TCH23 was identical with that of C. albicans but not of C. dubliniensis. Thus, strain TCH23 was classified as a variant of C. albicans with an atypical phenotype. The chromosomal DNAs of this strain were resolved into 13 bands on pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Using DNA probes located at or near both ends of each chromosome of C. albicans, we investigated the chromosome organization of this strain. Referring to the SfiI map of C. albicans 1006 (Chu et al., 1993), we found that seven chromosomal DNA bands in strain TCH23 were reciprocal chromosome translocations. One homologue from chromosomes 1, 2 and 6 and both homologues from chromosomes 4 and 7 participated in these events. One translocation product was composed of three SfiI fragments, one each from chromosomes 2, 4 and 7. We deduced the breakpoints of chromosome translocation from the physical map of this strain; between 1J and 1J1, between 2A and 2U, both ends of 4F2, between 6C and 6O and both ends of 7F., (Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Significant occurrence of high-ploidy cells is commonly observed among many Candida albicans strains. We isolated two isogenic strains, STN21 and STN22, each from a half sector of a colony obtained after mild UV-irradiation of a Arg(-) derivative of CBS5736. The two strains were different from each other in ploidy states and chromosome organization. Although cells of STN22 were homogeneous in size and had a single nucleus, high-ploidy cells, with either a single large nucleus or several nuclei, were present together with apparently normal cells with a single nucleus in the cell population of STN21. Flow cytometry showed that STN22 was a stable diploid; however, STN21 seemed to be the mixture of different ploidy states, including diploid and tetraploid. The phenotype of STN21 containing high-ploidy cells is referred to here as the Sps(-) phenotype (suppressor of ploidy shift). STN22 showed a typical electrophoretic karyotype similar to strain 1006 in C. albicans. However, an extra chromosomal band appeared in some clones of STN21 at high frequency. By assignment of several DNA probes, this extra chromosome was shown to be a translocation of the 7F-7G portion of chromosome 7 with the 470 kb DNA segment containing H SfiI fragment from chromosome 4. Thus, this extra chromosome is a hybrid of 4H and 7F-7G. Since the isogenic Sps(+) strain STN22 exhibited no extra chromosome bands, a correlation is suggested between the Sps(-) phenotype and the occurrence of chromosome translocations., (Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Hybridization was shown to occur both between strains of the imperfect diploid yeast Candida albicans and between C. albicans and the distantly related haploid yeast Candida (Pichia) guilliermondii. Prototrophic hybrids were selected from crosses of multiply marked auxotrophic mutants of the two species. In most cases, mild ultraviolet irradiation of the C. albicans partner was required. Examination of auxotrophic markers in segregants from the hybrids indicated that recombination, rather than heterokaryon formation, had occurred in these crosses. The DNA content of the hybrids varied from diploid or aneuploid (for crosses between C. albicans and C. guilliermondii) to triploid (for C. albicans x C. albicans). It seems possible that genetic exchange analogous to this may occur in nature.