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This manuscript describes a dataset of thoracic cavity segmentations and discrete pleural effusion segmentations we have annotated on 402 computed tomography (CT) scans acquired from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The segmentation of these anatomic regions precedes fundamental tasks in image analysis pipelines such as lung structure segmentation, lesion detection, and radiomics feature extraction. Bilateral thoracic cavity volumes and pleural effusion volumes were manually segmented on CT scans acquired from The Cancer Imaging Archive "NSCLC Radiomics" data collection. Four hundred and two thoracic segmentations were first generated automatically by a U-Net based algorithm trained on chest CTs without cancer, manually corrected by a medical student to include the complete thoracic cavity (normal, pathologic, and atelectatic lung parenchyma, lung hilum, pleural effusion, fibrosis, nodules, tumor, and other anatomic anomalies), and revised by a radiation oncologist or a radiologist. Seventy-eight pleural effusions were manually segmented by a medical student and revised by a radiologist or radiation oncologist. Interobserver agreement between the radiation oncologist and radiologist corrections was acceptable. All expert-vetted segmentations are publicly available in NIfTI format through The Cancer Imaging Archive at https://doi.org/10.7937/tcia.2020.6c7y-gq39. Tabular data detailing clinical and technical metadata linked to segmentation cases are also available. Thoracic cavity segmentations will be valuable for developing image analysis pipelines on pathologic lungs - where current automated algorithms struggle most. In conjunction with gross tumor volume segmentations already available from "NSCLC Radiomics," pleural effusion segmentations may be valuable for investigating radiomics profile differences between effusion and primary tumor or training algorithms to discriminate between them.

The Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework has contributed to understanding collective action problems in fragmented governance and identified mechanisms for overcoming them. Participation in collaboration is risky––even if it has the potential to make all parties better off. This framework has uniquely shown how collaboration risk and other transaction costs can be overcome to create effective collaborations for addressing complex policy issues. However, after over a decade of use, the framework is due for critical evaluation and articulation of its state of the art and science to better inform future scholarship. For this purpose, this article defines key concepts and formulates assumptions, as well as reviews the empirical contributions and longstanding limitations of the ICA framework. A robust agenda for future research is also outlined. To move forward, we believe ICA research should focus on the foundational core of the ICA framework, maintain flexibility in explanatory models, and expand the scope beyond the collective action problems at the local level.

Summary We investigated whether combined dexamethasone and ondansetron is more effective than ondansetron alone in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. One hundred and thirty patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery were assigned to either an ondansetron group or a dexamethasone and ondansetron group. In all patients, ondansetron 4 mg was administered at the end of surgery and 12 mg was added to the patient-controlled analgesia solution. The dexamethasone and ondansetron group received dexamethasone 8 mg at the induction of anaesthesia. The overall incidence of nausea and vomiting during the first 48 h postoperatively did not differ between groups (34/61 (56%) vs 28/62 (45%) in the ondansetron group and dexamethasone and ondansetron groups, respectively). The incidence of severe nausea and vomiting (≥ 7 nausea on an 11-point verbal numerical rating scale, retching or vomiting) was higher in the ondansetron group than in the dexamethasone and ondansetron group (15/61 (25%) vs 6/62 (10%, respectively, p = 0.028). Combined dexamethasone and ondansetron is more effective in reducing severe nausea and vomiting than ondansetron alone in patients receiving fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia.

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orbifloxacin were studied in six clinically healthy Hanwoo cows after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Orbifloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Steady-state volume of distribution and clearance of orbifloxacin after i.v. administration were 0.92 L/kg and 0.24 L/h x kg, respectively. Following i.m. administration, a slow and complete absorption with absolute bioavailability of 101.4%, and a maximum concentration (C(max)) of 1.17 microg/mL at 1.04 h were observed. The in vitro serum protein binding was 14.76%. The in vitro antibacterial activity of orbifloxacin against a pathogenic strain of Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was determined. The ex vivo activity of orbifloxacin against M. haemolytica strain was also determined, and these data were integrated with the ex vivo bacterial counts to establish AUC(24h)/MIC values producing bacteriostatic action, bactericidal action and elimination of bacteria. Mean values were 32.7, 51.6 and 102.6 h, respectively. From these data, we predict that orbifloxacin, when administered i.m. at a dosage of 2.5-5 mg/kg once a day, would be effective against bovine pathogens, such as M. haemolytica. Additional studies may be needed to confirm its efficacy in a clinical setting, and to evaluate the penetration of the drug in diseased tissues.

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens, and its multiple antibiotic resistance has emerged as an obstacle in the treatment of these infections worldwide. Aims: To identify risk factors of mortality for A. baumannii bacteraemia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 72 patients with significant A. baumannii bacteraemia was conducted to evaluate risk factors for mortality. Results: The median age of the 72 enrolled patients was 48 years, 96% of the cases were hospital-acquired, and the bacteraemia-related mortality rate was 29% (21 of 72 patients). Univariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for mortality included: an elevated acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score, receipt of in vitro ineffective definitive antimicrobial therapy, in vitro A. baumannii resistance to cefoperazone/ sulbactam, neutropenia, and presentation with septic shock. Multivariate analysis reveals that the independent risk factors for mortality are neutropenia and elevated APACHE II scores. Conclusion: Risk factors such as neutropenia and elevated APACHE II scores are found to be associated with higher mortality rates of A. baumannii bacteraemia. Further study is necessary for the determination of optimal strategies for both the prevention and treatment of these infections. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 599–603)

Background: In paediatric patients, crystalloid prime for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes further haemodilution in comparison with blood-containing prime. Thus it may affect the cerebral oxygen supply/demand balance. The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of bloodless pump prime with that of blood-containing prime on cerebral oxygenation in children. Methods: Thirty-six paediatric patients scheduled for elective repair of atrial or ventricular septal defect were enrolled. In Group C (n = 18), the CPB circuit was primed only with crystalloid. In Group B (n = 18), red blood cells were added to achieve a haematocrit (Hct) of 20% during CPB. The regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) value measured by near-infrared spectroscopy was compared between the two groups. Results: In both groups, rSO2 decreased below baseline at the start of CPB and during rewarming (P

A boundary element method based on the Cauchy integral formulae is proposed for the numerical solutionof a boundary value problem governed by a second-order elliptic partial differential equation with variablecoefficients. The boundary value problem has applications in engineering problems involving non-homogeneous media. The method reduces the boundary value problem to the task of solving a system of linear algebraic equations. It can be easily implemented on the computer. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To study the relative abundance and the changes of both estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta mRNA before and after ovariectomy in major organs important to the regulation of calcium homeostasis, we compared the degree of mRNA expression of ERalpha to that of ERbeta in rat tissues by performing competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with internal standards. Both ERalpha and ERbeta were highly expressed in the ovary {ERalpha[(2.2 +/- 0.33) x 10(7) copies/microg of total RNA]ERbeta[(1.2 +/- 0.33) x 10(5) copies/microg of total RNA]} as we expected. The bone marrow and renal cortex were very important target organs of estrogen because ERalpha was highly expressed approximately 2 x 10(5) copies/microg of total RNA, but marrow cells revealed only a very weak expression of ERbeta [(0.7 +/- 0.21) x 10(2) copies/microg of total RNA]. Both ERalpha and ERbeta were expressed in the trabecular bone [(3.2 +/- 0.56) x 10(3) copy/microg of RNA] and [(2.8 +/- 0.21) x 102 copy/microg of RNA], respectively. However, they were not detected in the cortical bone. In the jejunum, the expression of ERalpha was not detectable, while ERbeta was expressed very weakly [(1.1 +/- 0.24) x 10(2) copies/microg of total RNA]. The thyroid gland expressed low copy numbers of ERbeta [(6.0 +/- 0.23) x 10(2) copies/microg of total RNA], but the parathyroid gland was negative for both ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA. In cultured stromal cells, ERalpha and ERbeta mRNAs were not detected after a 24-h culture; however, the rates of mRNA expression of ERalpha and ERbeta reached approximately 105 copies/microg of total RNA and approximately 10(2) copies/microg of total RNA, respectively, after 9-, 11-, and 13-day cultures. After ovariectomy, the expression of ERalpha mRNA decreased abruptly in the bone marrow and renal cortex, and both ERalpha and ERbeta were barely detected in the trabecular bone. In conclusion, ERalpha might be the main ER in organs important for calcium homeostasis, except in the jejunum. The mRNA expression of ERalpha in the bone marrow and renal cortex decreased abruptly after ovariectomy, which may partially explain why the effect of estrogen deficiency can be amplified and why trabecular bone loss is more predominant than cortical bone loss shortly after surgical or natural menopause.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Genetic and environmental factors contribute in this disease. There is evidence that MHC class I chain-related gene (MIC-A) plays a role in the susceptibility to this and other autoimmune diseases. There are five alleles of the MIC-A gene, which consist of different repetitions of GCT. In particular, MIC-A alleles 5 and 5.1 (the former with five repetitions of GCT, the latter with five repetitions and one additional insertion of nucleotide G) have been found to be associated with susceptibility to and age at onset of T1DM. The aim of our study was to analyze the transmission of these MIC-A alleles to T1DM-affected offsprings in HBDI families. These are multiplex families with affected offsprings and unaffected parents. DNA samples were amplified for MIC-A using fluorescence-labeled primers and analyzed on an ABI prism DNA sequencer. The transmission of alleles was then analyzed using pedigrees of families also obtained from HBDI. We analyzed 78 families and found that MIC-A alleles 5 and 5.1 are present and transmitted more frequently than expected. Heterozygotic parents for MIC-A alleles 5 and 5.1 were excluded from the study. Our results suggest that MIC-A alleles 5 and 5.1 are associated with susceptibility to T1DM in family studies.

Raman spectra of polycrystalline normal and three 15N isotopic ammonium nitrates (15NH4NO3, NH415NO3 and 15NH415NO3) were recorded at various temperatures between 10 and 300 K. Isotopic shifts of both internal and external modes of the ammonium ion relative to isotopic normal NH4NO3 were observed. Various components of the hetero-ionic coupled internal mode (ν3 of the nitrate ion with ν4′ of the ammonium ion) were assigned with more certainty on the basis of the 15N isotopic shifts. Detailed studies of the temperature dependence of one internal mode (ν1) of the NO3 - ion and several external modes were made. The frequency and half band width versus temperature plots for both the internal mode and the external modes of 15NH4NO3 indicate only one crystal structure (phase V) between 10 and 257 K. Comparison of the frequency shifts between various isotopic compounds in the external mode region permitted a more precise assignment of the lattice modes associated with the NH4+ and NO3− ions to be made.

6-bit gamma compensated digital data driver using LTPS TFTs was integrated in AMOLED panel. We have applied conventional register ladder D/A converter circuits with 9 points reference voltage for each color. We have obtained both good gray scale and good white balance by optimizing the reference voltage. DC/DC converter and serial to parallel converter have also been integrated by TFT. The number of pixels is 768 × 228 dots. The width of the data driver designed by 2micron rule is only 2.6mm.

Infrared and Raman spectra of polycrystalline films of CF3 Br have been recorded at 77 K. All six fundamentals of the molecule have been observed in both spectra. Observed splittings of fundamentals have been attributed to Fermi resonance (ν1), bramine isotope splitting (ν3) and crystal splitting (ν4, ν5 and ν6). Some bands due to 13CF3 Br have also been identified. The crystal splittings can be explained if it is assumed that the structure is monuclinic with factor group C2h and two molecules per unit cell on sites of Cs symmetry.

15NH4ReO4 was synthesized and the Raman spectrum recorded at various temperatures between 10 and 300 K. 15N isotopic shifts of both internal and external modes of the ammonium ion relative to 14NH4ReO4 were observed. The temperature dependence of the external modes was studied. The librational lattice mode associated with the ammonium ion disappeared above about 180 K. At this temperature anomalies were observed in the temperature dependence of the perrhenate ion lattice modes.

This paper considers a production planning model for a single-facility multiproduct problem where backlogging is not allowed. A planning-horizon theorem is derived. From that theorem, a forward algorithm for finding an optimal solution over a finite horizon and a procedure for selecting the first-period production in a rolling-horizon environment are developed. Computational results from a set of simulation experiments designed to investigate the cost effectiveness of the procedure demonstrate its effectiveness.

Raman spectra of polycrystalline KVO3 have been recorded at various temperatures. Splittings have been observed for most fundamentals and the external mode region contains at least eight bands. The spectra are interpreted in terms of a group theoretical analysis based on the molecular symmetry and the known crystal structure. The frequency versus temperature plots for external modes of KVO3 indicate that a single crystal structure exists between 10 and 300 K.

The reflectivity of ZnO single crystals was measured at near normal incidence in the energy region from 3 to 25 eV with linearly polarized light, the electric field vector lying perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis. From the reflectivity the optical constants n and k, the complex dielectric constant e = e1 e i e2 and the energy loss function L = |Im e−1| have been computed by a Kramers-Kronig analysis for both directions of polarization. The profiles of the spectra differ completely from those of other II–VI compounds of the wurtzite structure. The energetic positions and the polarization dependence of the peaks in the reflectivity and the e2 spectra can be related to the results of the first complete band structure calculation accomplished by Rossler using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostocker method. Mit polarisiertem Licht (Photonenenergie 3 bis 25 eV) wurdc bei nahezu senkrechtem Einfall die Reflektivitat von ZnO-Einkristallen senkrecht und parallel zur c-Achse gemessen und mittels einer Kramers-Kronig -Analyse die optischen Konstanten n und k, die komplexe Dielektrizitatskonstante e = e1 + i e2 und die Energieverlustfunktion L = |Im e−1| fur beide Polarisationsrichtungen berechnet. Die Spektren weichen entscheidend von denen anderer II–VI-Verbindungen mit Wurtzitstruktur ab. Die energetische Lage und die Pola-risationsabhangigkeit der Maxima des Reflexions- und des e2-Spektrums stimmen jedoch gut mit den Ergebnissen der ersten Bandstrukturberechnungen uberein, welche kurzlich von Rossler mit der Korringa-Kohn-Rostocker-Methode durchgefuhrt wurden.