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A case study is one research strategy for studying social movements and movement-related processes. Other research strategies include ethnography, participant or organizational surveys, experimentation, life histories, and protest event research via newspaper and other media sources. This entry distinguishes the case study from these and other research strategies by sketching its defining characteristics, and then discussing the ways in which case studies can vary, with illustrations drawn from case studies of social movements. Keywords: cultural history; qualitative methods; quantitative methods

Australian Aboriginal peoples' movements have been central to Aboriginal resistances to dispossessions and discriminations since European colonization began at the turn of the nineteenth century and continue into present times. Aboriginal organized protest has coalesced around three political and social criteria: the articulation of a direct claim; the organization of activities involving Aboriginal community members around this claim; and the adaptation of the colonizers' socio-legal practices as tools to advance these claims. An early example is George Walter Arthur and other Tasmanians' campaign to reverse the forced dispossession and exile of the Tasmanians. Activities included the establishment of a newspaper to voice their claims and, in 1847, a petition to Queen Victoria claiming breach of promise by colonial authorities. The Tasmanians remained imprisoned on Flinders Island, but with the legacy of documentary evidence that the Tasmanians never relinquished sovereignty. Petitions against dispossession and living circumstances were also made by a number of Aboriginal protest movement leaders in New South Wales and South Australia in the latter part of the nineteenth century, again unsuccessfully (Attwood & Markus 1999).

This paper explores the impact of neoliberalism on Australia's public higher education system. It examines flaws in the university system revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies how the conditions created by neoliberal policies have limited universities' capacity to respond to a crisis. The paper reviews the previous literature on universities, neoliberalism policies, and new public management practices. It uses data from the literature, newspapers, and contemporary documents to shape an overview of the Australian public sector university system up to 2021 and its transformation by stealth. The impact of this transformation has been a heavy reliance on international onshore student fees to fund operations, infrastructure, and research activities. COVID-19-related public health measures have caused a significant downturn in the number of international students studying in Australia, in turn, creating a financial crisis that has seen many tens of thousands of university staff losing their jobs and courses being cut. The transformation has also seen accountingization of both individual academic and university performance to become the norm. The quantified performance metrics associated with accountingization have become universities' new language, and their goal displaced ends. Revenue generation and expenditure has been privileged over making a contribution to the nation and society. We call for a radical rethinking of the public sector university mission for the ultimate benefit of the Australian community.

BACKGROUND Despite the growing impact of climate change on mental health, there have been few studies to date investigating how children and teenagers manage their ecological grief and eco-anxiety and how they can leverage it into environmental action. In this scoping review, we analyze lay press narratives about how youth respond to climate change to examine the dynamics between minors and adults around the evolving climate crisis. METHODS We included articles published between 2018 and 2021 in six of the top ten American newspapers by circulation about young people during the climate crisis. The 131 articles we selected addressed the attitudes of children, adolescents, and parents toward the climate crisis. We conducted a qualitative analysis based on discourse analysis aided by NVivo software. RESULTS Newspaper articles commonly categorized children, adolescents, and their respective perspectives and experiences around climate change along four patterns of discourse: (a) fierce young activists; (b) adultified children; (c) innocent victims; and/or (d) ultimate saviors. In turn, articles considered parents and adults in one of four paradigmatic ways: (a) experiencing eco-anxiety through parenthood; (b) taming children's eco-anxiety; (c) criticizing youth-led activism; and/or (d) reimagining climate action as a source of meaning in the lives of young people. CONCLUSION Through the framework of childism, or prejudice against children, we conceptualize immature ways for adults to respond to youths' concerns as a defensive stance against overwhelming climate change anxiety. Alternatively, principles of existential psychology can help inform healthier and more productive responses from parents, clinicians, educators, and public health officials as they seek truthful yet supportive responses to address legitimate ecological threats that will disproportionately affect generations to come.

I analyze the relationship between state-level economic shocks and suicides using gold mined in the United States (US) between 1840 and 1860 as a large unexpected economic shock. Mined gold was an unexpected and large economic shock of up to 3.5% of GDP. This provides as good as random variation to the local economy that I use to estimate the effect of economic changes on suicides. Comprehensive mortality data by state and year does not exist for the US for 1840–1860. Thus, I use web-scraped data from a newspaper archive and use suicide mentions per 100,000 pages to proxy for suicides. Overall, results show that mined gold is linked with an apparent reduction in newspaper suicide mentions in line with previous research.

The study analysed antenatal care (ANC) services usage trends related to exposure to mass media based upon data from three Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys [NDHS] conducted in 2006, 2011, and 2016. Total 12,212 women aged 15-49 having live births within five years preceding each survey included in the study. Most independent variables were found to be associated with utilisation of ANC services. For example, exposure to TV illustrated an increasing services trend. Seventy-three percent of the women had exposure to Radio followed by TV (65%), and newspaper (25%). All three media were significantly associated with ANC services in all surveys (p

This article analyses the improvement of cotton-spinning technologies in the years after the great inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright, and Crompton. While these ‘macro-inventions’ have attracted considerable historical attention, our understanding of the major changes in types and sizes of spinning machines used in the UK between the 1780s and the onset of state-collected factory statistics in the 1830s is still largely based on the experience of high-profile firms or specific technologies and regions. A new dataset of 1,465 machinery advertisements published in newspapers in England, Scotland, and Ireland between 1780 and 1835 allows us to examine the temporal and spatial dimensions of the market for cotton-spinning machinery, the timings of transitions between different spinning machines, and increases in machine size. The article demonstrates the importance of post-invention technical improvements in the cotton industry, showing that the productivity increases associated with the initial transition from hand to machine spinning have been overstated and that larger gains were made in the ‘micro-invention’ phase, when spinning machines became larger and faster, and required fewer workers to operate them.

Framed by a literature on media coverage of welfare, "poverty porn" and "poverty propaganda," and its emphasis on political messaging and ideology, this article explores reporting of benefit fraud in the United Kingdom. In a comprehensive and systematic assessment, it illuminates the structure and extremely large volume of benefit fraud coverage, 2008-2017, across national, sub-national, regional and local newspapers, mainstream television, TV documentaries, BBC web output, and BBC radio. With the aid of the 2016 British Social Attitude survey, and utilizing the most current conceptualizations of the processes underpinning media influence, it argues that this tsunami of coverage will have had a significant impact on the public. The results are explored in relation to their political and ideological implications, and their relevance to a much broader array of media discourses.

This paper explores the role and impact of the official Soviet hygiene propaganda during the first three decades after the October Revolution, taking as an example theatrical performances about infectious diseases. In the Bolshevik Great Experiment of the 1920s–30s, the creation of a “Soviet body” optimized according to aesthetic and medical‐hygienic norms was one of the core parts of the socialist project. For that purpose, hygiene campaigns were organized to promote hygiene and cleanliness with posters, leaflets, mobile exhibitions and lectures. Moreover, starting in the 1920s the theatrical performances were demonstrated in open‐air theatres and clubhouses for workers and farmers. Even in the kolkhoz fields agitprop‐revues, agit‐trials, living newspapers and didactic plays were performed. Many of them addressed the issues of epidemics. To popularize medical knowledge, special theatres of sanitary education were opened in Moscow and other cities of the country in the mid‐1920s–30s. Using archival materials of the Moscow Theatre for Sanitary Culture (1925–1947), the article shows theatrical techniques for producing evidence used in performances, bacteriological coding of political antagonisms on sanitary stages and transformations of everyday cultural practices in theatrical hygiene propaganda., publishedVersion

This paper clarifies the transformation of the social position of Jizo by analyzing newspaper articles and photographs of Jizo and Jizo‐bon festival from the early modern period to today and shows that the number of articles increased four times during this period. In addition, it clarifies the changes in the physical position of Jizo not only in terms of the festival but also in general situations. Furthermore, this paper indicates that the elements of the festival started being transformed from the long‐term setting materials into short‐term ones, and this transformation period overlapped with the decades ranging from 1955 to 1984.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Opening up access to scheduled drugs such as cannabis in the United Kingdom rarely happens, yet on 1 November 2018 the United Kingdom changed the law to allow cannabis-derived products to be prescribed for medicinal purposes, albeit in tightly controlled circumstances. This followed substantial media interest in the cases of two children with epilepsy. This article focuses upon the role of scandal in bringing about legislative change. METHODS We used political science and social policy theories (punctuated equilibrium theory and scandal theory) to guide a qualitative content analysis of media articles published in 2018 in UK national newspapers. We focused in particular on the 6-month period prior to the policy change. RESULTS The concentrated attention by the media given to the suffering of children with epilepsy appears to have prompted the rapid change in policy by the UK government. A variety of strategies were used to develop a highly emotive response to garner support for reform. Media stories emphasized the injustice of two extremely sick children being unable to access the medicine they apparently needed to enable them to have a 'normal' childhood. Three groups of 'claim-makers' were identified as important in influencing public opinion: families, high-profile individuals and campaigning groups. CONCLUSIONS The case of medicinal cannabis in the United Kingdom suggests that policy reform can occur when a scandal is successfully manufactured. We must be cautious, however, about over-emphasizing the role of scandal as a driver of policy change in this context: only a limited set of circumstances will permit a prescription for cannabis-based medicine to be issued in the United Kingdom.

In 1970s Australia, magazines and newspapers regularly featured stories about transgender women. The articles were often exploitative and depicted transgender people as freaks, with headlines designed to shock and mock. Digging deeper, there is another side to transgender people in the Australian media. Notwithstanding the exploitative nature of the coverage, the media was still a site of transgender visibility in an era where there otherwise was none. Oral histories with transgender Australians often mention the importance of a particular television show, article or magazine because they saw others ‘like them’, and they realised that they were not alone. Some transgender people even kept those articles for years because of the connections they felt to an otherwise uncertain identity. There were also features in the press that were empathetic to transgender Australians, whether that be on the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), in magazines such as Cleo or in broadsheet newspapers. This article analyses the complex role that media played representing and relating to transgender Australians in the 1970s. Drawing on a mix of newspaper, magazine and television sources, as well as oral histories, the article opens new lines of inquiry about histories of transgender visibility, public discourse and understanding the self.

The manner by which power is reified through newspaper reporting can assist community psychologists in getting a handle on the complex, often contradictory, ways by which ideology and power are constituted in relation to particular communities. Accordingly, the present study draws on discursive psychology to analyse how 377 newspaper articles construct the community of Thembelihle (a low-income community in South Africa) and how these constructions can inform counter-hegemonic strategy. Two discourses were identified in the analysis, Signifying Legitimacy and Containing the Protest Community. Where the Signifying Legitimacy discourse established a Statist legitimacy-illegitimacy binary against which Thembelihle was to be assessed, the Containing the Protest Community discourse constructed Thembelihle as a monolithic entity that enacted a wholly violent, and often directionless, mode of protest violence which was concerned with little more than 'service delivery'. Together, these discourses suggest to us the manner by which low-income communities are engaged by the State as well as how Statist representations function materially. Certainly, most newspaper articles relied on an interpretive frame whose hermeneutics were characterised primarily by violence and homogenously experienced suffering. Such representation, we argue, signifies the dominant discursive field and ideology against which counter-hegemonic strategy and (re)presentation must act.

This paper investigates the predictors of trust in insurance and the importance of experiences in a cross‐country setting using a recent insurance industry survey conducted in seven industrialized countries. Preliminary data analysis reveals a very high prevalence of bad experiences with insurance whereby more than 50% of respondents acknowledge having had a bad experience with insurance. Our main findings show that experiences with insurance are one of the most important factors influencing trust in insurance, with the negative effect of a bad experience being more pronounced than the positive effect of a good experience. We also find that trust in insurance is higher among females, younger and less educated individuals, while being lower among individuals with higher insurance literacy. Additionally, access to insurance information through the internet is associated with lower trust in insurance, while higher trust is observed among individuals using newspapers and magazines.

Background: Primary school children engage in a wide range of reading activities, yet we lack insights into why children choose to read different text types. Furthermore, recent studies of reading motivation have been dominated by quantitative research; however, qualitative research is necessary to ensure that children's voices are represented when we study their motivations to read. Methods: Thirty-three children (aged 9–11) from a single school in Scotland participated in individual interviews that focused on understanding their breadth of reading activities and why they chose to read different text types. Interviews were transcribed in full, and a data-driven inductive thematic analysis approach was used to ensure that the full complexity of the data was realised. Results: Children's reading motivation varied considerably across the different text types. For example, children read books to feel happy, relaxed, excited or to become immersed in the story. They also read books to develop their reading skills, because they felt reading was important, or because it was a habit or familiar. On the other hand, children read newspapers to stay informed, comics as they were fun and easy to read, interactive games as they could direct the narrative and audio books when they were tired. Overall, children reported a wide and diverse range of reading motivations, these being closely linked to the different text types they read. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into why children choose to read different text types and provides a strong foundation for further qualitative research aimed at gaining a detailed and comprehensive account of children's motivation for reading.

Context Despite being a nuclear power, Pakistan does not have satisfactory human development indicators. The 2018 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI) ranking places it at 150 out of 189 countries, the lowest in the region after Afghanistan. Purpose This article examines advocacy journalism coverage of human development issues versus other issues in the contents of mainstream Pakistani newspapers and investigates the factors behind the inadequate space give n to them. The study further explores the association between editorial and readers’ priorities. Methods The quantitative content analysis method is used to measure and compare the frequency of sample content in five categories coupled with qualitative in‐depth interviews with veteran journalists/academics to explain the factors that influence the editorial content. Findings Rather than use precious space to comment on social hardship and ultimately improve the country’s HDI value, editorial content is dominated by the discourse produced by the communication bureaucracies of powerful national and international establishments. Issues‐based policies of the state and political actors that do not concern human development, and warmongering and actual conflicts with India and Afghanistan, are given considerably greater coverage. Moreover, readers’ reactions to editorial content through Facebook Likes indicate a clear difference between editorial and readers’ priorities. Policy Implications The communication aspects of development programmes should actively feed editorial boards regarding current global development agendas to ensure sufficient coverage of their advocacy. It is imperative to make the UNESCO‐led syllabus Teaching Journalism for Sustainable Development an integral part of the country’s journalism curriculum. Relevant bodies should organize professional editorial training to raise awareness of how to use precious space wisely for the advocacy of development issues and how to be alert to the readers’ priority issues.

While there are many studies of prejudice towards disadvantaged minorities, there has been little research into stereotypes of rich people The author commissioned the first international comparative study to investigate popular attitudes towards rich people He analyses findings from the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and France, and calculates a ?Social Envy Coefficient? for these four countries Envy appears most pronounced in France, followed by Germany By contrast, envy is significantly lower in the United States and Great Britain, although there are interesting variations by age In addition, the study subjects a sample of popular international feature films and articles in German newspapers to detailed media content analysis This analysis finds that rich individuals are predominantly portrayed as cold-hearted, profit-hungry and morally suspect

Background and Aim: Public health policy development is subject to a range of stakeholders presenting their arguments to influence opinion on the best options for policy action. This paper compares stakeholders’ positions in the discourse networks of two pricing policy debates in the UK: Minimum Unit Pricing for alcohol (MUP) and the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL). Design: Discourse analysis was combined with network visualisation to create representations of stakeholders’ positions across the two policy debates as they were represented in 11 national UK newspapers. Setting: United Kingdom. Observations: For the MUP debate 1,924 statements by 152 people from 87 organisations were coded from 348 articles. For the SDIL debate 3,883 statements by 214 people from 175 organisations were coded from 511 articles. Measurements: Network analysis techniques were used to identify robust argumentative similarities and maximise the identification of network structures. Network measures of size, connectedness and cohesion were used to compare discourse networks. Findings: The networks for both pricing debates involve a similar range of stakeholder types and form clusters representing policy discourse coalitions. The SDIL network is larger than the MUP network, particularly the proponents’ cluster with over three times as many stakeholders. Both networks have tight clusters of manufacturers, think tanks, and commercial analysts in the opponents’ coalition. Public health stakeholders appear in both networks, but no health charity or advocacy group is common to both. Conclusion: A comparison of the discourse in the UK press during the policy development processes for Minimum Unit Pricing for alcohol and the Soft Drinks Industry Levy suggests greater cross‐sector collaboration among policy opponents than proponents.

The "tonsil riots" of 1906 were panics that developed at several public schools in historically immigrant-dominated neighborhoods of New York City (NYC). Per archived newspaper articles, several NYC public schools asked for parental consent to have Board of Health physicians come and perform tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on their students. When children subsequently returned home from school "drooling mouthfuls of blood and barely able to speak," mothers reacted with panic and flocked to the schools demanding the safe return of their children. Police, ultimately, had to be called in to manage the crowds, and the events of 1906 largely faded from the public eye. However, these events can offer important lessons in communication and cultural humility as the United States continues its mass vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019.

Objectives We examine how the supply and demand for news stories that reference an individualistic concept change in response to changes in inequality and the prevailing ideology. Methods We use Google Trends data to construct an index of demand for individualistic news and a database of newspaper articles to construct an index of supply. We estimate fixed effects models on state and DMA‐level data from 1993 to 2017. Results Demand for individualistic news is higher in more conservative areas and it is even stronger when inequality rises. Supply of individualistic news is higher when the share of income to the top 1 percent is higher. The supply effect is strongest in more liberal areas. Conclusion These results provide evidence of both confirmation bias influencing demand and media capture influencing supply. Confirmation bias and media capture are distinct phenomenon, but provide reinforcing explanations for why consumption of individualistic news increases with inequality.

Issue addressed This study analysed diabetes coverage in 12 Australian metropolitan/national newspapers over a period of 5 years (2013-2017). It aimed to describe quantitative tendencies in diabetes coverage (amount of articles per newspaper and over time) and to identify potential discrepancies between diabetes coverage and societal prevalence of diabetes. The study addressed the following research questions, with a focus on language use: How frequent are mentions of different types of diabetes? How are people with diabetes referred to? How frequent and how distributed are mentions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and matters? Methods Data were collected in electronic format, manually classified and processed using a specialised software program, with a focus on quantitative analysis. Results 577 articles were classified as news and 117 were classified as "non-news." The Australian Financial Review published the fewest items, followed by the NT News, while the West Australian and the Advertiser published the most. References to "type 2" appear slightly more frequent and more distributed than to "type 1" diabetes. The labelling of people with the noun diabetic/s occurs in about a quarter of the dataset. References to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people or matters appear to be extremely rare in the analysed dataset. Conclusions Diabetes coverage does not fully align with incidence of diabetes among Australians, and problematic language practices such as the labelling of people as "diabetics" continue to occur. SO WHAT?: Given the agenda-setting function of the news media, new strategies may be needed to change how Australian metropolitan and national newspapers cover diabetes, especially in relation to incorporating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander voices and perspectives.

Objective Eating disorders (EDs) are becoming more prevalent in China; however, no studies have been conducted to explore how Chinese media represented EDs, and how media representation of ED impacted public understanding of EDs. The aim of this study was to analyze articles about EDs in Chinese newspapers, and to identify any potential inaccuracies about EDs as represented in the media. Method Content analysis was employed to analyze a total number of 292 news articles over the span of two decades (1998-2019). Intercoder reliability was satisfactory for all the coded categories. The analysis was conducted on two different dimensions: for individual news article and for individual patient profile. Results The bulk of news reporting on EDs was about anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. A majority of individual patient profiles focused on young women. Anorexia nervosa was mentioned and discussed more frequently than bulimia nervosa. Chinese newspapers generally presented correct information concerning anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, but conveyed shallow information about the etiology and treatment. There were also misconceptions of EDs as reported in Chinese media. Discussion EDs have not received sufficient attention in Chinese media, as shown by the media coverage on EDs over the last two decades. Considering the increasing prevalence of EDs in China with its large population base, effective communication strategies are needed to call public attention to this health issue, and to galvanize the medical community and the society to devote more resources to improve the prevention and treatment of EDs in China.

Much recent work has been undertaken on the beginnings of Pentecostalism in North America, and its antecedents in the nineteenth century. These efforts have outlined the theological contributions of the Holiness movement, revivalism, and nineteenth‐century healing movements. One group that has been largely overlooked is the Edward Irving influenced Catholic Apostolic Church, which has been seen as making a minimal contribution as a precursor to Pentecostalism in general; it has especially been seen as peripheral in the Americas. This article will use contemporary newspapers and recently digitised primary sources to argue that the Catholic Apostolic Church was a significant force in the pre‐history of American and Canadian Pentecostalism, with hundreds of followers in key cities, regularly exhibiting prophecy and glossolalia throughout the second half of the nineteenth century.

This chapter examines the emergence of the popular press in Europe in the late-1800s and early-1900s. It considers commonalities and variances in how the popular press developed in four distinctive case-study countries: Britain, Portugal, Russia, and Germany. The case-studies offer west/east and large/small nation perspectives on the popular press’s emergence, and represent a range of technological, political, economic, cultural and social contexts to the reshaping of the newspaper as a mass media form. The chapter also highlights the advanced industrial basis of newspaper production and distribution, as well as the professionalization of journalism, that supported the popular press’s growth.

This paper examines competition in the print newspaper advertising market in New Zealand, which involves paid daily and free weekly titles. This is the first study to explore how different ownership structures across two newspaper segments affect the competitive forces in local geographic markets. We do so by constructing an original dataset of advertising rates. Our analysis has particular relevance in light of the Commerce Commission's recent rejection of the proposed NZME–Fairfax merger, and Fairfax's subsequent closure of 15 newspaper titles. We find strong evidence for competition between overlapping free weekly suburban titles. It is associated with an 11 per cent decrease in the tabloid full‐page display advertising rate. We also find evidence of joint profit maximisation between co‐owned free weeklies and paid dailies. Our results support the Commission's decision and crucially imply that small and large display advertisements in free weekly titles constitute two separate markets with different clients. The large display ad market also includes advertising in paid daily titles. This market is competitive and would probably have suffered had the merger been permitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Children born as a result of wartime sexual violence have not gained a place in the stories covered by the Colombian media. Based on an extensive content analysis (using the software MAXQDA 12) of newspaper articles published between 1990 and 2015, ethnographic content analysis, and drawing upon feminist critical discourse analysis, this paper explores how information about these children is presented as part of storylines that use the explanatory framework of sexual violence as a weapon of war. In those storylines, children emerge not as independent subjects but as part of social representations of female victims of wartime sexual violence and male perpetrators.