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OBJECTIVE To define the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in adults with a history of juvenile arthritis (JA). METHODS We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination 2007-2014 surveys. Two comparison groups were identified: a random sample of patients without arthritis, and respondents with reported having rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CAD was defined as a "yes" response to the survey question, "Have you ever been told you had congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina/angina pectoris, heart attack, or stroke?" Potential confounders for CAD included age, sex, race, smoking status, and any component of metabolic syndrome. RESULTS A total of 232 respondents reported having JA. We randomly selected 1,028 without arthritis and 1,105 who reported having RA. In simple logistic regression, the JA group had a 3-fold increased odds of CAD compared to those without arthritis (odds ratio [OR] 3.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.1-4.8], P < 0.0001). Controlling for confounders, the odds of CAD in JA continued to be increased (OR 4.2 [95% CI 4.7-10.5], P = 0.002). When comparing the JA and RA groups, in simple logistic regression, the JA group had a lower odds of CAD (OR 0.7 [95% CI 0.5-0.9], P = 0.03). Controlling for confounders, there was no significant difference in the odds of CAD between groups (OR 0.8 [95% CI 0.5-1.3], P = 0.4). CONCLUSION Adults with a history of JA have a higher risk of CAD compared to adults without arthritis. Providers should be aware of the increased risk of CAD in adults with JA and aggressively screen these patients for modifiable risk factors.

Objective Epidemiologic analyses indicate a lack of association between body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) and mortality among Hispanic adults. Because BMI provides only a surrogate for the real variable of interest (adiposity), we evaluated associations between measures of body composition and mortality. Methods Using data from US-residing Mexican-Americans in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (n=4,480) and NHANES 1999–2010 (n=5,849), we examined the association between seven measures of body composition measured via anthropometry and bio-electrical impedance analysis (i.e., waist circumference, waist-to-height ratios (WHtR), skinfolds, lean mass, fat mass, percent body fat and BMI) and all-cause and cardiovascular and diabetes mortality. We conducted additional analyses stratified by gender. Results Waist circumference (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.01, 1.07) and WHtR (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.14) were weakly associated with an increased all-cause mortality, while WHtR was associated with an increased risk of diabetes-related death (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.07–1.49). In gender stratified analyses, we observed increases in risk of mortality in females who had increases in WHtR and waist circumference for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular deaths. Conclusion Waist circumference and WHtR were associated with increased risk of all-cause and diabetes-related mortality in US-residing Mexican-American adults.

OBJECTIVE Subjective social status (SSS), or perceived social status, may explain, in part, the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity. The objective of this study was to test whether SSS mediates the relationship between two indicators of SES (income and education) and body mass index (BMI). METHODS A cross-sectional, structural equation path analysis was applied to the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (n = 2,624). The analysis tested whether SSS (MacArthur scale), education, and income were associated with BMI at the year 20 examination (adjusting for sex, age, and race), and it was hypothesized that the associations of education and income with BMI would be at least partly mediated by SSS. RESULTS SSS had a significant direct effect on BMI (-0.21, P = 0.018). Education had a significant direct relationship with SSS (0.11, P

Summary Greater body mass is associated with a greater risk of mental health conditions and more frequent mental health treatment use. However, factors that might influence perceived mental health treatment need and mental health treatment use among those of greater weight, including hope thinking, trauma history and perceived mental health treatment stigma, are not well understood. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if hope thinking, trauma history and/or perceived mental health treatment stigma mediate the relationships of body mass index [BMI] with perceived mental health treatment need and mental health treatment use. Method Primary care clinic patients in the Midwest United States (N = 196; BMI range = 18.5 to 47.0, mean = 29.26 ± 6.61, median = 27.90) were recruited to complete a battery of self-report measures that assessed perceived mental health treatment need, mental health treatment use, hope thinking (Trait Hope Scale), trauma history (a single-item traumatic event history screen from the posttraumatic stress disorder module of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition), and perceived mental health treatment stigma (Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help). Results Reduced hope thinking and a greater incidence of past trauma accounted for greater perceived mental health treatment need and greater mental health treatment use among those of greater BMI. BMI was not related to perceived unmet mental health treatment need. Conclusion Increased perceived mental health treatment need and mental health treatment use among those of greater BMI may be explained by lower hope thinking and a greater incidence of trauma in this population. Heavier patients may benefit from interventions designed to augment hope and address traumatic histories.

SummaryBackground Researchers and participants' expectations can influence treatment response. Less is known about the effects of researchers' expectations on the accuracy of data collection in the context of a weight loss trial. Methods Student raters (N = 58; age = 20.1 ± 2.3 years) were recruited to weigh individuals who they thought were completing a 12-month weight loss trial, although these ‘participants’ were actually standardized patients (SPs) playing these roles. Prior to data collection, student raters were provided information suggesting that the tested treatment had been effective. Each student rater received a list of 9–10 ‘participants’ to weigh. While the list identified each person as ‘treatment’ or ‘control’, this assignment was at random, which allowed us to examine the effects of non-blinding and expectancy manipulation on weight measurement accuracy. We hypothesized that raters would record the weights of ‘treatment participants’ as lower than those of ‘control participants’. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, raters recorded weights that were 0.293 kg heavier when weighing ‘treatment’ vs. ‘control’ SPs, although this difference was not significant (P = 0.175). Conclusions This pilot study found no evidence that manipulating expectancies about treatment efficacy or not blinding raters biased measurements. Future work should examine other biases which may be created by not blinding research staff who implement weight loss trials as well as the participants in those trials.

We evaluated whether the obesity-associated years of life lost (YLL) have decreased over calendar time. We implemented a meta-analysis including only studies with ≥2 serial BMI assessments at different calendar years. For each BMI category (normal weight: BMI 18.5 to 60, YLL for grade 1 obesity decreased by 1.02 years (p 60, YLL for grade 1 obesity decreased by 3.98 years (p

Objective To evaluate the association between BMI: kg/m2 and mortality among Hispanic adults. Design and Methods Eight years (1997-2004) of National Health Interview Survey data linked to public-use mortality follow-up data through 2006 were acquired. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, separate models for two attained age strata (18 to

To explore the associations between measures of body composition derived from computed tomography (CT) of the thigh and functional outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Patients with RA underwent bilateral midfemoral quantitative CT for measurement of thigh fat area (TFA), thigh muscle area (TMA), and thigh muscle density (TMD). The associations of thigh-composition measures with disability and physical performance, as measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), the Valued Life Activities (VLAs), and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) instruments, were explored in the total cohort and in the cohort subgrouped by sex, controlling for pertinent demographic, lifestyle, and RA disease and treatment covariates.A total of 152 RA patients were studied. Among the potential determinants of TMD, older age, longer duration of sedentary activity, longer duration of RA, higher tender joint count, higher serum interleukin-6 levels, use of glucocorticoids, and nonuse of hydroxychloroquine were all significantly associated with lower TMD in multivariable models. RA characteristics accounted for 63% of the explainable variability in TMD. When comodeled, higher TFA and lower TMD, but not lower TMA, were significantly and independently associated with higher HAQ scores, lower Short Form 36 health survey physical functioning scores, lower composite SPPB scores, and a greater proportion of affected obligatory VLAs.Thigh CT-derived measures of body composition, particularly fat area and muscle density, were strongly associated with disability and physical performance in RA patients, with RA disease features as potential determinants. Efforts to reduce fat and improve muscle quality may reduce disability in this population with impaired physical functioning.

Liquid hexane was irradiated by electrons at temperatures ranging from −60° to + 60°C. The influence of the irradiation temperature on the yields of octane, nonane, decane and dodecane was investigated. Relative yields of addition products containing secondary radical increase with temperature. This should be due to secondary hydrogen abstraction from the solvent by primary hexyl and fragment radicals at high temperature.

The influence of the temperature on the yields of light radiolysis products of n-hexane (-70 to 60°C) and n-decane (38° to 150°C) irradiated oy electrons at high dose rates has been investigated. Relative yields of unsaturates reach a maximum at a temperature which is a function of the irradiated alkane and of the gaseous products in the irradiated hydrocaroon. These temperature effects may be explained by a lowering of the solubility and by a competition between organic radicals recombination and hydrogen abstraction from the solvent molecule by these radicals as the temperature is raised.

To explore the association of measures of body composition with disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Patients with RA underwent total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for measurement of total and regional body fat and lean mass. The associations of measures of fat and lean mass with disability, measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), were explored for the total cohort and by sex, controlling for pertinent demographic, lifestyle, and RA disease and treatment covariates.We studied 197 subjects (118 women, 79 men). Median (interquartile range) HAQ score was 0.625 (0.125-1.25) and was significantly higher, indicating worse physical function, in women than in men. HAQ score was strongly correlated with depression, pain, RA duration, duration of morning stiffness, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, radiographic damage scores, levels of physical and sedentary activities, and body composition, with increasing fat and decreasing lean mass associated with higher HAQ scores. Appendicular fat and lean mass demonstrated the strongest association per kilogram with HAQ. Mean HAQ score was 0.52 units higher for subjects in the highest versus the lowest quartile of appendicular fat mass (P0.001), and 0.81 units higher for subjects in the lowest versus the highest quartile of appendicular lean mass (P0.001). Adjusting for demographic and RA characteristics partially attenuated these associations. The joint associations of appendicular fat and lean mass on HAQ were additive without significant interaction.Body composition, particularly the amount of fat and lean mass located in the arms and legs, is strongly associated with disability in RA patients.

Objective: To evaluate the association between BMI (kg/m2) and headaches among women. Methods and Procedures: Cross-sectional analysis of 11 datasets identified after searching for all large publicly available epidemiologic cohort study datasets containing relevant variables. Datasets included National Health Interview Survey (NHIS): 1997–2003, the first National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey, Alameda County Health Study (ACHS), Tecumseh Community Health Study (TCHS), and Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The women (220,370 in total) were aged 18 years or older and had reported their headache or migraine status. Results: Using nonlinear regression techniques and models adjusted for age, race, and smoking, we found that increased BMI was generally associated with increased likelihood of headache or severe headache among women. A BMI of ∼20 was associated with the lowest risk of headache. Relative to a BMI of 20, mild obesity (BMI of 30) was associated with roughly a 35% increase in the odds for experiencing headache whereas severe obesity (BMI of 40) was associated with roughly an 80% increase in odds. Results were essentially unchanged when models were further adjusted for socioeconomic variables, alcohol consumption, and hypertension. Being diagnosed with migraine showed no association with BMI. Discussion: Among US women, a BMI of ∼20 (about the 5th percentile) was associated with the lowest likelihood of headache. Consistently across studies, obese women had significantly increased risk for headache. By contrast, the risk for diagnosed migraine headache per se was not obviously related to BMI. The direction of causation and mechanisms of action remain to be determined.

Obesity is a major health problem facing the developed and developing world. Efforts by individuals, health professionals, educators, and policy makers to combat the escalating trend of growing obesity prevalence have been multifaceted and mixed in outcome. Various dietary supplements have been marketed to reduce obesity. These products have been suggested to accomplish this by decreasing energy intake and energy absorption, and/or increasing metabolic rate. Ephedra, one such supplement, was banned from sale in the US market because of concerns about adverse events. Another substance, Citrus aurantium, which contains several compounds including synephrine alkaloids, has been suggested as a safe alternative. This review examines the evidence for safety and efficacy of C. aurantium and synephrine alkaloids as examined in animal studies, clinical weight loss trials, acute physiologic studies and case reports. Although at least three reviews of C. aurantium have been published, our review expands upon these by: (i) distinguishing and evaluating the efficacy of C. aurantium and related compounds; (ii) including results from previously unreviewed research; (iii) incorporating recent case reports that serve to highlight, in an anecdotal way, potential adverse events related to the use of C. aurantium and related compounds; and (iv) offering recommendations to guide the design of future trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of C. aurantium. While some evidence is promising, we conclude that larger and more rigorous clinical trials are necessary to draw adequate conclusions regarding the safety and efficacy of C. aurantium and synephrine alkaloids for promoting weight loss.

Introduction Postoperative infections, such as periprosthetic septic arthritis, postoperative osteomyelitis, and deep-wound infection, are a particularly devastating complication of orthopedic surgery. They incur significant morbidity in terms of patient suffering and disability, prolonged hospitalization, frequent need for additional surgical procedures, and delay in rehabilitation. Moreover, there is a 3-fold increase in mortality in orthopedic procedures complicated by joint sepsis or osteomyelitis (1). The use of aggressive aseptic operating conditions, including laminar flow and perioperative antibiotic administration, has decreased the overall incidence of postoperative orthopedic infections to 1–2% (2). Despite these advances, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains an independent risk factor for postoperative orthopedic infection, with infection rates 2–4 times higher than those reported in patients without RA (3,4). The recent development of tumor necrosis factor (TNF ) inhibitors has revolutionized the care of patients with RA. TNF , a highly inflammatory macrophage-derived cytokine, plays a critical role in the joint destruction of patients with RA (5). Treatment of patients with RA using TNF inhibitors provides symptomatic and functional improvement and slows radiographic progression of disease (6). However, TNF inhibitors also enhance the risk of infection with mycobacteria and other opportunistic microorganisms in humans (7). Less is known about the effect of TNF inhibitors on susceptibility to common bacterial infections, in particular those associated with postoperative infections. To address this clinically important issue, we investigated the association of TNF-inhibitor therapy with serious postoperative infection in patients with RA who underwent orthopedic surgery.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of US adults with self-reported, doctor-diagnosed arthritis (without specifying the type of rheumatic disease) who are meeting the US Surgeon General's recommendations for physical activity. Methods Using population-based survey data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, we classified respondents according to their arthritis status and their level of physical activity (i.e., physically inactive, insufficiently active, or meeting recommendations). Prevalence data were weighted to take account of the complex sampling design, and were broken down by a variety of demographic characteristics such as race, education, and body weight. Results Nearly one-quarter (23%) of US adults reported having doctor-diagnosed arthritis. Among adults with arthritis, 23.8% were physically inactive, 38% reported insufficient levels of physical activity, and 38.3% reported meeting the recommendations for physical activity. The highest prevalence of inactivity in adults with arthritis was found among those subjects with fewer than 8 years of formal education (47.6%), those with 9–11 years of education (35.5%), those who were African American (35.4%), those whose age was ≥65 years (31.1%), and those who were Hispanic (30.4%). Conclusion Despite the benefits of physical activity, more than 60% of adults with arthritis do not meet the physical activity recommendations. Efforts should be made to ensure that adults with arthritis are made aware of the benefits of physical activity, and that interventions are prescribed to assist these individuals in becoming more physically active.

Objective: To examine the association between BMI (kilograms per meter squared) and reports of significant knee, hip, and back pain using data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults 60 years or older. Research Methods and Procedures: Population-based survey data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, involving 5724 adults 60 years or older, were used. BMI, calculated from measured weight (kilograms) and height (meters squared), was used to categorize participants into six BMI-defined groups: underweight (

Short-term studies indicate that intentional weight loss (IWL) among obese persons significantly improves health variables that are often precursors or markers of chronic diseases (e.g. heart diseases, type-2 diabetes). Hence, it is logical to assume that IWL among obese persons would lead to increased longevity. On the whole, epidemiological studies, including recent ones that use conservative analytic approaches such as distinguishing between apparently IWL and unintentional weight loss (UWL), adjusting for potential confounders and excluding apparently unhealthy subjects, indicate that apparently IWL appears to neither increase nor decrease mortality rate. However, it is important to note that none of the existing studies were designed specifically to test the hypothesis that IWL reduces mortality rate, and given methodological problems, these studies do not provide a satisfactory way to address the body mass index (BMI)-mortality question. Several controlled clinical trials suggest that IWL may reduce mortality rate. However, even in these studies, it is important to acknowledge that subjects are randomized to conditions that produce more or less weight loss and not to distinct levels of weight loss per se. Nevertheless, while we await additional data from better designed studies, given our incomplete knowledge, we conclude that it seems more likely than not that IWL achieved by medically recommended methods does not increase and probably decreases mortality rate.

Objective: To estimate the association between body mass index (BMI) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) and examine whether joint pain and obesity-related comorbidities mediate the BMI-HRQL association. Research Methods and Procedures: Population-based survey data from the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Adults (N = 155, 989) were classified according to BMI as underweight (

The prevalence of obesity and severe obesity is growing rapidly, along with obesity-related comorbidities and mortality. Given the increased health risks associated with obesity, it is vital that obese persons have adequate access to, and make consistent use of, medical care services. Assuming obese persons have access to medical care that is comparable to non-obese persons, one would expect to observe greater use of medical services among obese persons. In this article we briefly review empirical evidence of the access to and use of medical care among obese persons. Although certain subgroups that tend to have disproportionately high prevalences of obesity (i.e., low socioeconomic status, minority groups) have reduced access to care, no studies have specifically examined whether or not obese persons have the same access to health care as do their lean counterparts. With respect to use of health care services, however, obesity has been consistently linked with greater rates of utilization and increased health care expenditures. Both the increased use and cost appear to be largely a function of treating obesity-associated comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. We conclude that, although it is clear that obesity is associated with both greater use and cost of medical care, the relationship between obesity and access to medical care has not been determined.

Objective To compare sociodemographic characteristics and health-related quality of life (HRQL) between groups of obese persons who sought and did not seek university-based treatment for overweight. Method Three-hundred twelve consecutive obese persons sought outpatient university-based weight management treatment. The sample of obese persons (N = 89) who indicated that they were not currently trying to lose weight was derived from a larger convenience sample (N = 232) of persons surveyed in a hospital setting. Both groups completed sociodemographic and brief medical history questionnaires and the HRQL as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Results Obese persons who had sought treatment tended to be heavier, older, Caucasian, married, in white collar employment, and reported a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and pain. In multivariate analyses, both adjusted and unadjusted for these differences, obese persons who had sought treatment were significantly more impaired on the bodily pain, general health, and vitality HRQL domains than those who were not trying to lose weight. Discussion Although differences on sociodemographic and medical variables between the two groups may attenuate the obesity-HRQL relationship somewhat, obesity appears to have a pronounced impact on important dimensions of HRQL independent of whether or not the person is attempting to lose weight © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 27: 101–105, 2000.

The relationships between dispositional optimism, social support, and mood and performance symptoms associated with the premenstrum were examined in a sample of 101 adult women. Optimism and satisfaction with one's level of social support were positively correlated. Optimism was related inversely to mood-related symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of social support. Optimism did not correlate with premenstrual performance impairment. Social support did not correlate with any premenstrual symptoms.

We compared health-related control perceptions in 115 HIV+ gay/ bisexual British men who were or were not members of an AIDS support group. Participants completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC). Compared to those who were not members of a support group, HIV+ men who belonged to a support group reported higher frequencies of perceptions that both oneself and powerful others (health professionals) are major determinants of one's health. Support group members also reported a lower frequency of perceptions that chance factors greatly influence one's health. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Inc.

This study was conducted to assess the predictive utility of self-esteem and dispositional optimism to postpartum depression. Forty-five British women completed standard measures of self-esteem, optimism, and postpartum depression several weeks before childbirth. Depression was again measured at two and six weeks postpartum. Optimism was associated with less depressive symptoms during pregnancy and at two weeks postpartum, while self-esteem was associated with lower depression over all three administrations. After controlling for optimism and earlier levels of depressive symptoms, self-esteem remained associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms two weeks postpartum. This suggests that self-esteem and not optimism appears to be a reliable contributing factor to the differential susceptibility to depression in the early postpartum period.

The reaction between [Pt(PPh3)4] and closo-1,2-As2B10H10 in ethanol gives [3,3-(PPh3)2-closo-3,1,2-PtAs2B9H9]1 in low yield (9%). Reaction of [nido-7,8-As2B9H10]– and [MCl2(PR3)2] in tetrahydrofuran(thf) in the presence of a ten-fold excess of NEt3 affords [3,3-(Pr3)2-closo-3,1,2-MAs2B9H9](M = Pt, R3= Me2Ph 2; M = Pd, R3= Ph33 or Me2Ph 4) and [3-Cl-3,8-(PR3)2-closo-3,1,2-PdAs2B9H8](R3= Ph35; or R3= Me2Ph, 6) in low-to-moderate (20–45%) yields. X-Ray diffraction analyses of 1, 2 and 5 confirm the closo icosahedral MAs2B9 cage structures and the presence of a MAs2 triangulated face in each of these molecules. Both compounds 1 and 2 crystallise in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z= 4. Cell dimensions: 1, a= 1230.0(2), b= 1736.5(4), c= 1881.0(3) pm and β= 91.44(2)°; 2, a= 1308.6(3), b= 1058.0(2), c= 1934.7(3) pm and β= 104.45(2)°. The structure of 1 was refined to a final R of 0.0574 (R′ 0.0532) for the 4160 reflections with I 2.0σ(I). One of the As atoms is disordered over two sites. Calculated Pt-As distances are 259.1(5), 255.7(5) and 264.0(6) pm, As–As 251.5(6) and 243.5(5) pm. Structure 2 had a final R of 0.0384 (R′ 0.0376) for the 3778 reflections with I 2.0σ(I). The Pt–As distances are 265.5(4) and 254.5(4) pm and As–As is 249.7(3) pm. Compounds 5 crystallises in the triclinic space group P with Z= 2, a= 1037.8(2), b= 1321.9(3), c= 1712.9(3) pm, α= 103.67(1), β= 93.19(1) and γ= 110.86(1)°; final R= 0.0392 (R′= 0.0408) for 4688 reflections with I 2.0σ(I). The Pd-As distances are 256.3(4) and 253.9(4) pm and As–As is 247.7(3) pm. Compounds 1–6 were characterised by multielement NMR spectroscopy. Variable-temperature 1H studies of 2, 4 and 6 show the metal to As2B9 ligand bonding is fluxional at room temperature with ΔG‡298 < ca. 30 kJ mol–1 for 2 and 4 and possibly slightly higher for 6 at ca. 32 kJ mol–1. An analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals of the model ligand P2B9H9 and their possible interactions with a Pt(PH3)2 group shows no clear preference between the two possible conformations that the PtP2 unit could adopt above the P2B3 face to which it bonds.

The action of SMe2 on the ten-vertex nido-ruthenaborane [6-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9Hl3] (1) provides a high-yield route to the unsubstituted isocloso-ruthenaborane [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] (2). The benzene analogue [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] is prepared similarly. By contrast, reaction of (1) with PhNH2 gives a variety of B-phenylamino isocloso derivatives, including orange crystals of [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] (3), red-orange [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2,3-(PhNH)2-isocloso-1-RuB9H7] (4) and dark-red [1-(η6-C6Me6)-5,6,7-(PhNH)3-isocloso-1-RuB9H6] (5). Detailed 1H and 11B nmr properties of these various compounds are described. The structure of (3) has been established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the solvate [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] · 1/2 CH2Cl2; the crystals were monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 1895.1(3), b = 1556.6(3), c = 1716.4(3) pm, β = 104.37(1)° and z = 8. Organoruthenaboran-Chemie. X. Die SMe2-katalysierte Bildung von [1-(η6-C6Me6)-isocloso-RuB9H9] und einige B-Phenylamino-Derivate. NMR- und Rontgen-Untersuchungen Die Einwirkung von SMe2, auf das zehneckige nido-Ruthenaboran [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H13] (1) fuhrt in hoher Ausbeute zum unsubstituierten isocloso-Ruthenaboran [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] (2). Die analoge Verbindung mit Benzol [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] wird entsprechend erhalten. Im Gegensatz dazu fuhrt die Reaktion von (1) mit PhNH2 zu einer Reihe von B-Phenylamino-isocloso-Derivaten wie [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] (3) (orange Kristalle), [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2,3-(PhNH)2-isocloso-1-RuB9H7] (4) (rotorange) und [1-(η6-C6Me6)-5,6,7-(PhNH)3-isocloso-l-RuB9H6] (5) (dunkelrot). Detaillierte 1H- und 11B-NMR-Spektren werden angegeben. Die Struktur von (3) wird durch eine Einkristall-Rontgen-Strukturanalyse des Solvats [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] · 1/2 CH2C12 ermittelt; die Kristalle sind monoklin, Raumgruppe C2/c, mit a = 1895,1(3), b = 1556,6(3), c = 1716,4(3)pm, β = 104,37(1)° und Z = 8.

The relationship between diapause-associated metabolic suppression and carbohydrate metabolism linked with cold tolerance was investigated in pupae of Pieris brassicae L. Cold tolerance was assessed by measuring the crystallization temperature (Tc) and by estimates of pre-freeze mortality. Metabolic suppression was measured using 31P nmr and carbohydrates by GLC. Sorbitol (a possible cryoprotectant) accumulated from the onset of diapause in October until December reaching a concentration of c. 40 mMolal in both years of the study, but then declined from January until adult eclosion in May. The Tc remained between -23 and -25oC throughout the winter except for a slight rise before eclosion in May. The absence of a significant Tc suppression is as predicted from the low concentration of sorbitol accumulated. The pre-freeze mortality experiments indicate that pupae are most cold tolerant in the period December-February when sorbitol concentration is high, suggesting an alternative cryoprotective role for sorbitol. Glycogen declined at the beginning of diapause until February after which there was some recovery suggesting that it may be the source of carbon for sorbitol synthesis. Diapause-associated metabolic suppression is evident in the low 31P nmr resonances of ATP during November-February compared with non-diapause pupae and diapause pupae soon after pupation. The suppression of metabolism at this time may have a direct role in cryoprotection and by itself (rather than sorbitol) account for the increased pre-freeze cold tolerance. ATP appears to increase slowly from February until a sharp increase occurs shortly before eclosion. Arginine phosphate remains high during diapause until late February-March when it begins a decline which continues until eclosion. A period of change in energy and carbohydrate metabolism is apparent at the same time which may indicate diapause termination and related changes in cold tolerance mechanisms. It is argued that in P.brassicae sorbitol accumulates as a result of metabolic suppression and may have no cryoprotective role. However, for species living in, or colonizing, low temperature environments it is a short evolutionary step to exploit this pathway and accumulate high concentrations of polyols as a specialized cold tolerance strategy.

Reaction of [{(η6-C6H6)RuCl2}2] with arachno-[6-SB9H12]- and NaH in CH2Cl2/acetone solution gives a low yield (1.3%) of a closo ten-vertex ruthenathiaborane formulated as [2-(η6-C6Me6)-closo-2,1-RuSB8 H8] whereas reaction of the p-cymene analogue [{(η6-MeC6H4Pr)RuCl2}2] with arachno-[6-SB9H12]− and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylnaphalene-1,8-diamine (tmnd) in acetone yields nido-eleven-vertex and closo-twelve-vertex ruthenathiaboranes of proposed formulations [11-Cl-7-(η6MeC6H4Pr)-nido-7, 8-RuSB9H10] (2.2%), [2,3-(η6-MeC6H4Pr)2- closo-2,3,1-Ru2SB9H9] (21%), and [7-Cl-2,3-(η6-MeC6H4Pr)2 -closo-2,3,1-Ru2SB9H8] (8%). The products are all air-stable red or yellow solids and their characterization made use of nuclear magnetic double resonance and twodimensional correlation n.m.r. spectroscopy (COSY). Organoruthenaboran Chemie. VIII. Die Reaktionen von [{(η6-C6Me6)RuCl2}2] und [{(η6-MeC6H4Pr)RuCl2}2] mit Cs[arachno-6-SB9H12]: Isolierung von zehn-, elf- und zwolfeckigen Ruthenathiaboranen und ihre Charakterisierung durch NMR-Spektroskopie Die Reaktion von [{(η6-C6H6)RuCl2}2] mit arachno-[6-SB9H12]− und NaH in CH2Cl2/Aceton-Losung ergibt in niedriger Ausbeute (1,3%) ein closo-zehneckiges Ruthenathiaboran, [2-(η6-C6Me6)-closo-2, 1-RuSB8H8], wahrend die Reaktion des p-Cymolanalogon [{(η6-MeC6H4Pr)RuCl2}2] mit arachno-[6-SB9H12]− und N,N,N′,N′ Tetramethylnaphthalin-1,8-diamin(tmnd) in Aceton nido-elfeckige und closo-zwolfeckige Ruthenathiaborane folgender Formulierungen [11-Cl-7-(η6MeC6H4Pr)-nido-7, 8-RuSB9H10] (2,2%), [2,3-(η6-MeC6H4Pr)2 -closo-2,3,1-Ru2SB9H9] (21%), und [7-Cl-2, 3-(η6MeC6H4Pr)2-closo -2,3,1-Ru2SB9H8] (8%) ergibt. Die Produkte sind alle luftstabile, rote oder gelbe Festkorper und werden durch kernmagnetische Doppelresonanz und 2D-Korrelations-NMR-Spektroskopie (COSY) charakterisiert.

The cluster 11B and 1H NMR chemical shifts of the known arsenaborane species [7-Me-nido-7-AsB10H12], [7-Me-nido-7-AsB10H11]−, [nido-7-AsB10H12]−, [closo-1,2-As2B10H10] and [nido-7,8-As2B9H10]−, of the known stibaborane species [closo-1,2-Sb2B10H10] and [closo-1,2-CSbB10H11], and of the previously unreported metalladiarsenaboranes [3,3-(PPh3)2-3-(H)-closo-3,1,2-RhAs2B9H9] and [3-(η5-C5Me5)-closo-3,1,2-RhAs2B9H9] were measured and assigned by [11B–11B]-COSY, [1H–1H]-COSY-{11B}, and 1H–{11B} NMR experiments. Similarities and trends in the cluster shielding patterns were examined in order to assess changes in supposed electronic structures.

Reaction between [NnBu4][nido-B9H12] and [{(η6-C6Me6)RuCl2}2] in CH2Cl2 solution yields [5-Cl-6-(η6-C6Me6)-nido-6-RuB9H12] (12%), [6-(η6-C6Me6)-nido-6-RuB9H13] (1%), and [1-(η6-C6Me6)-isocloso-1-RuB9H9] (2%). The corresponding reaction with the p-cymene analogue [{(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)RuCl2}2] yields [5-Cl-6-(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)-nido-6-RuB9H12] (15%), [6-(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)-nido-6-RuB9H13] (1%), and [1-(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)-isocloso-1-RuB9H9] (3%). The products were all yellow, air-stable solids; they were separated by chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry and n.m.r. spectroscopy. Organoruthenaboran-Chemie. IX. Die Reaktion von [{(η6-C6Me6)RuCl2}2] und [{(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)RuCl2}2] mit dem [nido-B9H12]−-Anion Die Reaktion zwischen [NnBu4][nido-B9H12] und [{(η6-C6Me6)RuCl2}2] in CH2Cl2-Losung ergibt [5-Cl-6-(η6-C6Me6)-nido-6-RuB9H12] (12%), [6-(η6-C6Me6)-nido-6-RuB9H13] (1%) und [1-(η6-C6Me6)-isocloso-1-RuB9H9] (2%). Die entsprechende Reaktion mit dem p-Cymol-Analogon [{(η6-MeC6H4-iPr)RuCl2}2] ergibt [5-Cl-6-(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)-nido-6-RuB9H12] (15%), [6-(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)-nido-6-RuB9H13] (1%) und [1-(η6-MeC6H4-4-iPr)-isocloso-1-RuB9H9] (3%). Die Produkte sind gelbe, luftstabile Festkorper; sie wurden chromatographisch getrennt und massenspektroskopisch und NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert.

To examine the ability of the personality dimension dispositional optimism to predict short-term obesity treatment outcomes (weeks of program attendance and weight loss), 177 consecutive persons seeking outpatient treatment at a university-based weight management center completed the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) and underwent a comprehensive medically monitored weight loss program. The overall LOT-R and optimism subscales did not correlate with either attendance or weight loss. However, the pessimism subscale was positively associated with weeks of attendance.

Positron Emission Tomography(PET) is a non‐invasive technique to visualize metabolic and physiological processes in vivo. Excellent imaging capabilities such as spatial resolution and count rate performance are essential to achieve accurate information about the observed processes. It is for this purpose that the LabPET scanner, an avalanche photodiode (APD)‐based fully digital scannerPETscanner, was initially developed. Two variants of the scanner exist: LabPET4 and LabPET8 with 3.75 and 7.5 cm axial lengths respectively. The range of the transaxial FOV is up to 10 cm therefore it can easily accommodate mice and rats. The aim of this work is to evaluate LabPET4 imaging in several phantoms and small animals. Spatial resolution was determined using a point source and hot spots phantoms. The latter were used to assess recovery coefficients (RC) obtained by taking the ratio of hot spot maximum values compared to the biggest spot maximum value. FBP reconstructed tangential/radial resolution is 1.3/1.4 mm FWHM (2.5/2.4 FWTM) at the field of view center. With an Ultra Micro Hot Spot Phantom, 1 mm spots are clearly resolved. Count rate performance was obtained for mouse‐size and rat‐size phantoms. For mouse phantom, scatter fraction is 18%, noise equivalent count rate (NEC) peak is 120 kcps at 5.6 mCi and true coincidences peak is 215 kcps at 6.6 mCi. Mice and rats were imaged with Na 18 F and 18 FDG . LabPET4 imaging capabilities achieve state‐of‐the‐art requirements for molecular imaging and therefore can provide excellent quality images.

Treatment of [ReH7(PPh3)2] with Ph2PCH2PPh2(dppm) or Ph2PC(=CH2)PPh2(vdpp) gave [ReH7(PPh3)2(L–L-P)](L–L = the diphosphine), accompanied by much [Re2H8(PPh3)4]. However, treatment of [ReH7{P(C6H11)3}2] with dppm, vdpp, Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2(dppe), or cis-Ph2PCHCHPPh2(dppen) gave good yields of the monodentate diphosphine complexes of type [ReH5{P(C6H11)3}2(L–L-P)] without formation of a dirhenium complex of type [Re2H8{P(C6H11)3}4], or chelating diphosphine complexes. The complexes [ReOCl3(PPri3)2] and [ReOCl3(PBu2tMe)2] were prepared and characterised. These were reduced by NaBH4 in the presence of the phase-transfer catalyst N(CH2CH2OCH2CH2OMe)3 to give heptahydrides of type [ReH7(PR3)2]. Treatment of [ReOCl3(AsPh3)2] with But2P(CH2)5PBut2 probably gave [{ReOCl3[But2P(CH2)5PBut2]}x] which with NaBH4 gave [RexH7x{But2P(CH2)5PBut2}x] obtained only in an impure form; x is probably 1 or 2. The complex [IrH5{P(C6H11)3}2] with dppm or dppe gave non-fluxional complexes of the type trans-mer-[IrH3{P(C6H11)3}2(L–L-p)](L–L = monodentate dppm or dppe). Substantially pure [OsH6{P(C6H11)3}2] was prepared by reducing [OsO2Cl2{P(C6H11)3}2] with LiAlH4. This hexahydride, with dppm, gave [OsH4{P(C6H11)3}2(dppm-P)] accompanied by [OsH4{P(C6H11)3}(dppm-PP)] as the minor product. Highly selective C–H/C-D exchange was shown to occur between C6D6 and some of the less sterically hindered sites of the co-ordinated diphosphines when compounds of type [ReH5{P(C6H11)3}2(L–L)] were heated in C6D6e.g. with L–L = dppm the product was [ReH5{P(C6H11)3}2{(C6H2D3)2PCH2P(C6H2D3)2}] in which the meta- and para-hydrogens were replaced by deuterium but the ortho-hydrogens were not replaced to a significant extent. Some of the cyclohexyl hydrogens were replaced by deuterium but the CH2 and ReH5 hydrogens were shown to have undergone little exchange with deuterium. Similar results were obtained when [ReH5{P(C6H11)3}2(vdpp-P)] was heated in C6D6 solution. Proton and 31P n.m.r. data are given.

LabPET™ is a novel APD‐based PETscanner with quasi‐individual crystal readout and highly parallel digital architecture for high‐performance in vivo molecular imaging of small animals. It consists of 16 rings, 16.2 cm in diameter, each formed by 192 2×2×(9.9–11.3) mm3 scintillators assembled in LYSO/LGSO phoswich pairs read out by an avalanche photodiode(APD). The field of view extends up to 110 mm in diameter by 37.5 mm axially. The dual‐crystal readout scheme avoids resolution degradation due to light‐ or charge‐sharing and enables very high singles count rates with low dead time. Advanced parallel algorithms for signal processing and analysis implemented in high‐performance programmable devices perform crystal identification, energy discrimination and time stamping of individual pixels in real‐time. Virtually error‐free crystal identification is achieved using an auto‐regressive moving average method. Coincidence events are sorted in real‐time and recorded in list‐mode, together with scanner status information and animal physiological data. The intrinsic spatial resolution (both radial and axial) at the FOV center is 1.2 mm FWHM (2.3 mm FWTM). The 1.2‐mm diameter hot rods can be clearly resolved in images of a resolution phantom. Preliminary time resolutions of 2.5 and 3.9 ns FWHM were obtained respectively for LYSO‐LYSO and LGSO‐LGSO coincidences using an auto‐regressive least‐mean square timing algorithm. The system is implemented with ancillary devices (injectors, life‐sign monitors, blood counter…) controlled through a centralized user‐interface, offering a fully integrated solution for performing demanding molecular imaging investigations with increased throughput in a busy research environment.

Treatment of [1,1-(PPh3)2-closo-1-RuB10H8-2, 3-(OEt)2]1) 1 with the more basic ligand PMe3 readily results in the displacement of PPh3 to form the hitherto unreported mixed ligand compound [1,1-(PMe3) (PPh3)-closo-1-RuB10H8-2, 3-(OEt)2] 2, which is characterized by singlecrystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with a = 1059.2(2), b = 1291.5(2), c = 1187.6(2) pm, β = 91.56(1)°, Z = 4; the final R factor is 0.0198 for 3303 observed reflections [I>2.0 s(I)]. Compound 2 is also characterized by detailed multielement, multiple resonance, and multidimensional n.m.r. spectroscopy (1H, 1H-{11B}, [1H–1H]{11B}-COSY, 11B, 11B-{1H}, and 31P). Polyedrische Ruthenaboran-Chemie: Darstellung, Molekularstruktur und NMR-Eigenschaften der ligandengemischten, elfeckigen isocloso-Verbindung [1,1-(PMe3) (PPh3)-closo-1-RuB10H8-2,3-(OEt)2] Umsetzung von [1,1-(PPh3)2-closo-1-RuB10H8 -2,3-(OEt)2]1) 1 mit dem basischeren Liganden PMe3 ersetzt leicht das PPh3 unter Bildung der bisher nicht mitgeteilten ligandengemischten Verbindung [1,1-(PMe3) (PPh3)-closo-1-RuB10H8-2,3-(OEt)2] 2, die durch Einkristall Rontgen-Analyse charakterisiert wird. Die Kristalle sind monoklin, Raumgruppe P21, mit a = 1059,2(2), b = 1291,5(2), c = 1187,6(2) pm, β = 91,56(1)°, Z = 4; dem endlich R = Faktor von 0,0198 fur 3303 beobachtete Reflexe [I>2,0 s(I)]. Verbindung 2 wird ferner charakterisiert durch detaillierte Mehrkern-, Mehrfachresonanz- und Mehrdimensionale-NMR-Spektroskopie (1H, 1H-{11B}, [1H–1H] {11B}-COSY, 11B-{1H} und 31P).

The cluster 11 B chemical shifts in members of the important class of closo-3,1,2-metalladicarbaboranes were previously unassigned, and their cluster 1 H chemical shifts previously unmeasured. The use of [ 11 B− 11 B]-COSY and 1 H−{ 11 B} NMR spectroscopy to measure and assign the cluster 11 B and 1 H chemical shifts of (previously unreported) [3-(η 6 -C 6 Me 6 )-closo-3,1,2-RuC 2 B 9 H 11 ] as a model compound is reported. The 11 B shielding patterns of this species and the nonmetalla simple carbaborane analogue [1,2-C 2 B 10 H 12 ] are compared and briefly discussed