Search

Taking a trauma informed care approach has demonstrated positive outcomes for services for people in the general population. Given the increased vulnerability to psychological trauma for adults with an intellectual disability, this study explores what residential staff know about trauma and trauma informed care.Thirty-two staffs representing three staff groups: direct care staff; managers; and specialist practitioners, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, which were analysed following a structured framework.Each staff group held different perspectives in their knowledge of trauma and trauma informed care. Limitations were noted in staffs' knowledge of trauma, implementation of evidence-based supports, and access to specialist services for adults with an intellectual disability. All participants highlighted their training needs regarding trauma.Increased training on recognising and responding to trauma is needed among community staff supporting those with a trauma history if organisations are to move towards trauma informed care.

Aim To describe the experiences of frontline nurses who are working in critical care areas during the COVID‐19 pandemic with a focus on trauma and the use of substances as a coping mechanism. Design A qualitative study based on content analysis. Methods Data were collected from mid‐June 2020 to early September 2020 via an online survey. Nurses were recruited through the research webpage of the American Association of Critical Care Nurses as well as an alumni list from a large, public Midwest university. Responses to two open‐ended items were analysed: (1) personal or professional trauma the nurse had experienced; and (2) substance or alcohol use, or other mental health issues the nurse had experienced or witnessed in other nurses. Results For the item related to psychological trauma five themes were identified from 70 nurses’ comments: (1) Psychological distress in multiple forms; (2) Tsunami of death; (3) Torn between two masters; (4) Betrayal; and (5) Resiliency/posttraumatic growth through self and others. Sixty‐five nurses responded to the second item related to substance use and other mental health issues. Data supported three themes: (1) Mental health crisis NOW!!: ‘more stressed than ever and stretched thinner than ever’; (2) Nurses are turning to a variety of substances to cope; and (3) Weakened supports for coping and increased maladaptive coping due to ongoing pandemic. Conclusions This study brings novel findings to understand the experiences of nurses who care for patients with COVID‐19, including trauma experienced during disasters, the use of substances to cope and the weakening of existing support systems. Findings also reveal nurses in crisis who are in need of mental health services. Impact Support for nurses’ well‐being and mental health should include current and ongoing services offered by the organization and include screening for substance use issues.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a huge challenge to education systems. Most governments around the world have temporarily closed schools, universities, and colleges. At the same time, teachers and students are encouraged to use the online and distance learning programs and platforms as an alternative. In the present study, we proposed a series of innovative solutions in Medical Molecular Biology education during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, including a flipped classroom model, live streaming course, chat Apps, and scientific papers on COVID-19 as additional learning material. Our results demonstrated that these innovations not only help teachers to maintain the teaching process as usual but also be useful for protecting students from psychological trauma. Our study indicates that online education with a well-designed workflow for conducting provides an alternative approach for teachers to maintain quality education during the onset of the emerging crisis.

Aims To explore nurses' psychological experiences after inpatient suicide. Design Qualitative studies were meta-synthesized. Data sources Eight databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, Wanfang Data, VIP database, CBM and CNKI) were searched for qualitative studies from each database's inception to 31 August 2020. Review methods Studies were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. Qualitative data were extracted, summarized, and meta-synthesized. Results Eleven studies were included, and five themes were identified: (a) emotional experience, (b) cognitive experience, (c) coping strategies, (d) self-reflection and (e) impact on self and practise. Conclusion Nurses reported various negative emotions after inpatient suicide. Hospital administrators should recognize nurses' second victim psychological trauma. Moreover, they must develop theory-based education, training and psychological support programmes to promote nurses' mental health. Hospital patient safety management is also important to ensure patient safety whilst preventing nurses from becoming second victims. Impact Understanding the psychological experiences of nurses who have undergone inpatient suicide will inform future research and practise. Nurses require psychological support after experiencing adverse events. Education and training are necessary to help nurses acquire suicide knowledge, understand the role of the second victim, better cope with adverse events and promote self-growth. Hospitals should strengthen the construction of a safety culture to ensure patient safety.

In this paper I discuss Jungian psychological work of the trauma and loss experienced in reaction to COVID-19 with a man who represents a clinical composite. The issues of precarity, a concept used by the philosopher Judith Butler, are combined with the notions of lack and absence of French psychoanalyst André Green. The psychological and societal situation of precarity aroused the man's childhood issues that were long repressed. The loneliness, isolation and death from COVID-19 mirrored his personal and the collective responses to the disaster from this global pandemic. He felt on the edge of collapse as what he knew of his world crashed and he found himself unable to cope. The subsequent Jungian work taking place through the virtual computer screen was taxing and restorative simultaneously for both analyst and analysand.Dans cet article je discute le travail psychologique Jungien sur le traumatisme et la perte dont fait l’expérience un patient en réaction au COVID-19, patient qui représente un composite clinique. Les questions en lien avec la précarité, un concept utilisé par la philosophe Judith Butler, sont combinées avec les notions de manque et d’absence chez le psychanalyste français André Green. La situation psychologique et sociale de précarité a activé les problèmes de l’enfance de cet homme, réprimés depuis longtemps. La solitude, l’isolement et la mort liés au COVID-19 ont fait miroir avec ses réponses personnelles et les réponses collectives au désastre de cette pandémie globale. Il se sentit à la limite de l’effondrement alors que ce qu’il connaissait de son monde s’écroulait et il se trouva dans l’incapacité de faire face. Le travail Jungien qui s’ensuivit, au moyen de l’écran virtuel de l’ordinateur fut éprouvant et réparateur pour l’analysant et l’analyste simultanément.In diesem Artikel diskutiere ich die Jungianische psychologische Arbeit an Traumata und Verlusten, die als Reaktion auf COVID-19 eingetreten sind, mit einem Mann, der eine klinische Mischung verkörpert. Die Fragen der Unsicherheit (Prekaritaet), ein Konzept der Philosophin Judith Butler, werden mit den Vorstellungen von Mangel und Abwesenheit des französischen Psychoanalytikers André Green kombiniert. Die psychologische und gesellschaftliche Situation der Unsicherheit weckte die lange unterdrückten Kindheitsprobleme des Mannes. Die von COVID-19 verursachte Einsamkeit, die Isolation und der Tod spiegelten seine persönlichen und kollektiven Reaktionen auf die Katastrophe dieser globalen Pandemie wider. Er fühlte sich am Rande des Zusammenbruchs, als das, was er über seine Welt wußte, zusammenbrach und er sich unfähig fühlte, damit umzugehen. Die anschließende Jungianische Arbeit, die virtuell über den Computerbildschirm stattfand, war sowohl für den Analytiker als auch für den Analysanden gleichzeitig anstrengend und aufbauend.In questo articolo discuto il lavoro psicologico junghiano sul trauma e la perdita nell'esperienza del COVID-19 con un uomo che rappresenta un caso clinico composito. Il tema della precarietà, un concetto utilizzato dalla filosofa Judith Butler, è combinato con le nozioni di perdita e di assenza dello psicoanalista francese André Green. La situazione di precarietà psicologica e sociale ha risvegliato temi dell'infanzia del paziente che per lungo tempo erano stati repressi. La solitudine, l'isolamento e la morte per COVID-19 hanno risvegliato le sue risposte personali, come quelle collettive, alla pandemia globale. Il paziente si è sentito sull'orlo del baratro poiché il mondo che lui conosceva era crollato e lui si era ritrovato incapace di fare fronte alla distruzione. Il lavoro junghiano si è realizzato attraverso lo schermo del computer ed è stato gravoso, ma ha anche dato sollievo sia al paziente che all'analista.В этой статье я обсуждаю юнгианскую психологическую работу с травмой и утратой, пережитыми в связи с Ковид-19. Клиническим материалом послужила работа с мужчиной. Тема нестабильности - понятия, использованного философом Джудит Батлер, рассмотрена в сочетании с представлениями Андре Грина о дефиците и отсутствии. Психологическая и социальная ситуация нестабильности сегодняшнего дня подняла вытесненные проблемы, идущие из детства этого пациента. Одиночество, изоляция и смерть от коронавируса отобразили его личный и коллективный ответ на несчастье, вызванное пандемией. Он чувствовал себя на грани срыва, поскольку мир, каким он его знал, рухнул, и он не мог с этим справиться. Последовавшая юнгианская онлайн работа была одновременно утомительной и восстанавливающий как для аналитика, так и для анализанда.En el presente trabajo, describo el trabajo psicológico Junguiano, con un hombre que representa un compuesto clínico, acerca del trauma y la pérdida experimentada en reacción al COVID-19. Cuestiones de precariedad, un concepto utilizado por la filósofa Judith Butler, son combinadas con las nociones de falta y ausencia del psicoanalista francés André Green. La situación psicológica y social de precariedad activa temas infantiles del individuo, hasta entonces reprimidos. La soledad, aislamiento y muerte del COVID-19 espejó la suya personal y las respuestas colectivas al desastre de esta pandemia global. Él se encontró en el borde del colapso debido a que lo que él conocía del mundo se quebró, y se encontró imposibilitado de hacer algo con esto. El trabajo Junguiano subsiguiente que tuvo lugar a través de la pantalla virtual de la computadora fue arduo y restaurador simultáneamente para ambos, analista y analizando.文章讨论了对基于荣格心理流派, 对一位在新冠疫情中经历创伤和丧失的个案的工作, 这位个案是一个临床上的综合案例。关于动荡的话题, 来自哲学家Judith Butler 所提出的概念, 这一概念又融合了法国精神分析师André Green 关于匮乏的观念。动荡的心理与社会状况唤起了个体童年那些一直表现出来的议题。由新冠引发的孤独、隔离与死亡映射了面向全球疫情灾难所唤起的个体的与集体性的反应。他感到处于崩溃的边缘, 因为他感到他的世界要崩塌了, 而他没有能力应对。随之而来的透过虚拟的电脑屏幕进行的荣格式工作, 对于分析师和受分析者来说, 都是即繁重又滋养的。.

Fear and grief caused by the pandemic have produced a powerful unconscious narrative in the collective psyche that the coronavirus is driven by an innately evil, and possibly divine, force. The resulting archetypal dimension of fear causes an extra layer of psychological suffering in individuals. This paper discusses how and why this narrative was created and why it is so compelling by looking at 1) the myth-making nature of the human psyche, 2) the psychodynamics of fear that drive the narrative, 3) the properties of the coronavirus and the pandemic that activate negative poles of some archetypes, in particular, archetypes of evil, and 4) asking how analytical psychology can help ease psychological suffering caused by these negative narratives, where one possibility is to invoke the transcendent function. The author's personal experiences as both biochemist and analytical psychologist elucidate how the transcendent function can promote healing.La peur et la douleur causées par la pandémie ont produit un puissant récit inconscient dans la psyché collective, à savoir que le coronavirus est dirigé par une force intrinsèquement maléfique ou éventuellement divine. La dimension archétypale de peur qui en résulte produit une couche supplémentaire de douleur psychologique chez les individus. Cet article étudie comment et pourquoi ce récit est créé et pourquoi il est si convaincant. L’article procède en examinant 1) la nature de la psyché humaine qui tend à fabriquer des mythes, 2) les dynamiques psychanalytiques de la peur qui motivent le récit, 3) les propriétés du coronavirus et de la pandémie qui activent les pôles négatifs de certains archétypes, et en particulier l’archétype du mal, et 4) comment la psychologie analytique peut aider à soulager la douleur psychologique produite par ces récits négatifs. Une possibilité est d’invoquer la fonction transcendante. Les expériences personnelles de l’auteur à la fois en tant que biochimiste et en tant que psychologue analytique éclairent comment la fonction transcendante peut promouvoir la guérison.Angst und Trauer, die durch die Pandemie verursacht wurden, haben in der kollektiven Psyche ein starkes unbewußtes Narrativ hervorgebracht, in dem das Coronavirus von einer von Natur aus bösen und möglicherweise göttlichen Kraft angetrieben wird. Die daraus resultierende archetypische Dimension der Angst verursacht bei Einzelnen eine zusätzliche Ebene psychischen Leidens. In diesem Artikel wird erörtert, wie und warum dieses Narrativ entstanden und warum es so überzeugend ist wobei geschaut wird auf 1. die mythenproduzierende Natur der menschlichen Psyche, 2. die Psychodynamik der Angst, die das Narrativ antreibt, 3. die Eigenschaften des Coronavirus und die Pandemie, die negative Pole einiger Archetypen aktiviert, insbesondere Archetypen des Bösen und 4. Die Frage, wie die Analytische Psychologie dazu beitragen kann, das durch diese negativen Narrative verursachte psychologische Leiden zu lindern, wobei eine Möglichkeit darin besteht, die Transzendente Funktion zu aktivieren. Die persönlichen Erfahrungen des Autors als Biochemiker und analytischer Psychologe verdeutlichen, wie die Transzendente Funktion die Heilung fördern kann.La paura e il dolore causati dalla pandemia hanno prodotto una potente narrativa inconscia nella psiche collettiva, ossia che il Coronavirus sia guidato da una forza innatamente malvagia ed, eventualmente, divina. La dimensione archetipica risultante dalla paura provoca un substrato ulteriore di sofferenza psichica negli individui. Questo articolo discute come e perché questa narrativa sia stata creata e perché sia così avvincente, guardando a 1) la natura mitopoietica della psiche umana, 2) la psicodinamica della paura che guida la narrativa, 3) le proprietà del Coronavirus e della pandemia che attivano i poli negativi di alcuni archetipi, e 4) chiedendo come la psicologia analitica possa aiutare ad alleviare la sofferenza psicologica causata da queste narrazioni negative, in cui una possibilità è di invocare la funzione trascendente. Le esperienze personali dell’Autore sia come biochimico che come psicologo analitico elucidano su come la funzione trascendente possa promuovere la guarigione.Вызванные пандемией страх и горе создали мощный бессознательный нарратив в коллективной психике: коронавирусом движет врожденное зло, возможно, имеющее божественную природу. Вытекающий из этого архетипический уровень страха причиняет дополнительные страдания людям. В статье обсуждается: как и почему был создан этот нарратив, а также почему он так убедителен. Приводятся доводы, связанные с 1) мифотворческой натурой человеческой психики, 2) психодинамикой страха, который движет этим нарративом, 3) свойствами коронавируса и пандемии, которые активировали негативные полюса некоторых архетипов, в частности, архетипов зла. Автор также задается вопросом, как аналитическая психология может помочь облегчить психологическое страдание, вызванное этими негативными нарративами. Один из вариантов помощи - это пробуждение трансцендентной функции. Личный опыт автора как биохимика и аналитического психолога помогает понять, как трансцендентная функция способствует исцелению.El miedo y el dolor causado por la pandemia han producido una poderosa narrativa inconsciente en la psique colectiva, significando que el coronavirus es producido por una fuerza divina, innata del mal. La resultante dimensión arquetípica del miedo causa un estrato extra de sufrimiento psicológico en los individuos. El presente trabajo examina cómo y porqué ha sido creada esta narrativa y porqué resulta tan atractiva, prestando atención a: 1) la naturaleza creadora de mitos de la psique humana, 2) los psico-dinamismos del miedo que impulsan dicha narrativa, 3) las propiedades del coronavirus y de la pandemia que activan los polos negativos de ciertos arquetipos, en particular arquetipos del mal, y 4) pregunta cómo la psicología analítica puede ayudar a aliviar el sufrimiento psicológico causado por estas narrativas negativas, donde una posibilidad es invocar la función trascendente. Las experiencias personales de la autora como bioquímica y psicóloga analítica elucidan como la función trascendente puede promover la curación.新冠病毒:它对邪恶原型的激活是否导致更多的心理困扰吗? 疫情导致的恐惧和哀伤在集体心灵中引发了强烈的无意识叙事, 即新冠病毒是由自然的邪恶力量, 可能是神圣的力量所驱使。由此导致的恐惧的原型层面在个体中导致了另一重的心灵苦难。这篇文章讨论这一叙事是如何以及为什么被创造出来, 以及为什么它那么引人注目, 论文从这些层面讨论:1)人类心灵创造神话的本性, 2)驱动叙事的恐惧心理动力, 3) 新冠病毒和疫情的特征激发了一些原型的消极层面, 特别是邪恶原型, 4)心理分析为什么可以缓解由这些消极叙事导致的心理苦痛, 其中一个可能是它唤起了超越功能。作者从自身作为生物化学家和分析心理学家的个人经验, 说明了超越功能如何可以促进治愈。.

This paper explores how the deadly shadow of COVID-19 passing over the Earth constitutes a collective trauma that frequently opens up or 'triggers' un-remembered personal trauma, and it provides clinical examples of these intersections. The paper further explores how the human imagination, which we normally utilize to make meaning out of traumatic experience, can be hijacked by fear - leading to avoidance of suffering and to illusory formulations and alternative realities such as conspiracy theories. Alternatively, the imagination can be employed in more realistic and creative ways - leading through conscious suffering to healing and wholeness. Which path the imagination takes is shown to depend on the capacity of individuals to feel the full reality of the human condition in general and the exquisite vulnerability of our existence as fragile human beings at this moment in history. Ernest Becker's analysis of our 'denial of death' and his urgency to embrace our common human vulnerability is explored in relation to Jung's early tendency to deny the body. The author proposes that the more creative uses of the imagination, connected to a more humble and realistic apprehension of our common destiny, may be seen in the 'Black Lives Matter' movement that swept the world in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak.Cet article explore comment l’ombre de mort de la COVID-19, passant sur la terre, constitue un traumatisme collectif qui souvent ouvre ou ravive un traumatisme personnel non-remémoré. L’article fournit des exemples cliniques de telles intersections. Il explore comment l’imagination humaine, que nous utilisons normalement pour donner du sens à nos expériences traumatiques, peut être détournée par la peur. Ceci mène à l’évitement de la souffrance et à des formulations illusoires ou réalités alternatives telles que les théories du complot. Mais l’imagination peut aussi être employée de manières plus réalistes et créatives, nous guidant à travers une souffrance consciente à la guérison et la complétude. Nous montrerons que le choix du chemin que l’imagination emploie dépend de la capacité des personnes à éprouver la pleine réalité de la condition humaine en général et la vulnérabilité magnifique de notre existence en tant qu’êtres humains fragiles à ce moment de l’histoire. L’analyse que fait Ernest Becker de notre ‘déni de la mort’ et son insistance à épouser notre vulnérabilité humaine commune est étudiée et mise en relation avec la tendance de Jung, au début de son œuvre, à renier le corps. L’auteur propose que les utilisations plus créatives de l’imagination, reliées à une appréhension plus humble et plus réaliste de notre destinée commune, peuvent se retrouver dans le mouvement Black Lives Matter, mouvement qui a balayé le monde à la suite de la flambée de COVID-19.In diesem Artikel wird untersucht, wie der tödliche Schatten von COVID-19, der über die Erde geht, ein kollektives Trauma darstellt, das häufig ein nicht erinnertes persönliches Trauma eröffnet oder 'triggert'. Es werden klinische Beispiele für diese Schnittpunkte angeführt. Der Beitrag untersucht weiter, wie die menschliche Vorstellungskraft, die wir normalerweise anwenden um aus traumatischen Erfahrungen einen Sinn zu machen, von Angst entführt werden kann - was zur Vermeidung von Leiden und zu illusorischen Formulierungen und alternativen Realitäten wie Verschwörungstheorien führt. Alternativ kann die Vorstellungskraft auf realistischere und kreativere Weise eingesetzt werden - was durch bewußtes Leiden zu Heilung und Ganzheit führt. Welchen Weg die Vorstellungskraft einschlägt, hängt von der Fähigkeit des Einzelnen ab, die volle Realität des menschlichen Zustandes im allgemeinen und die exquisite Verletzlichkeit unserer Existenz als fragile Menschen in diesem Moment der Geschichte zu spüren. Ernest Beckers Analyse unserer 'Verleugnung des Todes' und seine Dringlichkeit, unsere gemeinsame menschliche Verletzlichkeit zu akzeptieren, wird in Bezug auf Jungs frühe Tendenzen untersucht, den Körper zu leugnen. Der Autor unterstellt, daß die kreativere Verwendung der Vorstellungskraft, verbunden mit einer bescheideneren und realistischeren Wahrnehmung unseres gemeinsamen Schicksals, in der Black Lives Matter-Bewegung zu sehen ist, die nach dem Ausbruch von COVID-19 die Welt eroberte.Questo articolo esplora come l'ombra mortifera del COVID-19 che passa sulla terra costituisca un trauma collettivo che spesso apre, o aggancia un trauma personale non ricordato. Vengono offerti esempi clinici di queste intersezioni. L'articolo inoltre esplora come l'immaginazione umana, che normalmente utilizziamo per dare significato alle esperienze traumatiche, possa essere monopolizzata dalla paura -portando ad evitare la sofferenza ed alla formulazione di realtà alternative illusorie come le teorie della cospirazione. In alternativa, l'immaginazione può essere utilizzata in modi più realistici e creativi - attraverso la consapevolezza della sofferenza per una guarigione e l'interezza. La parte che l'immaginazione può avere dipende dalla capacità degli individui di sentire in pieno la realtà della condizione umana e la particolare vulnerabilità della nostra fragile esistenza come esseri umani in questo momento storico. L'analisi di Ernest Becker della nostra "negazione della morte" e la sua necessità di abbracciare la nostra comune vulnerabilità viene esaminata in relazione alla iniziale tendenza di Jung a negare il corpo. L'Autore propone che utilizzi più creativi dell'immaginazione, connessi ad una comprensione più umile e realistica del nostro destino, possono essere visti nel movimento Black Lives Matter che ha scosso il mondo subito dopo l'irrompere della pandemia da COVID-19.В статье исследуется, как проносящаяся над землей смертоносная тень КОВИД-19 формирует коллективную травму, которая часто открывает или «запускает» личную травму, о которой не было воспоминаний. Приведены клинические примеры таких пересечений. В статье также показано, как человеческое воображение, которое мы обычно используем для придания смысла травматическому опыту, оказывается похищено и задействовано страхом, что ведет к избеганию страдания и иллюзорным построениям, альтернативным реальностям, например, к теориям заговора. С другой стороны, воображение можно задействовать более реалистичными и созидательными способами, которые через осознанное страдание ведут к исцелению и целостности. Каким путем пойдет воображение - зависит от способности человека быть в полном контакте с реальностью человеческого существования в целом, от исключительной уязвимости нашего существования и хрупкости бытия в данный момент истории. Анализ Эрнеста Бекера нашего «отрицания смерти» и его призыв принять нашу общую человеческую уязвимость исследуется в связи со стремлением в ранних работах Юнга к отрицанию тела. Автор предполагает, что более творческое использование воображения, связанное с более умеренным и реалистичным представлением о нашей общей судьбе, можно увидеть в движении Black Lives Matter, которое пронеслось по миру после вспышки коронавируса.El presente trabajo explora como la sombra mortal del COVID-19 pasando sobre la tierra constituye un trauma colectivo que frecuentemente abre o ‘activa’ trauma personal no recordado. Se proveen ejemplos clínicos de estas intersecciones. El escrito además explora cómo la imaginación humana, la cual normalmente utilizamos para encontrar sentido a partir de experiencias traumáticas, puede ser apropiada por el miedo - conduciendo a la evitación del sufrimiento y a formulaciones ilusorias y realidades alternativas tales como las teorías conspirativas. Alternativamente, la imaginación puede ser empleada en modos más realistas y creativos - conduciendo a través del sufrimiento consciente a la sanación y a la integridad. Cual camino toma la imaginación, se muestra que depende de la capacidad de los individuos para sentir la realidad plena de la condición humana en general y la exquisita vulnerabilidad de nuestra existencia como frágiles seres humanos en este momento de la historia. El análisis de nuestra ‘negación de la muerte’ de Ernest Becker y su urgencia por acoger nuestra común vulnerabilidad humana es explorada con relación a la temprana tendencia en Jung de negar el cuerpo. El autor propone que los usos más creativos de la imaginación, conectados a una aprehensión más humilde y realista de nuestro destino común, puede ser vista en el movimiento Black Lives Matter que recorrió el mundo en las postrimerías del estallido del COVID-19.新冠疫情期间个体与集体创伤的交汇:现代想象的劫持 文章探索了席卷全球的新冠阴影如何聚集了一个集体创伤, 这一创伤时常打开或触发被淡忘的个人创伤。文章提供了这种交汇的临床案例。文章进一步探索人类时常使用的想象如何从创伤经验中制造意义感, 以及这一想象如何可以由于恐惧而被劫持, 这会带来对伤痛的回避, 带来幻觉, 以及替代性的现实, 比如阴谋论。与之不同, 想象可以以更加真实和创造的形式出现, 这带来的是对伤痛的觉察和疗愈与完整。想象到底会走哪条路, 取决于个体完整地感受人类真实状态的能力, 以及感知在当下历史时期, 作为脆弱的人类的极大脆弱性的能力。文章探索了Ernest Becker关于我们对“死亡的否认”的分析, 以及拥抱人类普遍的脆弱的督促, 这些探索也联系了荣格早期对身体否认的倾向性。作者提出, 更加积极地使用想象, 更多联系到谦卑, 以及对我们普遍命运的现实的理解, 这可以在后疫情时代席卷世界的黑人生命重要运动中看到。.

Background Individuals with hoarding report stressful and traumatic life events at an elevated rate compared with those with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls, but have not been compared with other clinical groups. This study compared rates of traumatic life events between those with clinically significant hoarding, anxiety disorders, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), hypothesizing that rates would be higher in the hoarding and PTSD groups than the anxiety group. Methods Rates of traumatic and stressful events were compared across groups. Results All comparisons across groups on types of events were significant (partial-eta squared 0.051-0.162). The hoarding group endorsed significantly more crime-related events but similar rates of other events as compared to the PTSD and anxiety disorder groups. Conclusion These findings suggest that many stressful and traumatic life events are not uniquely elevated in hoarding when compared with other clinical populations.

Background People with an intellectual disability are more vulnerable to psychological trauma compared with the general population. The aim of this scoping review was to identify the current status of the literature on trauma that is specific to the experiences of adults with an intellectual disability, living in community settings. Methods A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2005, 8, 19) framework. Forty-one international papers were reviewed spanning 2000-2020, and their quality assessed using the MMAT. Findings (1) Aggressive behaviours can be symptoms of trauma, (2) there are appropriate assessment tools for the impact of trauma, (3) evidence-based interventions for trauma may be effective, and (4) factors associated with disability can be experienced as traumatic. Conclusion There is a growing body of literature highlighting assessment needs and potential interventions for people with an intellectual disability who have experienced psychological trauma. Further research is needed to develop trauma-informed pathways.

Residents of urban American neighborhoods facing economic hardship often experience individual and collective adversities at high levels. This study explores how racially diverse adults experience stress, adversity, and trauma, and how they cope and heal in the context of their environment. Following a critical realist grounded theory methodology, four focus groups were conducted with African American, White and Latinx participants (N = 21) within an employment service program. Participants identified key stressors ranging from financial and job challenges, violence, and trauma. To cope with and heal from adversity, they practiced positivity, named trauma and its effects, sought social connection, envisioned community-based resources, and addressed structural and systemic barriers. The data generated a theory of "a mutual process of healing self and healing the community" through intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural change. The results of this study indicate a need for peer-led, community-engaged initiatives and holistic, trauma-informed, healing-centered practices.

The authors of this chapter describe how leadership educators can create community engagement experiences to foster student leadership. The authors center social justice, critical race theory, and trauma informed practices in order to advocate for justice and equity with communities and students.

Following trauma exposure, two frequently co-occurring forms of psychopathology include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Although these diagnoses have been identified as distinct constructs, the proper classification of these disorders remains a challenge due to overlapping symptoms. Instead, systematically establishing higher- and lower-order personality traits associated with each diagnosis may avoid this confound and improve differential diagnosis. In the present study, we examined how higher-order negative affect and its lower-order facets (i.e., anxiousness, emotional lability, and separation insecurity) may be associated with a diagnosis of PTSD only, MDD only, both diagnoses, or neither diagnosis. Participants were 1,175 veterans enrolled in the Veterans After Discharge Longitudinal Registry. Higher- and lower-order negative affect were assessed using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and PTSD and MDD diagnoses were based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). Multinomial logistic regressions were used to model the association between higher- and lower-order negative affect and diagnostic status, after controlling for potential covariates. Diagnostic utility analyses were conducted to examine the degree to which higher- and lower-order negative affect classified participants across groups. Higher-order negative affect and lower-order anxiousness differentiated diagnostic groups, ORs = 1.76-4.66, and had strong specificity and negative predictive value for individuals with PTSD and MDD and those with MDD only. These findings help explain the role of higher-order negative affect and lower-order anxiousness in differentiating PTSD from MDD and comorbid PTSD and MDD and may have implications for assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment planning.

Objective To explore the effects of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program on postoperative rehabilitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during the perioperative period of adenotonsillectomy. Design A retrospective historical control study SETTING: Service improvement project PARTICIPANTS: The study included 394 children with OSA (207 males, 187 females; age range, 2.5 y to 14 y) who underwent adenotonsillectomy. Main outcome measures The children who had undergone adenoidal ablation and bilateral tonsillectomy were divided into an ERAS group (208 patients) treated with the combined optimization measures and a control group (186 patients) that was treated with traditional measures during the perioperative period. The postoperative incidence of complications, pain scores, anxiety scores, and postoperative diets in the two groups were assessed. Results Patients in the ERAS group had significantly a lower overall complication rate and incidence of fever for 2 weeks of follow-up when compared to patients in the control group through the application of perioperative optimization measures. Furthermore, patients in the ERAS group had less post-surgical pain, better dietary intake at day 1, 3 and 7 after surgery, and had lower pre-operative anxiety scores after admission education and while waiting in the operation room. Conclusion The ERAS program consisting of combined optimization measures can reduce physical and psychological trauma during the perioperative period of adenotonsillectomy performed for children with OSA.

Cumulative lifetime trauma has a profound impact on the development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, few studies have determined participants' most distressing (i.e., "worst") life event in childhood or adulthood or examined whether this event contributes to poorer clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to (a) determine the associations between the worst life event and demographic/clinical variables and (b) examine the associations between the worst life event and psychiatric symptoms (i.e., positive, negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms). Participants (N = 150) were outpatients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who were assessed for lifetime trauma exposure, positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between demographic and clinical variables and worst life events (none, childhood, or adulthood). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between worst life events and psychiatric symptoms. More participants reported that their worst life event occurred during adulthood (31.1%) than childhood (21.3%). Adulthood trauma was associated with male gender, older age, non-Chinese ethnicity, and psychiatric comorbidities; childhood trauma was associated with a family history of depression/anxiety. Adulthood trauma was significantly associated with more severe positive psychotic symptoms, f2 = 0.19, whereas childhood and adulthood trauma exposure were both significantly associated with more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, f2 s = 0.19 and 0.25, respectively. Our findings underscore the importance of conducting assessments for worst life events and the associated risk factors to develop meaningful formulations and appropriate trauma-focused treatment plans.

The debate around the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) has begun to examine whether CPTSD diverges from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when it co-occurs with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The present study (a) examined the construct validity of CPTSD through a latent class analysis of a non–treatment-seeking sample of young trauma-exposed adults and (b) characterized each class in terms of trauma characteristics, social emotions (e.g., shame, guilt, blame), and interpersonal functioning. A total of 23 dichotomized survey items were chosen to represent the symptoms of PTSD, CPTSD, and BPD and administered to 197 trauma-exposed participants. Fit statistics compared models with 2–4 latent classes. The four-class model showed the best fit statistics and clinical interpretability. Classes included a “high PTSD+CPTSD+BPD” class, characterized by high-level endorsement of all symptoms for the three diagnoses; a “moderate PTSD+CPTSD+BPD” class, characterized by endorsement of some symptoms across all three diagnoses; a “PTSD” class, characterized by endorsement of the ICD-11 PTSD criteria; and a “healthy” class, characterized by low symptom endorsement overall. Pairwise comparisons showed individuals in the high PTSD+CPTSD+BPD class to have the highest levels of psychological distress, traumatic event history, adverse childhood experiences, and PTSD symptoms. Shame was the only social emotion to significantly differ between the classes, p = .002, η(2) = .16. The findings diverge from the literature, indicating an overlap of PTSD, CPTSD, and BPD symptoms in a non–treatment-seeking community sample. Further, shame may be a central emotion that differentiates between presentation severities following trauma exposure.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To systematically identify, appraise and synthesise existing qualitative studies exploring nurses' lived experiences of workplace violence by patients, families and hospital visitors, identifying their support needs following workplace violence. BACKGROUND Workplace violence against nurses is a significant concern globally, as it leads to serious negative consequences for nurses, patients and organisations as a whole. Having adequate support is considered significant. While numerous studies have been conducted on workplace violence, few qualitative reviews have focused on identifying nurses' support needs following episodes of workplace violence. METHODS Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Scopus) were systematically searched. Additionally, hand searching of prominent journals, grey literature and reference lists of included studies was also performed to identify additional research. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies was used to assess all included articles. Thomas and Harden's three-stage approach to thematic analysis was followed, using the ENTREQ statement for reporting. RESULTS Ten studies published in English, conducted across eight countries, met the inclusion criteria. Four analytical themes relating to nurses' experiences were identified: "inevitable and unpredictable trauma in the career" "higher tolerance and understanding of unintentional violence," "positive learning or passive adjustment" and "struggle with the role and behaviour conflict." In terms of nurses' support needs, the analysis yielded two themes: "informal support needs" and "formal support needs." CONCLUSION Nurses experience significant and lasting psychological trauma due to workplace violence; however, the support for nurses remains seriously inadequate. Establishing an effective and robust support system based on nurses' needs must be viewed as a priority for organisations, as well as researchers. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Institutions and managers have a duty to maintain an awareness of nurses' experiences and support needs regarding workplace violence. There is a need for further policymaking and research, based on clinical practice, in order to develop effective preventive and interventive strategies regarding workplace violence.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to dysfunctional emotional processing, thus motivating the search for physiological indices that can elucidate this process. Toward this aim, we compared pupillary response patterns in response to angry and fearful auditory stimuli among 99 adults, some with PTSD (n = 14), some trauma-exposed without PTSD (TE; n = 53), and some with no history of trauma exposure (CON; n = 32). We hypothesized that individuals with PTSD would show more pupillary response to angry and fearful auditory stimuli compared to those in the TE and CON groups. Among participants who had experienced a traumatic event, we explored the association between PTSD symptoms and pupillary response; contrary to our prediction, individuals with PTSD displayed the least pupillary response to fearful auditory stimuli compared those in the TE, B = -0.022, p = .077, and CON, B = -0.042, p = .002, groups, but they did not differ on angry auditory stimuli, B = 0.019, p = .118 and B = 0.006, p = .634, respectively. It is important to note that within-group analyses revealed that participants with PTSD differed significantly in their response to angry versus fearful stimuli, B = -0.032, p = .015. We also found a positive association between PTSD symptoms and pupillary response to angry stimuli. Our findings suggest that differential pupil response to anger and fear stimuli may be a promising way to understand emotional processing in PTSD.

As a result of the precarious conditions in which they migrate, refugees are likely to have experiences that increase their risk of mental health problems. Refugees tend to be predisposed to relatively high levels of distress upon resettlement, and a key predictor of these issues is traumatic experiences that occur before their arrival. Despite high initial levels of ill-health, on average, refugees tend to experience mental health recovery over time. However, both levels of mental health upon settlement and recovery over time may be negatively influenced by stressors in the postsettlement period. The present study examined changes in psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms over 5 years among 2,169 refugees from various backgrounds, predominately from Iraq and Afghanistan, who participated in the Building a New Life in Australia (BNLA) study. A multivariate latent growth curve model found mental ill-health decreased on average, β = -.21 for distress and β = -.31 for PTSD, ps < .001, and premigration trauma exposure predicted more initial PTSD symptoms and reduced recovery over time, βIntercept = .21, βSlope = -.54, p < .001. Postmigration stressors, such as loneliness, financial concerns, and cultural integration, predicted higher levels of mental health problems as well as reduced recovery over time. These findings suggest that beyond trauma exposure, the mental health of refugees upon resettlement and their recovery over time is impacted by stressors in the early resettlement period, which has important implications for interventions and services to support and encourage well-being in refugee populations.

The current study examined a conceptual model of the association between potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and depression symptoms. It was hypothesized that interpersonal needs (i.e., perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) would independently mediate the relationship between PMIEs and depression symptoms, while emotion dysregulation would moderate the associations. Individuals who experienced a traumatic event and were residing in the United States (N = 147) completed a cross-sectional questionnaire containing measures of PMIEs, interpersonal needs, emotion dysregulation and depression symptoms. Results indicated that the indirect effect through perceived burdensomeness was significant at high levels of emotion dysregulation, whereas the indirect effect through thwarted belongingness was non-significant. Additionally, emotion dysregulation moderated each pathway, with the exception of the direct effects from PMIEs to depression symptoms. The proposed model may be informative for researchers and clinicians interested in the association between PMIEs and depression symptoms. The results may encourage the use of emotion regulation strategies to assist patients suffering from depression symptoms, especially when exposure to a PMIE has occurred.

This paper explores the issue of cultural trauma, which is an area of concern in psychology generally and has emerged as one within the International Association for Analytical Psychology's Router training programme. A summary of responses to the issues of cultural trauma and complexes (alongside cultural differences) within analytical psychology are presented, followed by an overview of findings from the IAAP's evaluation of the Router training programme. These findings are then aligned with contemporary sociological research. The significant issues involved in healing cultural trauma seem to be 'working through', as well as the place of imagination, dreamwork, symbolism and metaphor. Research in Poland has specifically highlighted the importance of good governance, economic vitality, personal and social capital (as in education and social participation), a meaning system, certain external contingencies, channels of mobility and ritualism.Cet article explore la question du traumatisme culturel, un domaine d’intérêt pour la psychologie en général, et qui est apparu comme particulièrement important dans le programme de formation Router de l’AIPA. L’article présente un résumé des réactions aux questions concernant le traumatisme et les complexes culturels (aux côtés des différences culturelles) dans la psychologie analytique. Vient ensuite un aperçu des conclusions de l’évaluation du programme de formation Router de l’AIPA. Ces conclusions sont alors mises en relation avec la recherche sociologique actuelle. Les aspects importants qui participent à la guérison du traumatisme culturel semblent être la perlaboration, la place de l’imagination, le travail avec les rêves, le symbolisme et la métaphore. En Pologne, la recherche a particulièrement souligné l’importance de la bonne gouvernance, de la vitalité économique, du capital personnel et social (comme dans l’éducation et la participation sociale), d’un système de signification, de certains imprévus externes, et de canaux de mobilité et de ritualisme.In diesem Artikel wird das Thema des kulturellen Traumas untersucht, das in der Psychologie allgemein als Problem aufgefaßt wird und welches sich im Rahmen des Router-Ausbildungsprogramms der IAAP als ein solches erwiesen hat. Es wird eine Zusammenfassung der Antworten auf die Fragen des kulturellen Traumas und der Komplexe (neben kulturellen Unterschieden) in der Analytischen Psychologie gegeben, gefolgt von einem Überblick über die Ergebnisse der IAAP-Bewertung des Router-Ausbildungsprogramms. Diese Ergebnisse werden dann mit der zeitgenössischen soziologischen Forschung abgeglichen. Die wesentlichen Probleme, die bei der Heilung kultureller Traumata auftauchen, scheinen 'durchzuschlagen', ebenso wie der Ort der Imagination, der Traumarbeit, der Symbolik und der Metapher. Die Forschung in Polen hat insbesondere die Bedeutung von verantwortungsvoller Regierungsführung, wirtschaftlicher Vitalität, persönlichem und sozialem Kapital (wie bei Bildung und sozialer Teilhabe), einem Bedeutungssystem, bestimmten externen Eventualitäten, Mobilitätskanälen und Ritualen aufgezeigt.Questo paper esplora la questione del trauma culturale, che è un'area di interesse in generale nella psicologia, e che è emersa come tale all'interno del programma di formazione Routers per la IAAP. Viene presentata una sintesi delle risposte ai problemi del trauma culturale e dei complessi (insieme alle differenze culturali) all'interno della psicologia analitica, seguita da una panoramica dei risultati della valutazione IAAP del programma di formazione dei Routers. Questi risultati sono poi confrontati con la ricerca sociologica contemporanea. Le questioni significative inerenti la guarigione dal trauma culturale sembrano riferirsi all”elaborare', così come ad un luogo per l’immaginazione, al lavoro sui sogni, al simbolismo ed alla metafora. Una ricerca in Polonia ha evidenziato in modo specifico l'importanza di un buon governo, della vitalità economica, del capitale personale e sociale (nei termini di educazione e partecipazione sociale), di un sistema di significati, di alcune contingenze esterne, di canali di mobilità e ritualità.В статье исследуется проблема культурной травмы, которая является предметом изучения в психологии в целом и стала одной из важных тем в рамках учебной программы рутеров IAAP. Представлено краткое изложение отликов на проблемы, связанные с культурной травмой и комплексами (наряду с культурными различиями) в аналитической психологии, а затем приведен обзор результатов, полученных в ходе оценки IAAP рутерской программы. Эти результаты сопоставлены с современными социологическими исследованиями. Важные вопросы, связанные с исцелением культурной травмы, похоже, находятся в процессе “проработки”. Отведено важное место воображению, работе сновидений, символике и метафоре. Исследования в Польше особенно подчеркнули значимость хорошего государственного управления, экономической жизнеспособности, личного и социального капитала (в образовании и социальной жизни), системы смысла, определенных внешних непредвиденных обстоятельств, каналов мобильности и ритуализма.El presente artículo explora la noción de trauma cultural, la cual es un área de interés en psicología y ha surgido como tal al interior del programa de Router de la IAAP. Se presenta un resumen de las respuestas al tema del trauma cultural y los complejos (junto a las diferencias culturales) en la psicología analítica, seguido de una descripción de los resultados de la evaluación del programa de Router de la IAAP. Estos resultados se ubican en consonancia con investigaciones sociológicas contemporáneas. Los temas significativos implicados en la sanación del trauma cultural parecen ser “confrontados”, al igual que el lugar de la imaginación, el trabajo con sueños, el trabajo simbólico y la metáfora. La investigación en Polonia ha destacado específicamente la importancia de un buen gobierno, vitalidad económica, capital personal y social (tanto en educación como en participación social), un sistema de significados, ciertas contingencias externas, canales de movilidad y ritualismo.文章探讨文化创伤的主题, 这一心理学普遍关注的领域, 在IAAP候选分析师训练计划中也有所呈现。文章综述了心理分析中关于文化创伤和情结的话题 (以及文化差异), 之后概述了对IAAP候选分析师训练计划的评估中所获得的发现。文章将现代社会学研究与这些发现结合起来。文化创伤治愈中的重要话题是“修通”, 以及想象、梦的工作、象征与隐喻的场域。在波兰的研究特别显示出以下方面的重要性:政治、经济活力、个人和社会资本 (在教育和社会参与)、意义系统、一定的外在变化、移动性和仪式性的渠道。.

Objective the aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 epidemic on Eating Disorders (EDs) patients, considering the role of pre‐existing vulnerabilities. Method 74 patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) or Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 97 healthy controls (HCs) were evaluated before lockdown (T1) and during lockdown (T2). Patients were also evaluated at the beginning of treatment (T0). Questionnaires were collected to assess psychopathology, childhood trauma, attachment style, and COVID‐19‐related post‐traumatic symptoms. Results A different trend between patients and HCs was observed only for pathological eating behaviors. Patients experienced increased compensatory exercise during lockdown; BN patients also exacerbated binge eating. Lockdown interfered with treatment outcomes: the descending trend of ED‐specific psychopathology was interrupted during the epidemic in BN patients. Previously remitted patients showed re‐exacerbation of binge eating after lockdown. Household arguments and fear for the safety of loved ones predicted increased symptoms during the lockdown. BN patients reported more severe COVID‐19‐related post‐traumatic symptomatology than AN and HCs, and these symptoms were predicted by childhood trauma and insecure attachment. Discussion COVID‐19 epidemic significantly impacted on EDs, both in terms of post‐traumatic symptomatology and interference with the recovery process. Individuals with early trauma or insecure attachment were particularly vulnerable.

Prior research has provided robust evidence that exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) during a disaster is predictive of adverse postdisaster mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and nonspecific psychological distress (PD). However, few studies have explored the role exposure to other PTEs over the life-course has in shaping postdisaster mental health. Based on the broader literature on trauma exposure and mental health, we hypothesized a path analytic model linking predisaster PTEs to long-term postdisaster PTSS and PD via predisaster PD, short-term postdisaster symptoms, and disaster-related and postdisaster PTEs. We tested this model using data from the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina study, a longitudinal study of low-income, primarily non-Hispanic Black mothers exposed to Hurricane Katrina and assessed before the disaster and at time points 1, 4, and 12 years thereafter. The models evidenced a good fit with the data, RMSEA < .01–.04, CFIs > .99. In addition, 44.1%–67.4% of the effect of predisaster PTEs on long-term postdisaster symptoms was indirect. Descriptive differences were observed across models that included PTSS versus PD, as well as models that included all pre- and postdisaster PTEs versus only those that involved assaultive violence. The results suggest the importance of incorporating disaster preparedness in clinical work with trauma survivors and the value in attending to other lifetime PTEs when working in postdisaster contexts.

Previous studies evaluating the impact of trauma history and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on pain sensitivity have yielded inconsistent findings. The presence of trauma-related negative affective states may account for these discrepancies. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of PTSD and trauma-related negative affect on sensory, affective, physiological, and neuroendocrine responses to an experimental pain task. Trauma-exposed adult women (N = 87) with or without probable PTSD underwent an emotional disclosure paradigm during which they wrote about a traumatic event or a neutral topic. Participants then completed a pain induction procedure. Sensory and affective reports of pain, as well as physiological and neuroendocrine reactivity, were assessed. Compared to women without PTSD, those with PTSD demonstrated decreased sensory pain responses, η(p)(2) = .11, including increased time to pain detection (i.e., threshold) and ability to withstand the pain stimuli (i.e., tolerance) after accounting for relevant covariates. Women with PTSD also demonstrated increased cortisol reactivity following the pain stimulus, η(p)(2) = .06. The main and interactive effects of PTSD group and writing condition did not significantly predict alterations in affective reports of pain or heart rate reactivity. The results suggest that PTSD symptoms may contribute to alterations in pain sensitivity in trauma-exposed women, but this association is complex and requires further exploration.

Objective This review examines trauma from violence as a risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among women attending STD clinics. The review also aims to suggest trauma informed care (TIC) integrated into STD clinics might more effectively address traumatic effects of violence linked to sexual risk behaviors among this population. Design and sample A systematic literature review was conducted to identify empirical studies examining the relationship between multiple forms of violence and sexual risk behaviors among women attending STD clinics. Results All studies found high rates of violence including childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and/or community violence associated with high rates of sexual risk behaviors among women attending these settings. Researchers recommend screening for multiple forms of violence, interdisciplinary STD clinic services, and more trauma informed sexual risk reduction interventions to address multiple forms of violence found prevalent among this population. Conclusion Women attending STD clinics very often experience multiple forms of violence during their lifetime. TIC to address traumatic effects of violence might reduce sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted disease rates for improved health outcomes among this population.

BACKGROUND Depression continues to be a public health crisis for young adults. For high school students, past research has identified trauma as a significant predictor of depression. Congruent with the theory of cumulative stress, the present study hypothesized that the effect of sexual assault on depression would be stronger among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students than among their straight peers. METHODS Using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey completed by students attending Duval County Public Schools in Florida (N = 3053), this study used secondary data analysis to conduct 2 regression analyses, one for boys and one for girls. RESULTS LGB status was associated with 3-fold increase in the odds of reporting depression for both boys and girls. History of sexual assault was associated with a significant increase in reporting depression. There was also a significant interaction effect between sexual orientation and history of sexual assault among male students only (p

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death among children, adolescents, and young adults (AYA), and mental health disorders are a major contributing factor. Yet, suicidal behaviors among children and AYA with mental health concerns remain understudied and age-specific risk factors are poorly understood. We examined the risk factors for suicide attempt in children and AYA with mental health disorders across three age groups: pre-adolescent children (aged ≤ 12), adolescents (aged 13-17), and young adults (aged 18-25). Methods A cross-sectional study of children and AYA hospitalized for a mental health disorder (n = 18,018) at a private hospital system with 141 facilities across the United States (year 2014). Results Suicide attempts six months prior to hospitalization were reported in 12.1% (n = 177) pre-adolescent children, 22% (n = 1476) adolescents, and 17.9% (n = 1766) young adults. Evidence of psychological trauma was present in 55.4% of pre-adolescent children, 51.2% of adolescents, and 44.5% of young adults. Predictors for suicide attempt observed across all three age groups included the following: female sex, depressive disorder, and being a victim of bullying. Risk factors for suicide attempt specific to pre-adolescent children included being uninsured and having an unsafe home or school environment. Among AYA, suicide attempt was associated with non-Hispanic white, family history of suicide, emotional traumas, and other traumatic experiences. Alcohol use disorder was also a significant predictor of suicide attempt in young adults. Conclusions Suicide attempts among children and AYA admitted to a hospital with mental health concerns are highly prevalent. Socioeconomic stressors appeared to be an important contributing factor of suicidal behavior in pre-adolescent children but not in older AYA. Effective suicide prevention strategies targeting children and AYA would need to consider age-specific risk factors.

The concept of psychological trauma implies that people experiencing traumatic stress are wounded, thus relating to the metaphor of a physical injury. Although this notion is widely accepted by clinicians and researchers in mental health, there is evidence of a broad range of metaphorical idioms for extremely aversive experiences or catastrophic events across different cultures. In this ethnopsychological study, we aimed to investigate and contrast culturally shared metaphors for trauma among four distinct cultural groups: two indigenous communities (Pitaguary from Brazil, Adivasis from India) and two rural communities (mountain villagers of Gondo, Switzerland; the Lemko ethnic minority in Poland). The communities in Brazil and in Poland were marked by historical trauma, and the communities in India and Switzerland each suffered from a natural disaster. Semistructured interviews that focused on metaphors shared within each community were conducted with key informants and laypersons (Brazil: N = 14, India: N = 28, Poland, N = 13, Switzerland: N = 9). We conducted separate metaphor analyses, then cross-culturally contrasted the findings from the four samples. Across the four cultural groups, we found similar metaphorical concepts of trauma related to bodily processes, such as shock, burden, and wound.

The Active Inhibition Scale (AIS; Ayers, Sandler, & Twohey, 1998) is an 11-item, self-report measure of emotional suppression among children and adolescents. Previous research with the AIS has linked emotional suppression to several clinically significant outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and suicide, among trauma-exposed and bereaved youth; however, there are no published evaluations of its psychometric properties. We examined the factor structure and criterion validity of the AIS in two samples. Sample 1 included youth (M = 12.22 years, SD = 2.96, range: 6-18 years; 55.4% female) referred to an outpatient psychology clinic specializing in childhood trauma and grief. Sample 2 included youth (M = 13.18 years, SD = 2.58, range: 8-18 years; 61.8% female) referred to a community grief counseling center. Confirmatory factor analytic results supported a one-factor solution, Cronbach's α = .94. Additionally, AIS scores correlated positively with PTSS, depression, and maladaptive grief, rs = .43-.64. Evidence of factorial invariance was found across gender, race/ethnicity, and age group. Emotional suppression scores were higher among girls compared to boys, Black and Hispanic youth compared to White youth, and older compared to younger age groups. The magnitude of correlations between AIS and symptom measure scores was comparable across groups. These results support the reliability and criterion validity of the AIS with diverse youth populations and underscore the role that emotional suppression may play in explaining group differences in mental health symptoms.

Accumulating evidence suggests that lifetime trauma exposure is associated with adulthood cognitive functioning. However, the nature and extent of this relation have yet to be fully explored. We used multilevel modeling to examine trauma exposure and age at first trauma exposure as predictors of the level of and change in cognitive functioning over a 9-year period. Data were from the Midlife in the United States study, a national survey that began in 1995. Data regarding trauma exposure and age at first exposure were obtained from the 2004 wave, whereas cognitive data were obtained from the 2004 and 2013 waves. The analyses were conducted using data from the 2,471 participants (age range: 28-84 years) who had complete data on all variables from the 2004 wave. Lifetime trauma exposure predicted change in executive functioning (EF), B = -0.03, SE = 0.01, p = .015, 95% CI [-0.05, -0.01]; and episodic memory, B = -0.05, SE = 0.02, p = .023, 95% CI [-0.10, -0.01], such that individuals with more trauma exposure had more decline over 9 years. Age at first exposure also predicted change in EF, B = -0.002, SE = 0.00, p = .009, 95% CI [-0.004, -0.001], such that individuals who were first exposed to trauma later in life had greater EF decline than individuals whose first traumatic event occurred earlier in life. Delta pseudo- R 2 values were moderate, ΔpseudoR2 = .17-.39. These findings identify trauma exposure as a risk factor for cognitive decline in adulthood and highlight the elevated risk associated with adulthood trauma exposure.

BACKGROUND Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and those who have experienced traumas or chronic stress exhibit dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. Whether and how trauma and stress histories interact with AUD to affect HPA axis reactivity has not been assessed. METHODS In the present study, 26 healthy male controls and 70 abstinent men with AUD were administered a pharmacologic probe [ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH)] and psychosocial stressor to assess HPA axis reactivity. Plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol were assessed every 10-20 minutes. Hierarchical clustering of multiple measures of trauma and stress identified 3 distinct clusters: childhood adversity, lifetime trauma, and chronic stress. General linear model procedures were used to examine main effects of group (AUD/control) and interaction effects of the 3 clusters upon net-integrated ACTH and cortisol response. RESULTS We found that higher levels of childhood adversity, lifetime trauma, and chronic stress were each associated with blunted oCRH-induced ACTH reactivity in controls, but not in the AUD group. Recent chronic stress within the prior 6 months had the strongest influence upon ACTH reactivity in the control group, and lifetime trauma, the least. CONCLUSIONS Childhood adversity, lifetime trauma, and chronic stress likely exert persistent, measurable effects upon HPA axis functioning in healthy controls. This association appears to be masked in individuals with AUD, potentially confounding studies examining the effects of stress, adversity, and/or trauma upon the HPA axis in this population during the protracted withdrawal phase of recovery. Future work targeting stress exposure and reactivity should consider the heightened effect of previous alcohol use relative to past adversity and trauma.

Findings from studies of predominately school-aged children indicate that few children complete trauma-focused treatment; however, researchers have not specifically examined risk factors for dropout among young trauma-exposed children. The purpose of the present study was to investigate risk factors for attrition among young children receiving trauma-focused therapy. Study participants were 189 treatment-seeking children aged 3-5 years (M = 4.86 years, SD = 0.71; 54.1% female, 47.7% White) and their nonoffending legal guardian(s). Child and family characteristics, number of traumatic events, and pretreatment posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were examined in relation to two attrition definitions: (a) clinician-rated dropout and (b) whether the child received an adequate treatment dose (i.e., 12 or more sessions). Although 70.3% of children prematurely terminated therapy per their clinician, a nearly equivalent portion (67.4%) received an adequate treatment dose. Family characteristics were largely not associated with attrition, although residing farther from the clinic was related to clinician-rated treatment dropout, OR = 0.96. As expected, higher levels of externalizing symptoms were associated with clinician-rated dropout and inadequate dose status, ORs = .95 and .96, respectively, whereas lower levels of trauma-related anger were related to clinician-rated treatment completion, OR = 1.03, and lower levels of PTSS and sexual concerns corresponded with an increased likelihood the child received an inadequate treatment dose, ORs = 1.03 and 1.02, respectively. Thus, child and family factors appear to play a small role in predicting attrition; however, higher levels of externalizing problems and lower levels of PTSS may increase the risk for dropout.

Background A preponderance of behavioural symptoms is assumed to be the main difference in the manifestation of symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with intellectual disability (ID). However, no study so far has assessed the relationship between challenging behaviour (CB) and PTSD. The present study aims to explore this relationship by exploring whether CB is directly related to trauma exposure or whether this relationship is mediated through core symptoms of PTSD. Methods Trauma exposure and current symptoms of PTSD were assessed in 43 adults with mild to moderate ID. Parallel versions were administered to 43 caregivers, including the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist to measure CB. Bayesian mediation analyses were conducted using self‐rated and informant‐rated data. Results The self‐report data showed no associations of CB with trauma exposure or PTSD symptoms. The association between informant‐rated trauma exposure and irritability was mediated by severity and frequency of PTSD symptoms. The associations between informant‐reported trauma exposure and the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist subscales hyperactivity and inappropriate speech were mediated by PTSD symptom severity. Conclusions The relationship between trauma exposure and CB was mediated by PTSD symptoms. PTSD core symptoms should be considered as underlying causes of CB, highlighting the necessity to explore trauma biography and symptoms of PTSD. The improvement of self‐report assessment in people with ID is an important task for future studies.

Prior research has suggested associations between cumulative childhood trauma (CCT), negative urgency, communication patterns, and psychological intimate partner violence (P-IPV), but no study has examined these links using a dyadic approach. This study examined the sequential mediation of negative urgency and communication patterns in the link uniting CCT and P-IPV in a sample of 501 heterosexual couples. Results suggest that more CCT events are associated with higher levels of negative urgency, which in turn are associated with a higher tendency to endorse a demand/withdraw and/or demand/demand communication pattern, and to perpetrate P-IPV. Findings support the need to assess CCT, emotional self-control, dyadic and communication patterns, and P-IPV perpetration and victimization in couples seeking help in order to select interventions that will take into account the individual and dyadic nature of P-IPV.

Aim We investigated whether adolescents who had recently disclosed sexual abuse or family violence displayed more psychological trauma symptoms and physical health complaints than unaffected controls. We also investigated to what degree physical health complaints were associated with trauma symptoms in these abuse victims. Methods Abuse, trauma symptoms and physical health complaints were assessed during face-to-face interviews with 40 sexual abuse victims and 35 family violence victims aged 10-18 years. They had all attended forensic interviews at the Barnehus in Oslo, a specialised Norwegian police unit where evidence is gathered in adolescent-friendly surroundings, from October 2016 to November 2018. Their symptoms were compared with 41 controls from the general population. Linear regression analyses investigated associations between trauma symptoms and physical health complaints. Results Sexually abused adolescents displayed higher levels of post-traumatic stress reactions, depression, dissociation and physical health complaints than unaffected controls. Family violence victims displayed higher levels of post-traumatic stress reactions. Trauma symptoms were associated with physical health complaints, and these were most prominent in the adolescents with the highest burden of symptoms. Conclusion Based on the high burden of symptoms revealed, clinical examinations of abused adolescents should include a systematic assessment of trauma symptoms and physical health complaints.

Objective This descriptive study examined the prevalence and correlates of trauma, substance use, and mental health symptoms in homeless transitional age youth (TAY) in San Francisco. Design & sample One hundred homeless TAY were recruited from a community-based organization to complete a survey on trauma, mental health symptoms, and substance use. Measurements We used these measures: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-Modified Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) for frequency and risk level of substance use; the 10-item Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) for prevalence of trauma; the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for depression symptoms; and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item for anxiety symptoms. Results Almost all (n = 98) participants experienced at least one ACE during childhood, and 77% experienced four or more. Most participants (80%) reached the diagnostic threshold for PTSD, 74% for depression, and 51% for moderate anxiety. Symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were all significantly correlated with use of opioids and stimulants. Conclusion Trauma, and co-occurring substance use and mental health problems are prevalent among homeless TAY. Individual- and community-level interventions are needed to address and improve the health of this population.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT?: Domestic and family violence contributes to mental distress and the development of mental illness and can reverberate throughout a person's life. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Therapeutic work with people who experience domestic and family violence needs to take considerable time to allow the process to unfold. Understanding the triggers that cause past traumas to be re-experienced helps people to recognize and change their conditioned emotional responses. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Time needs to be invested to develop a secure and trusting relationship to enable a person to work through childhood experiences that have the potential to overwhelm. It is important for adults who have experienced childhood trauma to have an opportunity to process the abuse to help minimize its intrusion in their lives.

Originally presented at the Journal's one day conference entitled 'Displacement: Contemporary Traumatic Experience' held in London in November 2019, this paper expands on the author's theory of the implicit psychological organizing gestalt, an associated pattern of psychic functions which operate in an integrated way to simultaneously structure and organize our experience of self-cohesion and self-continuity. The gestalt, which implicitly links the formation of psychic skin, body image, cultural skin and both personal and cultural identity with place, functions as an emergent non-conscious permanent presence or background 'constant'. It develops over time and emerges out of embodied emotional experiencing with the total environment - both human and non-human. The author argues that it is the rupture of this gestalt and the disorganizing consequences of its loss which underlies the experience of displacement trauma. If disruptions in the formation of the gestalt and/or its later rupture remain unrecognized and unrepresented then the absence creates a void which can be intergenerationally transmitted. Case material is presented which describes this and which highlights the ways in which the gestalt can contribute to our understanding of collective displacement anxiety, cultural trauma and cultural complexes.Cet article a été présenté initialement à la conférence du Journal intitulée « Le Déplacement: Une expérience traumatique contemporaine » qui s’est tenue à Londres en novembre 2019. Il développe la théorie de l’auteur d’une gestalt implicite d’organisation psychologique, un schéma associé de fonctions psychiques qui opère de manière intégrée pour simultanément structurer et organiser notre expérience de cohésion de soi et de continuité de soi. Cette gestalt, qui relie implicitement la formation de la peau psychique, de l’image du corps, de la peau culturelle et de l’identité personnelle et culturelle avec le lieu, fonctionne comme une présence permanente, non-consciente et émergente, une « constante » de fond: elle se développe au fil du temps et émerge à partir de l’expérience émotionnelle incarnée avec l’environnement total - humain et non-humain. L’auteur soutient que c’est la rupture de cette gestalt et les conséquences perturbantes de sa perte qui sous-tendent l’expérience du traumatisme de déplacement. Si des perturbations dans sa formation et/ou sa rupture ultérieure restent non-reconnues et non-représentées, alors l’absence crée un vide qui peut être transmis d’une génération à l’autre. L’article présente du matériel clinique décrivant ceci. Ce matériel souligne les façons dont cette gestalt peut contribuer à notre compréhension de l’angoisse collective de déplacement et du traumatisme culturel.Ursprünglich vorgestellt auf der eintägigen Konferenz des Journals mit dem Titel ‘Displacement: Contemporary Traumatic Experience', die im November 2019 in London stattfand, erweitert dieser Artikel die Theorie des Autors über die implizite psychologische Organisationsgestalt, ein verflochtenes Muster von psychischen Funktionen, die auf integrierte Weise funktionieren, um unsere Erfahrung von Selbstzusammenhalt und Selbstkontinuität simultan zu strukturieren und zu organisieren. Die Gestalt, die implizit die Bildung von psychischer Haut, Körperbild, kultureller Haut und sowohl persönlicher als auch kultureller Identität mit dem Ort verknüpft, fungiert als eine auftauchende unbewußte permanente Präsenz oder 'Hintergrundkonstante'; sie entwickelt sich im Laufe der Zeit und entsteht aus dem verkörperlichten emotionalen Erleben der gesamten Umwelt - sowohl der menschlichen als auch der nichtmenschlichen. Die Autorin argumentiert dahingehend, daß es der Bruch dieser Gestalt und die desorganisierenden Folgen ihres Verlustes sind, die der Erfahrung des Vertreibungstraumas zugrunde liegen. Wenn Zerrüttungen ihrer Formation und/oder ein späterer Bruch nicht erkannt und nicht dargestellt werden entsteht eine Lücke, die generationsübergreifend übertragen werden kann. Es wird Fallmaterial vorgestellt, das dies beschreibt und aufzeigt, wie die Gestalt zu unserem Verständnis von kollektiver Vertreibungsangst und kulturellem Trauma beitragen kann.Presentato in origine alla conferenza del Journal intitolata ‘Dislocamento: Esperienza Traumatica Contemporanea’ tenutasi a Londra nel novembre 2019, questo articolo amplia la teoria dell’Autrice sulla gestalt organizzatrice implicita, un modello associativo di funzioni psichiche che operano in modo integrato per strutturare e organizzare simultaneamente la nostra esperienza di coesione del Sè e continuità del Sè. La gestalt, che connette implicitamente la formazione della pelle psichica, l’immagine corporea, la pelle culturale e le identità sia personali che culturali con il luogo, funziona come una presenza permanente inconscia emergente o una ‘costante’ di fondo; si sviluppa nel tempo ed emerge dall’esperienza emotiva incarnata con l’ambiente totale - sia umano che non-umano. L’Autrice sostiene che è la rottura di questa gestalt e le conseguenze disorganizzanti della sua perdita che sta alla base dell’esperienza del trauma del dislocamento. Se le interruzioni nella sua formazione e/o successiva rottura rimangono non riconosciute e non rappresentate, l’assenza crea un vuoto che può essere trasmesso a livello intergenerazionale. Viene presentato il materiale di un caso che descrive tutto ciò e che evidenzia i modi in cui la gestalt può contribuire alla nostra comprensione dell’ansia collettiva da dislocamento e del trauma culturale.Первоначально представленная в виде доклада на однодневной конференции «Перемещение: современный травматический опыт», проведенной журналом аналитической психологии в Лондоне в ноябре 2019 года, эта статья дополняет теорию автора об имплицитном психологическом организующем гештальте, наборе психических функций, которые действуют согласованным образом и мгновенно структурируют и организуют наш опыт собственной связности и непрерывности. Гештальт, который имплицитно соединяет формирование психической кожи, образа тела, культурной кожи, личностной и культурной идентичности с местом, функционирует как возникающее неосознаваемое постоянное присутствие или фоновая «константа»; оно развивается со временем и возникает из воплощенного эмоционального переживания общей среды - как созданной человеком, так и нерукотворной. Автор утверждает, что именно разрыв этого гештальта и дезорганизующие последствия его утраты лежат в основе травмы перемещения. Если нарушения в его формировании и/или последующий разрыв остаются нераспознанными и непредставленными, то затем его отсутствие создает пустоту, которая может передаваться из поколения в поколение. Представлен анализ случая, в котором описан данный процесс и который подчеркивает, каким образом гештальт может способствовать нашему пониманию коллективной тревоги по поводу перемещения и культурной травмы.Presentado inicialmente en la Conferencia del Journal, titulada ‘Desplazamiento: Experiencia Traumática Contemporánea’ llevada a cabo en Londres, en Noviembre 2019, el presente trabajo amplía - sobre la base de la teoría de la autora sobre la Gestalt de organización psicológica implícita - un patrón asociado de funciones psíquicas, las cuales operan en un modo integrado para estructurar simultáneamente nuestra experiencia de auto-continuidad y auto-cohesión. La Gestalt, la cual implícitamente vincula la formación de la piel psíquica, la imagen corporal, la piel cultural y la identidad personal y cultural, con el lugar, funciona como una presencia permanente, emergente, no-consciente o un ‘constante’ contexto: se desarrolla a través del tiempo y emerge a partir de la experiencia emocional corporizada con la totalidad del medio ambiente - humano y no-humano. La autora argumenta que es la ruptura de esta Gestalt y las consecuencias desorganizadoras de su pérdida, la cual subyace a la experiencia de trauma por desplazamiento. Si las interrupciones en su formación y/o ruptura permanecen sin ser reconocidas y sin representación, entonces la ausencia crea un vacío que puede transmitirse intergeneracionalmente. Se presenta material de un caso que describe y subraya los modos en los cuales la Gestalt puede contribuir a nuestra comprensión sobre la ansiedad por desplazamiento colectivo y trauma cultural.移置的创伤:个体、集体和代际间破碎的情结状态 这篇文章首先发表在2019年11月, 于伦敦举办的名为:“移置:现代的创伤体验”的一日会议上。这篇文章基于作者提出的“隐含的心理组织格式塔”理论进行了扩展, 这一理论是与心理功能关联的模式, 其运作方式是整合的, 它可以同时组织与建构我们关于自我凝聚和自我连续的经验。这一格式塔内隐地把心理皮肤、身体意象、文化皮肤的建构、个体和文化的身份与场所联系起来, 其作用是涌现的、非意识的、永久存在或是处于背景中的一种“持续性”；它持续发展并从具身的情绪经验中涌现出来, 包含了对人与非人的整体环境的体验。作者认为, 这一格式塔的断裂, 以及由于失去它, 会导致解体的结果, 这构成了移置创伤的经验。假如其结构的毁坏以及/或者后续的破裂不被觉察, 不被表达, 那么就会带来一种可以在代际间传播的空虚感。文章呈现了一些个案材料, 用以对此进行描述, 并强调了这一格式塔如何帮助我们理解集体的移置焦虑和文化创伤。.

Objectives: This study investigated the frequency of traumatic experiences, prevalence rates of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD), and overlap with ICD-10 classified disorders in outpatient psychiatry. Method: Overall, 165 Danish psychiatric outpatients answered the International Trauma Questionnaire, the Life Event Checklist, and the World Health Organization Well-being Index. ICD-10 diagnoses were extracted from the hospital record. Chi-square analysis, t-tests, and conditional probability analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Nearly, all patients (94%) had experienced at least one traumatic event. CPTSD (36%) was more common than PTSD (8%) and had considerable overlap with ICD-10 affective, anxiety, PTSD, personality, adjustment and stress-reaction disorders, and behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence. ICD-11 PTSD overlapped with ICD-10 anxiety, PTSD, adjustment and stress-reaction disorders, and behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence. A subgroup of patients with ICD-10 PTSD (23%) did not meet criteria for ICD-11 PTSD or CPTSD. Conclusion: Traumatic experiences are common. ICD-11 CPTSD is a highly prevalent disorder in psychiatric outpatients. One quarter with ICD-10 PTSD did not meet criteria for either ICD-11 PTSD or CPTSD. PTSD and CPTSD had considerable overlap with ICD-10 disorders.

Objective We aimed to assess whether peritraumatic threat experienced during a period of armed conflict predicted subsequent depression symptoms. Method Ninety-six Israeli civilians provided real-time reports of exposure to rocket warning sirens and subjective sense of threat, twice daily for 30 days, during the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict. Depression symptoms were reported 2 months after the conflict. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate peritraumatic threat levels and peritraumatic threat reactivity (within-person elevations in threat following siren exposure). These were then assessed as predictors of depression symptoms at 2 months in an adjusted regression model. Results Individual peritraumatic threat level, but not peritraumatic threat reactivity, was a significant predictor of 2 months depression symptoms, even after controlling for baseline depression symptoms. Conclusions The findings imply that in situations of ongoing exposure, screening for perceived levels of peritraumatic threat might be useful in identifying those at risk for developing subsequent depression symptoms.

This paper explores the experience of horror. The term is usually understood collectively to refer to experiences of terrorism, racism and other conflicts; however, the paper explores the equal horror for the individual of facing deep and painful psychic contents and traumatic experiences. The paper explores the way that both C.G. Jung, through analysis of the psyche, and the author Stephen King, through his horror novels, have accepted and explored the experience of encountering 'the dark half' or 'It' that is the other within themselves, forming images and symbols capable of linking their personal experience to that of the collective. This encounter is transformed, as far as Jung is concerned by analytical psychology and for King by fiction, through an attitude of active imagination. This led both men to developing an ethical responsibility towards the images of the unconscious, as well as the personal and collective contents of human life. The paper depicts how encountering the 'dark half', through Jung and King can provide a Jungian analyst with a special attitude with which to deeply explore and ethically process the experience of horror in different fields, including therapeutic practice, analytical training and in the traumatic and conflictual facing of the other, with which, today as always, the world presents us.Cet article explore l’expérience de l’horreur. Ce terme est généralement compris au niveau collectif comme faisant référence aux expériences de terrorisme, de racisme et autres conflits. Cependant, cet article explore l’horreur équivalente pour l’individu qui fait face à des contenus psychiques profonds et douloureux et à des expériences traumatiques. L’article explore la manière dont C.G.Jung, par l’analyse de la psyché, et l’auteur Stephen King, à travers ses romans d’épouvante, ont accepté et exploré l’expérience de rencontrer « la moitié sombre » ou « ça », c’est-à-dire l’autre en eux-mêmes, formant des images et des symboles capable de relier leur expérience personnelle et celle du collectif. Cette rencontre est transformée, en ce qui concerne Jung, par la psychologie analytique et en ce qui concerne King, par la fiction, par une attitude d’imagination active. Ceci a conduit les deux hommes à développer une responsabilité éthique à l’égard des images de l’inconscient, ainsi que des contenus personnels et collectifs de la vie humaine. L’article dépeint comment la rencontre de la « moitié sombre », à travers Jung et King, peut fournir à l’analyste jungien une attitude particulière pour explorer et transformer éthiquement l’expérience de l’horreur dans des champs différents, y compris la pratique thérapeutique, la formation analytique et la rencontre traumatique avec l’autre avec laquelle le monde nous confronte, aujourd’hui comme toujours auparavant.Dieses Papier untersucht die Erfahrung des Horrors. Der Begriff wird kollektiv für gewöhnlich so verstanden, daß mit ihm Erfahrungen mit Terrorismus, Rassismus und anderen Konflikten bezeichnet werden. Der Artikel jedoch untersucht den Schrecken in seiner Wirkung auf den Einzelnen, wenn er sich tiefen und schmerzhaften psychischen Inhalten und traumatischen Erfahrungen gegenübersieht. Der Beitrag untersucht die Art und Weise in der beide, C.G. Jung durch die Analyse der Psyche und der Autor Stephen King durch seine Horrorromane, die Erfahrung der Begegnung mit der 'dunklen Hälfte' oder dem 'Es', was der Andere im eigenen Selbst ist, akzeptiert, erforscht und dazu Bilder und Symbole geformt haben die in der Lage sind, ihre persönlichen Erfahrungen mit denen des Kollektivs zu verbinden. Diese Erfahrung wird transformiert, - was Jung angeht, in der analytischen Psychologie und bei King in der Fiktion, - durch eine Haltung der Aktiven Imagination. Diese brachte beide Männer dazu, eine ethische Verantwortung gegenüber den Bildern des Unbewußten sowie den persönlichen und kollektiven Inhalten des menschlichen Lebens zu entwickeln. Der Aufsatz zeigt, wie die Begegnung mit der 'dunklen Hälfte' durch Jung und King einem Jungianischen Analytiker eine besondere Einstellung vermitteln kann, mit der er die Erfahrung von Horror in verschiedenen Bereichen, einschließlich therapeutischer Praxis und analytischer Ausbildung, gründlich erforschen und ethisch verarbeiten kann einschließlich der traumatischen Begegnung mit dem Anderen mit der uns, heute wie immer, die Welt konfrontiert.Questo articolo esplora l’esperienza dell’orrore. Il termine è spesso usato collettivamente in riferimento a esperienze di terrorismo, razzismo e altri conflitti; l’articolo esplora però al contempo l’analogo orrore vissuto a livello individuale nell’affrontare contenuti psichici profondi e dolorosi ed esperienze traumatiche. Nell’articolo viene esaminato il modo in cui C.G. Jung tramite l’analisi della psiche, e l’autore Stephen King tramite i suoi romanzi dell’orrore, hanno accettato ed esplorato l’esperienza dell’incontro con “It”, ovvero “la metà oscura”, l’altro dentro di sé, traendone immagini e simboli capaci di collegare la loro esperienza personale a quella collettiva. Questo confronto, che Jung effettuò attraverso la psicologia analitica, e King attraverso la fiction - e che è definibile come un atteggiamento e pratica di Immaginazione Attiva - ha portato entrambi ad assumere una posizione etica nei confronti delle immagini interne così come verso i contenuti individuali e collettivi della vita umana. L’articolo illustra come l’incontro con ‘la metà oscura’ effettuato da Jung e da King possa fornire a un’analista junghiano un’attitudine speciale con cui esplorare profondamente ed elaborare eticamente l’esperienza dell’orrore in diversi ambiti, tra cui la pratica terapeutica, la formazione analitica e il confronto traumatico e conflittuale con l’altro, cui oggi come un tempo il mondo ci espone.В этой статье исследуется переживание ужаса. Этот термин обычно понимается в коллективном аспекте как столкновение с терроризмом, расизмом и другими конфликтами. Однако можно исследовать равную степень ужаса отдельных индивидов, сталкивающихся с глубинными и болезненными психическими содержаниями и травматическим опытом. В статье исследуется метод, с помощью которого К.Г. Юнг в анализе психики, а Стивен Кинг в своим романах приняли и изучили опыт встречи с «темной половиной» или с «оно», которое было другим в них самих, сформировали образы и символы, способные связать их личный опыт с коллективным наследием. Эта встреча трансформирована Юнгом в аналитической психологии, Кингом -в художественных произведениях с помощью активного воображения. Это привело обоих мужчин к развитию этической ответственности по отношению к образам бессознательного, а также к личным и коллективным содержаниям человеческой жизни. В статье показано, как встреча с «темной половиной» может дать юнгианскому аналитику особую установку, с помощью которой можно глубоко исследовать и этически проработать переживание ужаса в разных сферах, включая терапевтическую практику, аналитический тренинг и травматическое столкновение с другим, которое постоянно происходит в нашем современном мире.El presente trabajo explora la experiencia de horror. El término es usualmente comprendido colectivamente en referencia a experiencias de terrorismo, racismo y otros conflictos; sin embargo, el trabajo explora el horror equivalente de un individuo al enfrentar profundos y dolorosos contenidos psíquicos y experiencias traumáticas. El trabajo explora el modo en que C.G. Jung a través del análisis de la psique, y el autor Stephen King, a través de sus novelas de horror, han aceptado y explorado la experiencia de encontrar ‘la mitad oscura’ o ‘Eso’ que es el otro dentro de nosotros, formando imágenes y símbolos capaces de vincular sus experiencias personales con aquellas del colectivo. Este encuentro es transformado, según la psicología analítica de Jung y la ciencia ficción de King, a través de una actitud de imaginación activa. Esto condujo a ambos hombres a desarrollar una responsabilidad ética hacia las imágenes del inconsciente, así como hacia los contenidos personales y colectivos de la vida humana. El presente trabajo demuestra como el encuentro de ‘la mitad oscura’, a través de Jung y de King, puede brindar al analista Junguiano una actitud especial con la cual explorar profundamente y procesar éticamente las experiencias de horror en campos diferentes, incluyendo la práctica terapéutica, la formación analítica, y en la confrontación traumática del otro, con el cual, hoy como siempre, el mundo se nos presenta.文章探讨的是惨烈的经验。这一词汇常被理解为集体化的内容, 关系到恐怖主义经验、种族及其它冲突, 但这篇文章探讨的是同样惨烈的, 当个体面对深层痛苦心灵内容及创伤经验时的个体经验。文章探讨了荣格在其心灵的分析中, 以及史蒂芬金在其恐怖小说中所接受的方法, 并探讨面对这一“黑暗一半”时的经验, 或是面对“它”的经验, 这个“它”是那个在他们内部的他者, 那个构成意象和能够把个体经验与集体相联系的象征。通过积极想象的态度, 这一面对可以是转化性的, 尽管对荣格而言这关系到分析心理学, 而史蒂芬金关注的是他的小说。这让他们都发展出对这些无意识意象的伦理责任, 以及对个体和人类生活的集体内容的伦理责任。文章通过荣格和金描述了面对“黑暗一半”可以为荣格分析家提供一个特别的态度, 用以深度探索, 以及以伦理的方式处理不同领域的惨烈经验, 这包括治疗实践, 分析训练和对他者的创伤性面对, 以及去面对世界在今天乃至永远向我们所呈现的一切。.

Background Young children are at particular risk for injury. Ten per cent to twenty-five per cent develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no empirically supported preventive interventions exist. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of a standardised targeted preventive intervention for PTSD in young injured children. Methods Injured children (1-6 years) were enrolled in a multi-site parallel-group superiority prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) in Australia and Switzerland. Screening for PTSD risk occurred 6-8 days postaccident. Parents of children who screened 'high-risk' were randomised to a 2-session CBT-based intervention or treatment-as-usual (TAU). Primary outcomes were PTSD symptom (PTSS) severity, and secondary outcomes were PTSD diagnosis, functional impairment and behavioural difficulties at 3 and 6 months postinjury using blinded assessments. Trials were registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000325606) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02088814). Trial status is complete. Results One hundred and thirty-three children screened 'high-risk' were assigned to intervention (n = 62) or TAU (n = 71). Multilevel intention-to-treat analyses revealed a significant intervention effect on PTSS severity over time (b = 60.06, 95% CI: 21.30-98.56). At 3 months, intervention children (M = 11.02, SD = 10.42, range 0-47) showed an accelerated reduction in PTSS severity scores compared to control children (M = 17.30, SD = 13.94, range 0-52; mean difference -6.97, 95% CI: -14.02 to 0.08, p adj. = .055, d = 0.51). On secondary outcomes, multilevel analyses revealed significant treatment effects for PTSD diagnosis, functional impairment and behavioural difficulties. Conclusions This multi-site RCT provides promising preliminary evidence for the efficacy of a targeted preventive intervention for accelerating recovery from PTSS in young injured children. This has important clinical implications for the psychological support provided to young children and parents during the acute period following a single-event trauma.