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Objectives: To evaluate the impact of providing personalized depression risk information on self-help and help-seeking behaviors among individuals who are at high risk of having a major depressive episode (MDE)., Materials and Methods: In a mixed methods randomized controlled trial, participants who were at high risk of having a MDE, were recruited from across Canada, and were randomized into intervention (n = 358) and control (n = 354) groups. Participants in the intervention group received their personalized depression risk estimated by sex-specific risk prediction models for MDE. All participants were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months., Results: Repeated measure mixed effects modeling showed significant between group differences in self-help scores. In the complete case analysis, the between group difference in mean self-help change score was 1.13 at 12 months (effect size = 0.16). Among participants who reported "fair" or "poor health," the between group difference in mean self-help change score was 2.78 at 12 months (effect size = 0.35). The qualitative data revealed three themes and the findings are consistent with the quantitative results., Conclusions: Providing personalized depression risk information has a positive impact on self-help in high-risk individuals, particularly in those with poor health., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The study of human olfaction is complicated by the myriad of processing demands in conscious perceptual and emotional experiences of odors. Combining functional magnetic resonance imaging with convergent multivariate network analyses, we examined the spatiotemporal behavior of olfactory-generated blood-oxygenated-level-dependent signal in healthy adults. The experimental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was found to offset the limitations of olfactory habituation effects and permitted the identification of five functional networks. Analysis delineated separable neuronal circuits that were spatially centered in the primary olfactory cortex, striatum, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate, and parietal-occipital junction. We hypothesize that these functional networks subserve primary perceptual, affective/motivational, and higher order olfactory-related cognitive processes. Results provided direct evidence for the existence of parallel networks with top-down modulation for olfactory processing and clearly distinguished brain activations that were sniffing-related versus odor-related. A comprehensive neurocognitive model for olfaction is presented that may be applied to broader translational studies of olfactory function, aging, and neurological disease., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: There exists very little evidence to guide clinical management for preventing recurrence of major depression. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a prediction algorithm for recurrence of major depression., Methods: Wave 1 and wave 2 longitudinal data from the U.S. National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Condition (2001/2002–2003/2004) were used. Participants with a major depressive episode at baseline and who had visited health professionals for depression were included in this analysis (n = 2,711). Mental disorders were assessed based on the DSM-IV criteria., Results: With the development data (n = 1,518), a prediction model with 19 unique factors had a C statistics of 0.7504 and excellent calibration (P = .23). The model had a C statistics of 0.7195 in external validation data (n = 1,195) and 0.7365 in combined data. The algorithm calibrated very well in validation data. In the combined data, the 3-year observed and predicted risk of recurrence was 25.40% (95% CI: 23.76%, 27.04%) and 25.34% (95% CI: 24.73%, 25.95%), respectively. The predicted risk in the 1st and 10th decile risk group was 5.68% and 60.21%, respectively., Conclusions: The developed prediction model for recurrence of major depression has acceptable discrimination and excellent calibration, and is feasible to be used by physicians. The prognostic model may assist physicians and patients in quantifying the probability of recurrence so that physicians can develop specific treatment plans for those who are at high risk of recurrence, leading to personalized treatment and better use of resources., (© 2013 The Authors. Depression and Anxiety published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: To examine whether major depressive episodes (MDEs) are associated with an increased risk of migraine in the general population and to examine whether migraine is associated with an increase risk of MDE., Background: Population-based cross-sectional studies have consistently reported an association between migraine and depression. However, longitudinal studies about this potentially bidirectional association are inconsistent., Methods: This retrospective cohort study used 12 years of follow-up data from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (15,254 respondents, age >12). Stratified analysis, logistic regression, and proportional hazard modeling were used to quantify the effect of migraine on subsequent MDE status and vice versa., Results: After adjusting for sex, age, and other chronic health conditions, respondents with migraine were 60% more likely (HR 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3-1.9) to develop MDE compared with those without migraine. Similarly adjusting for sex and age, respondents with MDE were 40% more likely (HR 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0-1.9) to develop migraine compared with those without MDE. However, the latter association disappeared after adjustment for stress and childhood trauma., Conclusions: The current study provides substantial evidence that migraine is associated with the later development of MDEs, but does not provide strong causal evidence of an association in the other direction. Environmental factors such as childhood trauma and stress may shape the expression of this bidirectional relationship; however, the precise underlying mechanisms are not yet known., (© 2011 American Headache Society.)