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Abstract Human microbiomes, considered as a new emerging and enabling cancer hallmark, are increasingly recognized as critical effectors in cancer development and progression. Manipulation of microbiome revitalizing anticancer therapy from natural products shows promise toward improving cancer outcomes. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the human microbiome‐driven molecular mechanisms impacting cancer progression and anticancer therapy. We highlight the potential translational and clinical implications of natural products for cancer prevention and treatment by developing targeted therapeutic strategies as adjuvants for chemotherapy and immunotherapy against tumorigenesis. The challenges and opportunities for future investigations using modulation of the microbiome for cancer treatment are further discussed in this review.

Abstract The human microbiome exhibits a profound connection with the cancer development, progression, and therapeutic response, with particular emphasis on its components of the mycobiome, which are still in the early stages of research. In this review, we comprehensively summarize cancer‐related symbiotic and pathogenic fungal genera. The intricate mechanisms through which fungi impact cancer as an integral member of both gut and tissue‐resident microbiomes are further discussed. In addition, we shed light on the pivotal physiological roles of various nutrients, including cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals, in facilitating the growth, reproduction, and invasive pathogenesis of the fungi. While our exploration of the interplay between nutrients and cancer, mediated by the mycobiome, is ongoing, the current findings have yet to yield conclusive results. Thus, delving into the relationship between nutrients and fungal pathogenesis in cancer development and progression would provide valuable insights into anticancer therapy and foster precision nutrition and individualized treatments that target fungi from bench to bedside.

Abstract Background Cancer, a global threat to human health, refers to a large crowd of lethal diseases that can start in almost all tissues or organs of our body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and beyond their usual boundaries, followed by invading adjacent normal tissues and spreading to distant organs. Recently, substantial evidence has demonstrated polymorphic microbiome as an emerging cancer characteristic present in a variety of tumour types. By releasing metabolites or other signalling molecules, microbiota can affect immune cell differentiation and activity, including both innate and adaptive immunological responses, as well as the growth and multiplication of cancer cells. It was now employed as a biomarker to predict the patients’ survival rate and the degree of cancer progression. Main To investigate the underlying mechanism and the technology development of how polymorphic microbiome influence the tumour microenvironment and subsequently cancer progression, we have carried out systematic literature review about polymorphic microbiome and tumour development from bulk to single‐cell level. Conclusions Here, we provide an overview of the current advancements of host–microbiota interactions during cancer progression from bulk to single‐cell level and discuss the challenges and opportunities in future, looking forward to ascertain the specific activity of different somatic cell types with or without the existence of various multi‐kingdom microbiota and their by‐products and supply a holistic and elaborate investigation of host‐microbiota interaction in the development of cancer.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multistage and highly heterogeneous malignant disease that mostly occurred in aged people accompanied by microbiota alteration. Emerging evidence has uncovered the role of bacterial microbiota in the initiation and development of CRC. However, the effects of nonbacterial members inhabiting the human body, such as fungi, archaea, and viruses, have been largely ignored. The multi‐kingdom microbiota can be altered by dietary exposures and probiotic supplements. Furthermore, the efficacy of antitumor therapeutic strategies, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, are also closely associated with the alteration of multi‐kingdom microbiota. In this review, we describe CRC‐associated multi‐kingdom microbiota dysbiosis and the role of daily diet on CRC progression through microbiota alteration. We then discuss the impact of microbiota in different CRC therapies and highlight the advances as well as challenges in understanding how multi‐kingdom microbiome impacts the outcome of CRC.

Summary Fungal infections have emerged as a major global threat to human health because of the increasing incidence and mortality rates every year. The emergence of drug resistance and limited arsenal of antifungal agents further aggravates the current situation resulting in a growing challenge in medical mycology. Here, we identified that ponatinib, an FDA‐approved antitumour drug, significantly enhanced the activity of the azole fluconazole, the most widely used antifungal drug. Further detailed investigation of ponatinib revealed that its combination with fluconazole displayed broad‐spectrum synergistic interactions against a variety of human fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans. Mechanistic insights into the mode of action unravelled that ponatinib reduced the efflux of fluconazole via Pdr5 and suppressed the expression of the proton pump, Pma1. Taken together, our study identifies ponatinib as a novel antifungal that enhances drug activity of fluconazole against diverse fungal pathogens.

Purpose. To evaluate the pooled prevalence rate and risk factors of dry eye symptoms (DES) in mainland China. Methods. All the published population-based studies investigating the prevalence of DES in China were searched and evaluated against inclusion criteria. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Results. Twelve out of the 119 identified studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of DES in China was 17.0%. Female individuals, subjects living in the Northern and Western China, and over 60 years of age had significantly higher prevalent rates (21.6%, 17.9%, 31.3%, and 34.4%, resp.) compared with their counterparts. Patients with diabetes were also found to be more vulnerable to DES. Conclusions. The pooled prevalence rate of DES in mainland China was lower than that in other Asian regions and countries. A remarkable discrepancy in the prevalence in different geographic regions was noted. Aging, female gender, and diabetes were found to be risk factors for DES in China.