Search

Large regions of Earth's surface are underlain by salt deposits that evaporated from ancient oceans and are populated by extreme halophilic microbes. Some of these halophiles may have been preserved over geological timescales within hypersaline fluid inclusions, but ingresses of water and/or anthropogenic activities can lead to the formation of alternative habitats, including NaCl stalactites or speleothems. While the microbiology of ancient evaporites has been well-studied, the ecology of these recently formed structures is less-well understood. Here, the microbiology of a NaCl stalactite ('salticle') in a Triassic halite mine is characterised. The specific aims were to: determine the presence of fluid inclusions; determine the microbial structure of the salticle compared with a nearby brine-pool and surficial soil; and characterise the ecophysiological capabilities of this unique ecosystem. The salticle contained fluid inclusions, and their microbiome was composed of Euryarchaetota, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, with Haloarchaea in greater abundance than brine-pool or soil microbiomes. The salticle metagenome exhibited a greater abundance of genes involved in osmoregulation, anaerobic respiration, UV resistance, oxidative stress, and stress-protein synthesis relative to the soil microbiome. We discuss the potential astrobiological implications of salticles as enclosed salt-saturated habitats that are protected from ionising radiation and have a stable water-activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Based on the results of Part 1 of this work, we have chosen acrylonitrile copolymers for preparing dopes in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Modeling the spinning process in static conditions was carried out by following the evolution of the interaction between a drop of solution and precipitant. In addition, the diffusion zone was controlled by the laser-interference method. Fibers were spun on a laboratory stand. It was found that the optimal ratio of DMSO to water in a coagulation bath was 85/15. The analysis of the structure of different fibers (including fibers with carbon nanotubes) demonstrated the superposition of crystalline phase and orientation-disordered mesophase. The evolution of this structure could provide the answer to the question of which structure of “white” fibers is best for obtaining high-quality “black” fibers. Measurement of the structure and mechanical properties of fibers allowed us to optimize the technology of thermal treatment of fibers including the intensity of heat output in the stages of thermal-oxidative stabilization and carbonization as well as the strain characteristics and applied tension. Model carbon fibers have a satisfactory complex of mechanical properties. We aimed to choose a set of experimental approaches as a proper way to produce high-strength carbon fibers.

The aim of our study was to evolve views on writing disorders in Wernicke's agraphia by comparing group data and analysis of a single patient. We showed how a single-case study can be useful in obtaining essential results that can be hidden by averaging group data. Analysis of a single patient proved to be important for resolving contradictions of the "holistic" and "elementaristic" paradigms of psychology and for the development of theoretical knowledge with the example of a writing disorder. The implementation of a holistic approach was undertaken by presenting the tasks differing in functions in which writing had been performed since its appearance in human culture (communicative, mnestic, and regulatory). In spite of the identical composition of involved psychological components, these differences were identified when certain types of errors were analyzed in the single subject. The results are discussed in terms of used writing strategy, resulting in a way of operation of involved components that lead to qualitative and quantitative changes of writing errors within the syndrome of Wernicke's agraphia.

Delocalized lipophilic cations (DLCs) are known as mitochondria-addressed molecules. Mitochondria targeting may provide opportunities for tumor detection. DLCs may have antioxidant or anticancer properties. In this study, we focused on the toxicity and localization of 2-[(E)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethenyl]-1,6-dimethylpyridin-1-ium iodide (62E2), which has recently been found as a novel cytotoxic fluorescent compound. The excitation maximum of 62E2 is 452 ± 10 nm and its emission maximum is 579 ± 10 nm. It is accumulated in the cells and stains mitochondria in nanomolar concentrations. 62E2 is cytotoxic and mitotoxic in low micromolar concentrations, and it demonstrates some selectivity of cytotoxicity against A549 cancer cells. The closest analog of 62E2 is F16, which is the fluorescent mitotoxic agent that has been described earlier as a potential anticancer agent. We hope that 62E2 described here is useful in expanding the diversity of cyanine fluorescent mitochondrial dyes and the analysis of their structure-activity relationships.

Telomerase is a key component of the telomere length maintenance system in the majority of eukaryotes. Telomerase displays maximal activity in stem and cancer cells with high proliferative potential. In humans, telomerase activity is regulated by various mechanisms, including the interaction with telomere ssDNA overhangs that contain a repetitive G-rich sequence, and with noncoding RNA, Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), that contains the same sequence. So these nucleic acids can compete for telomerase RNA templates in the cell. In this study, we have investigated the ability of different model substrates mimicking telomere DNA overhangs and TERRA RNA to compete for telomerase in vitro through a previously developed telomerase inhibitor assay. We have shown in this study that RNA oligonucleotides are better competitors for telomerase that DNA ones as RNA also use an alternative binding site on telomerase, and the presence of 2′-OH groups is significant in these interactions. In contrast to DNA, the possibility of forming intramolecular G-quadruplex structures has a minor effect for RNA binding to telomerase. Taking together our data, we propose that TERRA RNA binds better to telomerase compared with its native substrate – the 3′-end of telomere DNA overhang. As a result, some specific factor may exist that participates in switching telomerase from TERRA to the 3′-end of DNA for telomere elongation at the distinct period of a cell cycle in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Socratic function of single case studies (SCSs) is described in its relation to the problem of scientific theory development. Contrary to the traditional point of view, the single case study is not a demonstration or verification of theoretical concepts, but a method of their generation and opportunity for analysis of their interrelations. Considering the case study from the perspective of the Socratic function brings to light important conclusions about the ecological validity of theory development. The essential features of the Socratic function are illustrated using the example of the famous Romantic Essays of Alexandr Luria.

A rapid new approach to produce biologically relevant bisindoles, namely indolyltetrahydrocarbazoles and indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles, has been developed, based on the Ga(OTf)3 -catalyzed [3+3] cyclodimerization of indole-derived donor-acceptor cyclopropanes. Chemoselectivity of the process depends on the location of the three-membered ring at the indole core.

We report on optical absorption and EPR spectroscopy studies of low Er doped (50 ppm) SrTiO3 single crystals. In the region of 400–650 nm a set of optical intra-configurational f–f transitions from the 4I15/2 ground state to the excited 4F9/2, 4S3/2, 2H11/2, and 2H9/2 Stark sublevels of the Er3+ impurity ions were observed and identified. At T = 2 K the number of registered optical transitions evidences the presence of only one type of Er3+ centers with non-cubic symmetry. The system of the energy levels for Er3+ excited states is determined. The X-band EPR spectra at 5.2 K revealed the rhombic symmetry of Er3+ impurity centers. The components of a rhombic g-tensor were defined. It was suggested that Er ions substitute Sr ions in A-sublattice sites.

Rotation ambiguity (RA) in multivariate curve resolution (MCR) is an undesirable case, when the physicochemical constraints are not sufficiently strong to provide a unique resolution of the data matrix of the mixtures into spectra and concentration profiles of individual chemical components. RA is often met in MCR of overlapped chromatographic peaks, kinetic and equilibrium data, and fluorescence two-dimensional spectra. In case of RA, a single candidate solution has little practical value. So, the whole set of feasible solutions should be characterized somehow. It is a quite intricate task in a general case. In the present paper, a method was proposed to estimate RA with charged particle swarm optimization (cPSO), a population-based algorithm. The criteria for updating the particles were modified, so that the swarm converged to the steady state, which spanned the set of feasible solutions. The performance of cPSO-MCR was demonstrated on test functions, simulated datasets, and real-world data. Good accordance of the cPSO-MCR results with the analytical solutions (Borgen plots) was observed. cPSO-MCR was also shown to be capable of estimating the strength of the constraints and of revealing RA in noisy data. As compared with analytical methods, cPSO-MCR is simpler to implement, expands to more than three chemical compounds, is immune to noise, and can be easily adapted to virtually all types of constraints and objective functions (constraint based or residue based). cPSO-MCR also provides natural visual information about the level of RA in spectra and concentration profiles, similar to the methods of two extreme solutions (e.g., MCR-BANDS). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A series of lanthanide monoborohydrido complexes {C6H4-1,2-[NC(R)NR′]2}Ln(BH4)(L)n (Ln = Y, Nd, Sm; R = tBu, Ph; R′ = 2,6-Me2C6H3, SiMe3; L = dme = dimethoxyethane, n = 1; L = thf, n = 2), in which lanthanides are coordinated by bulky ansa-bis(amidinato) ligand systems with a conformationally rigid o-phenylene linker ({C6H4-1,2-[NC(R)NR′]2}2–), were synthesized by the salt metathesis reactions of equimolar amounts of Ln(BH4)3(thf)3 and {C6H4-1,2-[NC(R)NR′]2}X2(thf)n (X = Li, Na) in thf. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the complexes are monomeric. Depending on the denticity of the donor ligand (L = dme or thf), the terminal borohydrido ligand coordinated to the metal ion can be located in either an equatorial (L = thf) or an apical (L = dme) position. All complexes are efficient catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide, which allows to convert up to 1000 equiv. of monomer into a polymer at room temperature within 10–150 min and affords atactic polylactides with high molecular weights and moderate molecular-weight distributions (1.28–2.16). Yttrium–borohydrido complexes coordinated by the {C6H4-1,2-[NC(tBu)N(2,6-Me2C6H3)]2}2– ligand system showed enhanced catalytic activity compared to that of the analogue complexes containing the {C6H4-1,2-[NC(Ph)NSiMe3]2}2– ligand. The obtained borohydrido complexes catalyze the hydrophosphonylation of benzaldehyde at room temperature with good reaction rates.

The reactions of the lithium silylarylamides [1,2-C6H4(NSiMe3)2Li2]2 and [1,3-C6H4(NSiMe3)2Li2] with two equivalents of PhCN [tetrahydrofuran (thf), room temp.] is an efficient synthetic approach to the ansa-bis(amidinate) ligand systems [1,2-C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Li2(thf)]2 and [1,3-C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Li2(thf)2]2, which were isolated in 54 and 60 % yields, respectively. However, lithium silylarylamide [2,6-C5H3N(NSiMe3)2Li2] containing a pyridine fragment does not undergo PhCN insertion even at elevated temperatures (thf, toluene), and the reaction affords the silylarylamido complex [2,6-C5H3N{NSiMe3}2Li2]3·(C6H5CN)4, which contains a coordinated benzonitrile molecule. The different reactivity of the compounds correlates with the changes in the molecular orbital energies estimated by DFT calculations. The salt metathesis reaction of anhydrous YCl3 with lithium amidinate [1,2-C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Li2(thf)]2 in 2:1 molar ratio (thf, 20 °C) afforded a neutral bis(amidinate) chloro yttrium complex [1,2-C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2]YCl(thf)2 in 80 % yield. With NdCl3, the analogous reaction resulted in a trinuclear neodymium chloro ate complex with a rather unusual μ-bridging lateral coordination of the amidinate fragment [1,2-C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Nd(thf)(μ-Cl)(1,2-C6H4{NC(Ph)NSiMe3}2Nd{μ-Cl}2)][Li(thf)2].

The ring opening of cyclopropanes (I) with sodium azide followed by Krapcho dealkoxycarbonylation and a subsequent Vilsmeier—Haack formylation of resulting azides (II) gives rise to azido aldehydes (IV).

A rapid new approach to produce biologically relevant bisindoles, namely indolyltetrahydrocarbazoles and indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles, has been developed, based on the Ga(OTf)3 -catalyzed [3+3] cyclodimerization of indole-derived donor-acceptor cyclopropanes. Chemoselectivity of the process depends on the location of the three-membered ring at the indole core.

Two new amidines that contain a pendant Lewis base in the side arm, 2-MeOC6H4NC(tBu)NH(2,6-R2C6H3) (R = Me, iPr), were synthesized and successfully employed as tridentate ligands for the preparation of the dialkyl rare earth complexes [2-MeOC6H4NC(tBu)N(2,6-R2C6H3)]Ln(CH2SiMe3)2(L)n {Ln = Y, Lu; R = Me, iPr; L = thf (n = 2), dme (n = 1)}. These ligands provided enhanced stability for the complexes. The X-ray structure determinations revealed that intramolecular coordination of the 2-MeOC6H4 group is realized if a thf molecule is coordinated to the metal center (Ln = Y, Lu), which results in the coordination number of six. The treatment of complex [2-MeOC6H4NC(tBu)N(2,6-Me2C6H3)]Lu(CH2SiMe3)2(thf) with dme afforded a six-coordinate dme adduct in which the methoxy group of the amidinate ligand has drifted out from the metal coordination sphere. The reaction of [2-MeOC6H4NC(tBu)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]Y(CH2SiMe3)2(thf) with 2,6-diisopropylaniline in hexane at 70 degrees C, regardless of the ratio of the reagent, afforded the six-coordinate diamido compound [2-MeOC6H4NC(tBu)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]Y(NHC6H3-2,6-iPr2)2(thf), for which intramolecular coordination of the oxygen atom of the side chain was detected by an X-ray study. Complex [2-MeOC6H4NC(tBu)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]Y(CH2SiMe3)2(thf) was evaluated as a precatalyst for isoprene polymerization. The ternary system [2-MeOC6H4NC(tBu)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]Y(CH2SiMe3)2(thf)/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/AliBu3provided isoprene polymerization with moderate activity but without control of the regioselectivity (3,4-regularity was slightly predominant at 52?%). Nevertheless, high 1,4-trans-selectivity was found (96%) for the 1,4-polyisoprenes. The obtained polyisoprene has a Mn of 13.0 x 10(4) and moderate polydispersity (2.12).

We report the results of a multifaceted study of optical and dielectric properties of erbium-doped (500 ppm) potassium tantalate incipient ferroelectric single crystals. Studies of optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra allowed us to determine the system of energy levels that control the main internal optical transitions in the 4f electronic shell of Er3+ in KTaO3. It was found that at least two types of Er3+ centres, major and minor ones, are present. The major centres are non-cubic, formed by Er3+ substituting for K+ sites; these are responsible for the n-type conductivity of KTaO3:Er crystals. Wideband optical absorption with a maximum at 1.13 eV (λ = 1097 nm) was observed in the near-IR range and was attributed to polaron formation. Low-temperature far-infrared reflectivity studies revealed an increase in the frequency of the lowest transverse optical mode and a decrease in the dielectric permittivity in comparison with undoped KTaO3 crystals. This stiffening means the suppression of the ferroelectric instability in the system.

The availability of brain death donors is restricted by many factors. Use of uncontrolled donors after cardiac death could be a promising perspective, but the limiting factor in uncontrolled donation after cardiac death is the warm ischemic time. The purpose of our work was to develop an in situ kidney preservation protocol with application of the extracorporal normothermic abdominal perfusion for organ resuscitation in uncontrolled donors after cardiac death. The main attention was paid to the elimination of leukocytes as the key damaging factor from modified donor oxygenated blood circulating in the device. In 2009, we had 10 uncontrolled donors with warm ischemic time from 45 to 92 min; a normothermic extracorporal perfusion device was applied, providing preservation and restoration of kidney after ischemic damage. In 6 out of 20 kidney recipients, graft function was recovered immediately. All kidney grafts are functioning, and to the end of the third month, the average creatinine was 118.5 ± 19.9 mM. Treatment of ischemically damaged kidney by normothermic extracorporal perfusion with leukocyte depletion before procurement seems to be a challenging protocol for expanding donors' pool and demands further study.

The present work is aimed towards the synthesis of C-H activation products of various group 3 and lanthanoid metals bearing a bulky aminopyridinato ligand, (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)[6-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amine (1, Ap'H). Deprotonation of 1 using KH leads to polymeric [Ap'K] n (2), which undergoes clean salt metathesis reaction with MX 3 [M = Sc, Nd and Sm, and X = Cl or M = La and X = Br] forming mono thf adducts [Ap' 2 ScCl(thf)] (3), [Ap' 2 LaBr(thf)] (4), [Ap' 2 NdCl(thf)] (5), and [Ap' 2 SmCl[thf)] (6). However, reacting 2 with LuCl 3 leads to mono- as well as bis(aminopyridinato)lutetium complexes [Ap'LuCl 2 (thf) 2 ] (7) and [Ap' 2 LuCl(thf)] (8), respectively, while the analogous reaction with LaCl 3 at 50 °C produces the tris(aminopyridinato)lanthanum complex [Ap' 3 La] (9). For the selective synthesis of 8 in good yield amine elimination route was adopted. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a distorted octahedral coordination for the bis(aminopyridinato) complexes 3, 4 and 6, despite the differences in their ionic radii. Alkylation of the bis(aminopyridinato) monohalide complexes with equimolar amounts of LiCH 2 SiMe 3 in hexane allowed the isolation of the corresponding alkyl derivatives. For the smaller metals like Sc and Lu affording [Ap' 2 ScCH 2 -SiMe 3 (thf)] (10) and [Ap' 2 LuCH 2 SiMe 3 (thf)] (11), respectively. However, lanthanoids with large ionic radii such as La and Nd resulted in the formation of methyl group C-H bond activation products [Ap'(Ap'- H )La(thf) 2 ] (12) and [Ap'-(Ap'- H )Nd(thf)] (13), respectively. Most likely an alkyl species was formed which then undergoes intramolecular C-H activation and C-H activation runs fast with regard to the rate of alkyl complex formation. The alkylation of 6 (Sm) with LiCH 2 SiMe 3 did not give a clear product. The reaction of 11 with PhSiH 3 (Ph = phenyl) led via intramolecular C-H bond activation to [Ap'(Ap'- H )Lu(thf)] (14). In this case most likely a hydride species was formed which then undergoes rapid C-H activation. The alkyl complex 10 (Sc) did not react with PhSiH 3 . The molecular structures of 11, 12 and 13 have been confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis.

Radiation therapy plays an important role in the management of prostate carcinoma. However, the problem of radioresistance and molecular mechanisms by which prostate carcinoma cells overcome cytotoxic effects of radiation therapy remains to be elucidated. In order to investigate possible intracellular mechanisms underlying the prostate carcinoma recurrences after radiotherapy, we have established three radiation-resistant prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP-IRR, PC3-IRR, and Du145-IRR derived from the parental LNCaP, PC3, and Du145 prostate cancer cells by repetitive exposure to ionizing radiation. LNCaP-IRR, PC3-IRR, and Du145-IRR cells (prostate carcinoma cells recurred after radiation exposure (IRR cells)) showed higher radioresistance and cell motility than parental cell lines. IRR cells exhibited higher levels of androgen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors and activation of their downstream pathways, such as Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and Jak-STAT. In order to define additional mechanisms involved in the radioresistance development, we determined differences in the proteome profile of parental and IRR cells using 2-D DIGE followed by computational image analysis and MS. Twenty-seven proteins were found to be modulated in all three radioresistant cell lines compared to parental cells. Identified proteins revealed capacity to interact with EGF and androgen receptors related signal transduction pathways and were involved in the regulation of intracellular routs providing cell survival, increased motility, mutagenesis, and DNA repair. Our data suggest that radioresistance development is accompanied by multiple mechanisms, including activation of cell receptors and related downstream signal transduction pathways. Identified proteins regulated in the radioresistant prostate carcinoma cells can significantly intensify activation of intracellular signaling that govern cell survival, growth, proliferation, invasion, motility, and DNA repair. In addition, such analyses may be utilized in predicting cellular response to radiotherapy.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1/Her1) belongs to the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and is a key player in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Overexpression and mutational changes of EGFR have been identified in a variety of human cancers and the regulation of EGFR signaling plays a critical role in tumor development and progression. Due to its biological significance the EGFR signaling network is a widely used model system for the development of analytical techniques. Novel quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics approaches play an important role in the characterization of signaling pathways in a time and stimulus dependent manner. Recent studies discussed in this review provide new insights into different aspects of EGFR signal transduction, such as regulation and dynamics of its phosphorylation sites, association with interaction partners and identification of regulated phosphoproteins. Correlation of data from functional proteomics studies with results from other fields of signal transduction research by systems biology will be necessary to integrate and translate these findings into successful clinical applications.

A series of new lanthanide borohydride complexes supported by bulky guanidinate ligands [(Me3Si)2NC(N-Cy)2]2Ln(μ-BH4)2Li(THF)2 [Ln = Nd (1), Sm (2), Yb (3)] was synthesized by the reaction of related tris(borohydride)s Ln(BH4)3(THF)2 with a twofold molar excess of [(Me3Si)2NC(N-Cy)2]Li in toluene at 65 °C. The complexes were isolated after recrystallization from hexane in 66, 64, and 68 % yield, respectively. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that compounds 1–3 are heterodimetallic complexes that have two borohydride ligands μ-bridging the lanthanide and lithium atoms. Those compounds, especially neodymium complex 1, act as monoinitiators for the ring-opening polymerization of racemic lactide, providing atactic polymers with a good degree of control, that is, controlled molecular weights and relatively narrow polydispersities (1.09 < Mw/Mn < 1.77), provided moderate substrate-to-initiator ratios are used. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)

AIMS: This report describes the baseline characteristics of patients in the Reduction of Events with Darbepoetin alfa in Heart Failure trial (RED-HF) which is testing the hypothesis that anaemia correction with darbepoetin alfa will reduce the composite endpoint of death from any cause or hospital admission for worsening heart failure, and improve other outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Key demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings, along with baseline treatment, are reported and compared with those of patients in other recent clinical trials in heart failure. Compared with other recent trials, RED-HF enrolled more elderly [mean age 70 (SD 11.4) years], female (41%), and black (9%) patients. RED-HF patients more often had diabetes (46%) and renal impairment (72% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Patients in RED-HF had heart failure of longer duration [5.3 (5.4) years], worse NYHA class (35% II, 63% III, and 2% IV), and more signs of congestion. Mean EF was 30% (6.8%). RED-HF patients were well treated at randomization, and pharmacological therapy at baseline was broadly similar to that of other recent trials, taking account of study-specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median (interquartile range) haemoglobin at baseline was 112 (106-117) g/L. CONCLUSION: The anaemic patients enrolled in RED-HF were older, moderately to markedly symptomatic, and had extensive co-morbidity. Fil: McMurray, John J. V.. University of Glasgow; Reino Unido Fil: Anand, Inder S.. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos Fil: Diaz, Rafael. Estudios Clínicos Latinoamérica; Argentina Fil: Maggioni, Aldo P.. Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri; Italia Fil: O'Connor, Christopher. University of Duke; Estados Unidos Fil: Pfeffer, Marc A.. Brigham and Women’s Hospita; Estados Unidos Fil: Solomon, Scott D.. Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Estados Unidos Fil: Tendera, Micha. Medical University of Silesia; Polonia Fil: van Veldhuisen, Dirk J.. University of Groningen; Países Bajos Fil: Moetaz, Albizem. Amgen Inc.; Estados Unidos Fil: Cheng, Sunfa. Amgen Inc.; Estados Unidos Fil: Scarlata, Debra. Amgen Inc.; Estados Unidos Fil: Swedberg, Karl. University of Gothenburg; Suecia Fil: Young, James B.. Cleveland Clinic. Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Toblli, Jorge Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: RED-HF Committees Investigators. No especifíca

(3 + 2)-Annulation of donor—acceptor cyclopropanes to alkynes induced by both Lewis and Broensted acids is developed.