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Abstract Synaptojanin 2 (SYNJ2) has crucial role in various tumors, but its role in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains unexplored. This study first detected SYNJ2 protein expression in PTC using immunohistochemistry method and further assessed SYNJ2 mRNA expression through mRNA chip and RNA sequencing data and its association with clinical characteristics. Additionally, KEGG, GSVA, and GSEA analyses were conducted to investigate potential biological functions, while single‐cell RNA sequencing data were used to explore SYNJ2's underlying mechanisms in PTC. Meanwhile, immune infiltration status in different SYNJ2 expression groups were analyzed. Besides, we investigated the immune checkpoint gene expression and implemented drug sensitivity analysis. Results indicated that SYNJ2 is highly expressed in PTC (SMD = 0.66 [95% CI: 0.17–1.15]) and could distinguish between PTC and non‐PTC tissues (AUC = 0.74 [0.70–0.78]). Furthermore, the study identified 134 intersecting genes of DEGs and CEGs, mainly enriched in the angiogenesis and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways. Subsequent analysis showed the above pathways were activated in PTC epithelial cells. PTC patients with high SYNJ2 expression showed higher sensitivity to the six common drugs. Summarily, SYNJ2 may promote PTC progression through angiogenesis and EMT pathways. High SYNJ2 expression is associated with better response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy.

Abstract Recently, the major challenge in treating osteosarcoma patients is the metastatic disease, most commonly in the lungs. However, the underlying mechanism of recurrence and metastasis of osteosarcoma after surgical resection of primary tumor remains unclear. This study aims to investigate whether the pulmonary metastases characteristic of osteosarcoma is associated with surgical treatment and whether surgery contributes to the formation of pre‐metastatic niche in the distant lung tissue. In the current study, the authors observe the presence of circulating tumor cells in patients undergoing surgical resection of osteosarcoma which is correlated to tumor recurrence. The pulmonary infiltrations of neutrophils and Gr‐1+ myeloid cells are characterized to form a pre‐metastatic niche upon the exposure of circulating tumor cells after surgical resection. It is found that mitochondrial damage‐associated molecular patterns released from surgical resection contribute to the formation of pre‐metastatic niche in lung through IL‐1β secretion. This study reveals that surgical management for osteosarcoma, irrespective of the primary tumor, might promote the formation of postoperative pre‐metastatic niche in lung which is with important implications for developing rational therapies during peri‐operative period.

Abstract Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and represents a heterogeneous entity. One‐third of DLBCL arises from extranodal organs and its prognosis often varies with regard to the sites involved. Molecular features are important to elucidate the differences in clinical features, predict the disease prognosis, and improve effective targeted therapeutic strategies. Extranodal DLBCLs originated from the breast, skin, uterus, immune‐privileged sites such as the central nervous system and testes, often show a high proportion of non‐germinal center B‐cell‐like (non‐GCB) phenotypes, with a high frequency of MYD88/CD79B mutations. In contrast, extranodal DLBCLs originated from the thyroid gland and stomach show a relatively low proportion of non‐GCB phenotype, with a considerably excellent prognosis. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab is the standard of care in both nodal and extranodal DLBCLs. However, approximately 40% of the patients experience treatment failure. It is critical to optimize the treatment strategy, including radiotherapy, autologous stem cell transplantation and targeted therapy according to the clinical characteristics and molecular heterogeneity. In this review, we present an overview of the key molecular pathways, prognosis assessment and innovative therapies in primary extranodal DLBCLs.

Abstract Background The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) as the primary curative treatment for newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but the radiation-related complications and relatively high medical costs remain a consequential burden for the patients. Endoscopic nasopharyngectomy (ENPG) was successfully applied in recurrent NPC with radiation free and relatively low medical costs. In this study, we examined whether ENPG could be an effective treatment for localized stage I NPC. Methods Ten newly diagnosed localized stage I NPC patients voluntarily received ENPG alone from June 2007 to September 2017 in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Simultaneously, the data of 329 stage I NPC patients treated with IMRT were collected and used as a reference cohort. The survival outcomes, quality of life (QOL), and medical costs between two groups were compared. Results After a median follow-up of 59.0 months (95% CI 53.4–64.6), no death, locoregional recurrence, or distant metastasis was observed in the 10 patients treated with ENPG. The 5-year overall survival, local relapse-free survival, regional relapse-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival among the ENPG-treated patients was similar to that among the IMRT-treated patients (100% vs. 99.1%, 100% vs. 97.7%, 100% vs. 99.0%, 100% vs. 97.4%, respectively, P > 0.05). In addition, compared with IMRT, ENPG was associated with decreased total medical costs ($ 4090.42 ± 1502.65 vs. $ 12620.88 ± 4242.65, P