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Although morphologically indistinguishable as fundatrices and living together on the same tree of Crataegus oxyacantha L. or Mespilus germanica L., Ovatus crataegarius (WALKER) and O. insitus (WALKER) are reproductively isolated. Apparently there exists any difference in sex pheromone production by the oviparous females because those of O. insitus bear on the hind tibiae much more pseudosensoriae than in the other species. Emigrantes of O. crataegarius settle without exception Mentha spp. whereas the secondary host of O. insitus is Lycopus europaeus L. The year cycle of both species has been examined in a field insectary.

The mineral composition of medlar fruit collected (June 15 - October 8) in Turkey at five stages of development was studied. In the fruit, 32 minerals were analyzed and 16 minerals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sr, Ti and Zn) were present at detectable levels. The ripe medlar fruit was richest in potassium (7370 μg/g dry wt), calcium (1780 μg/g dry wt), phosphorus (1080 μg/g dry wt), magnesium (661 μg/g dry wt) and sodium (183 μg/g dry wt). During the fruit development, Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn were highest in August (unripe fruits) while the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Cu gradually decreased throughout development. The ripe medlar fruit is an important source of nutritionally needed minerals and trace elements, in particular Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn, for human populations in southeastern Europe, Turkey and Iran.

Summary Between 2013 and 2015, several surveys were conducted throughout forest areas in the north of Iran with the aim of isolating and identifying fungi present on trees showing decline symptoms. Fungal species, isolated from symptomatic wood tissues of various tree genera, including Zelkova, Acer, Parrotia, Quercus, Diospyros, Fagus, Fraxinus, Populus, Pinus, Pterocarya, Gleditsia, Carpinus, Ulmus, Crataegus, Alnus, Mespilus, Punica, Cydonia, Cupressus and Prunus, were morphologically identified and characterized. A molecular identification based on comparisons of DNA sequences of the β-tubulin gene allowed us to identify seven species belonging to Phaeoacremonium; namely, Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, Pm. alvesii, Pm. minimum, Pm. iranianum, Pm. scolyti, Pm. fraxinopennsylvanicum and Pm. croatiense were isolated and identified. Phaeoacremonium minimum was the most common species and isolated from Gleditsia caspica, Parrotia persica, Cydonia oblonga and Alnus glutinosa. Pathogenicity on selected plants using a mycelium plug inoculation method revealed that most of these species are pathogenic to all the tested trees, with Pm. parasiticum and Pm. minimum being the most pathogenic species. According to host plant species and geographical distribution, the majority of Phaeoacremonium species found represent new records. This is also the first report of Pm. croatiense in Iran and outside Croatia.

In connection with a contribution of various genera of Maloideae (Rosaceae) to “Flora Nordica” lectotypes are designated for Crataegus sanguinea, C. punctata, Pyrus japonica (‵Chaenomeles japonica), Crataegus pyrifolia (‵Photinia pyrifolia), and Pyrus floribunda (‵Photinia floribunda). A lectotype and an epitype is selected for Mespilus flabellata (‵Crataegus flabellata).— Flora Nordica note no. 23.

In the protologue of Mespilus cotoneaster L., a low red-fruited shrub, Linnaeus indicated the distribution of the species as "in Europae frigidioris collibus apricis inque Pyreneis, Ararat" and references to, for example, Hortus cliffortianus and Bauhin's Pinax were given. However, at the same time it is obvious that Linnaeus knew this species mainly from Sweden. In Flora Suecica ed. 1: 147. 1745 he cited it (as "Mespilus foliis ovatis integerrimis") from "Uplandiae, Oelandiae, Smolandiae, Scaniae c Lid, Norsk Flora, ed. 1-5. 1944-1985; Hamet-Ahti & al., eds., Retkeilykasvio, ed. 1 & 2. 1984, 1986; Hansen, ed., Dansk feltflora. 1981; Mossberg & al., Den Nordiska Floran. 1992). The species is a relatively common constituent of the vegetation of dry, rocky places in southern and central Norway and Sweden, and it also occurs in southern Finland and on Bornholm in Denmark. The name has been used extensively outside the Nordic countries as well. So, for example, Browicz (in Fl. Europaea 2: 72.1968) regarded C. integerrimus as a species distributed over large parts of Europe. This situation changed when Hylmd (in Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 87: 305-330. 1993) circumscribed the common red-fruited Cotoneaster in Scandinavia in a narrower

Pyracantha coccinea is a shrub growing naturally in N.E. Spain, S. France, central Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, the Black Sea coast, Anatolia, Caucasus and N. Iran. Elsewhere it is extensively cultivated in gardens of temperate areas, and sometimes naturalized. Due to its wide distribution and common occurrence it is mentioned in several relevant floras (e.g. Pojarkova in Komarov, Fl. SSSR 9: 414. 1939; Ball in Tutin & al., Fl. Eur. 2: 73. 1968; Riedl in Rechinger, Fl. Iran. 66: 65. 1969; Browicz in Davis, Fl. Turkey 4: 132. 1972), and in gardening literature (e.g. Rehder, Man. Cult. Trees Shrubs, ed. 2: 357. 1987; Everett, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Ill. Encycl. Hort. 8: 2855. 1981; Knees in Cullen & al., Eur. Gard. Fl. 4: 438. 1995). Unless conserved, the name Pyracantha coccinea, unquestioned for more than 150 years, must under the rule of priority (Art. 11.4) be displaced by P. pauciflora, a forgotten name for the same taxon. Mespilus pauciflora Poir. was transferred to Crataegus as C. pauciflora (Poir.) Pers. (Syn. P1. 2: 37. 1806), to Pyracantha as P. pauciflora M. Roem. (Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 220. 1847) and later combined at the rank of variety in some genera (M. pyracantha var. pauciflora (Poir.) Dum. Cours., Bot. Cult., ed. 2, 5: 450. 1811; C. pyracantha var. pauciflora (Poir.) Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 433. 1840; P. coccinea var. pauciflora (Poir.) Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 421. 1893). Roemer (I.c.) had already stated: "Ex autoritate cl. Sprg. huc ducta, caeterum a nullo botanico helvetico memorata", and modern Swiss floras also omit this name (e.g. Hess & al., Fl. Schweiz 2: 472. 1970). To clarify the identity of Pyracantha pauciflora we examined the microfiche of the original material kept in P-LAM (IDC, fiche No. 221[14]). The plant is doubtless the same as P. coccinea, as also confirmed by M. Kerguelen who kindly examined it. The specimen label agrees with Poiret's indication of provenance: "dans les environs de Lausanne, par le citoyen Reynier". In view of this, and in order to maintain general usage, it seems most desirable to conserve the name P. coccinea against P. paucifiora, as here proposed. The type of Pyracantha coccinea is the same as that of Mespilus pyracantha L. (Sp. PI.: 478. 1753) for which it is a substitute name (Art. 7.3). A search of the Lin

Aus frischen Blattern der Mispel (Mespilus germanica L.) wurde Mevalosid (3), das Glucosid des (−)(R)-Mevalonsaurelactons (1) in 1.75 proz. Ausbeute isoliert. Als Struktur fur 3 konnte (3R)-3-Methyl-3-[β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-pentanolid-(5.1) gesichert werden. Die saure und alkalische Hydrolyse ergab unter Wasserabspaltung nur 3-Methyl-penten-(2)-olid-(5.1). Geeignete enzymatische Hydrolyse dagegen lieferte Lacton 1. Es last sich so (−)(R)-Mevalonsaurelacton in einfacher Weise aus den Blattern zu 0.63% gewinnen. On Glycosides with Lactone-forming Aglycones, IV. On Mevaloside, the Glucoside of (−)(R)-Mevalonic Acid Lactone from the Leaves of the Medlar and a Simple Preparation of (−)(R)-Mevalonic Acid Lacton From fresh leaves of the medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) mevaloside (3), the glucoside of (−)(R)-mevalonic acid lactone (1) was isolated in a yield of 1.75%. The structure could be secured as (3R)-3-methyl-3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)pentan-5-olide. Acid and alcaline hydrolysis delivered 3-methyl-2-penten-5-olide (2) under loss of water. Suitable enzymatic hydrolysis yielded lactone 1. In this manner it is possible to gain (−)(R)-mevalonic acid lactone from the leaves in a simple way in a yield of 0.63%.

The carpels in Crataegus, Hesperomeles, Mespilus, and Osteomeles appear to constitute a morphologically related group: all have bony pits, ovules that tend to be acollateral (usually superposed), and clearly separate ovular and wing bundles, i.e., no "ventral" bundles, at the level of ovular insertion. In species whose carpels have no sutural opening, the integuiments are more extensively fused with one another, the degree of intercarpellary fusion tends to be greater, and the carpels are fused with the floral cup to relatively higher levels than in those species whose carpels have a sutural opening. In the few cases in which wing and ovular bundles are adnate at the locular base (Crataegus monogyna, Mespilus, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, 0. schwerinae), the extent of interand extracarpellary fusion and sutural closure is among the most advanced. THE PRESENT study initiates an analysis of carpel morphology in the rosacean tribe, Pomoideae. In earlier investigations (Sterling, 1964a, 1964b), the structure of the prulnoid carpel was considered, with the resulting documentation of 4 prinicipal phylogenetic trenids: (1) complete fusion of 2 integuments to a single massive one; (2) reduction in the number of vascular bundles in the base of the carpel; (3) reduction in prominence of the ovular bundles; and (4) progressive acropetal fusion of the ovular bundles with one another and with the wing bundles. These trends accompany the progressive closure of the carpellary suture, anl event that was choseni on a priori grounds as a primiary evolutionary development. The miiembers of the Pomoideae appear to constitute a closely related group. They share a commoln polyploid base number of 17 (Moffett, 1931), occasionally 16 (Sax, 1931). Intergeneric hydrids are well known (Sax, 1931, 1933; Ferniald, 1947). The fruit is almost invariably a pome. In all but the miulti-ovulate genera, the ovules are erect, anatropous, and apotropic (i.e., their funiiculi are ascending, their chalazae are directed away from-l the placenta, and their micropyles face the base of the locule). One the basis of the histology of the pit of the mature fruit, i.e., whether that structure is cartilaginous or osseous, Lindley (1822) divided the pomoid geniera into 2 primary groups. The same major classification has been followed by Pechoutre (1902) and Rehder (1947). Although other investigators (Decaisne, 1874; Focke, 1894) have used different features for a primary differentiation, the grouping of Linidley will be followed I Received for publication December 21, 1963. This study was aided by grant G-16142 from the National Science Foundation and by a Fellowship grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Dr. Maxine Thompson prepared many of the slides used in this research. in this study because it appears to be in accord with other morphological evidence. Among the Pomoideae with "bony" carpels, the genera Crataegus, Hesperomeles, Mespilus, and Osteomeles seem to share a common carpellary construction. (Indeed, Mespilus and Crataegus are frequenitly regarded as being closely related on other grounds.) Consequently, it seems reasonable to examine their carpels for indications of evolutionary trends. MATERIALS AND METHODS-The species used were Crataegus douglasii Lindl., C. mollis (T. & G.) Scheele, C. monogyna Jacq., C. nigra W. et K., C. oxycantha L. var. paulii Rehd., C. stipulosa Stend., C. suborbiculata Sarg., C. tanuphylla Sarg., C. tennowana A. Nels.; Hesperomeles ferruginea (Pers.) Benth., H. glabrata Roem., H. heterophylla Hook., H. incerta (Pittier) Maguire, H. latifolia (HBK.) Roem., H. oblonga Lindl., H. obovata (Pittier) Standl., H. obtusifolia Lindl.; Mespilus germanica L.; Osteomeles anthyltidifolia Lindl., 0. schwerinae Schneid., 0. subrotunda C. Koch. Floral specimens were kindly provided by the herbaria of the University of California (Berkeley, Davis), the herbarium of the University of Vienna, and the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The methods of preparation were described earlier (Sterling, 1964a). RESULTS-To simplify the descriptions and to miinimize repetitive details, certain conventions will be followed. The base of the carpel will be regarded as being situated just above the insertioni of the staminal bundles. This level will be the starting point from which the observer proceeds upwardly into the carpel. The observer's upward movement becomes translated ilnto movement of the entities that he observes as he goes to each progressively higher transectional level. Thus, a bundle which is in the vascular cylinder below and in the outer cortical region higher up will be described as ascending and departing centrifugally from the vascular cylinder. A bundle which is