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Compared with HLA-DQB1*05:02:01:01, the alleles HLA-DQB1*05:239 and HLA-DQB1*05:250 each show one single nucleotide substitution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Compared with HLA-A*24:02:01:01, the alleles HLA-A*24:02:129 and HLA-A*24:02:135 each show one nucleotide substitution, respectively.

HLA-DRB1*09:40 differs from HLA-DRB1*09:01:02:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 214(G>A).

Three new HLA class I alleles were described in the Chinese population. HLA-B*46:68,-B*46:71,-B*46:72 alleles differ from HLA-B*46:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 485C>T, 484A>G, 299T>A respectively.

HLA-C*03:365 shows a substitution G to A at position 257 when compared to HLA-C*03:02:01.

HLA-B*52:42 is different from HLA-B*52:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 343G>C.

HLA-B*55:70 has one base substitution at position 199 C>T in exon 2 compared to HLA-B*55:02:01.

HLA-B*13:98 differs from HLA-B*13:02:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 193 A>G.

HLA-A*02:07:06 shows 285 A>C and HLA-A*02:426 has 763 G>A change compared with HLA-A*02:07:01.

HLA-B*13:83 differs from HLA-B*13:01:01 by 2 nucleotide substitutions at positions 103 and 106.

HLA-B*39:01:23 differs from HLA-B*39:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 153 C > T.

HLA-A*33:97 has one base substitution at position 287 A>T in exon 2 compared to HLA-A*33:03:01.

HLA-DRB1*12:50 is different from HLA-DRB1*12:02:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 320 A>C.

HLA-A*03:181 and HLA-A*03:229 differ from HLA-A*03:01:01:01 by one and three nucleotide substitutions, respectively.

HLA-B*15:326 has one base substitution at position 176G>A in exon 2 compared with HLA-B*15:01:01:01.

Both HLA-A*24:258 and HLA-A*24:305 differ from HLA-A*24:01:01:01 by single nucleotide substitutions.

HLA-B*46:01:11 has 219 G>A compared with HLA-B*46:01:01, and HLA-B*51:01:39 shows 561 G>A with HLA-B*51:01:01.

A novel HLA-A*110106 allele was identified in the Chinese individual by polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing.

Experiments using Pichia yeast grown on n-paraffins have been conducted in laboratory 10-L airlift fermenters and in a 640-L module of commercial scale. Results confirmed the design concept of combining oxygen transfer and fermenter cooling with low-pressure air. However, in the absence of mass transport constraints, the build up of toxic factors in the fermenter appeared to be a major variable limiting cell productivity. Foaming in the large fermenter also presented a serious problem, which must be solved before low-pressure airlift fermenters become practical.

The energy consumption of a fermenter constitutes a major part of the operating expense of a single cell protein process. A low-pressure airlift fermenter was designed to reduce this cost. In this new design, the fermenter broth is kept below 120 cm in depth, and air alone is employed to fulfill the need of supplying oxygen, and cooling and agitating the broth. The use of low-pressure air from air blowers instead of air compressors lowers the capital cost of air delivery and reduces the energy consumption in the fermenter section to below 1 kWh/kg protein, a saving of over 70% as compared to a conventional stirred tank fermenter. It also eliminates the investment of mechanical agitators, heat exchangers, and air compressors. Sulfite oxidation studies confirmed the design concepts.

Catalytic processes that use zeolites continue to grow rapidly because zeolites are more stable and gasoline-selective than silica-alumina.