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Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has become a mainstream cancer treatment over traditional therapeutic modes. Cancer cells can undergo programmed cell death including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, apoptosis and cuproptosis which are find to have intrinsic relationships with host antitumor immune response. However, direct use of cell death inducers or regulators may bring about severe side effects that can also be rapidly excreted and degraded with low therapeutic efficacy. Nanomaterials are able to carry them for long circulation time, high tumor accumulation and controlled release to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effect. Nowadays, a large number of studies have focused on nanomedicines‐based strategies through modulating cell death modalities to potentiate antitumor immunity. Herein, immune cell types and their function are first summarized, and state‐of‐the‐art research progresses in nanomedicines mediated cell death pathways (e.g., ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, apoptosis and cuproptosis) with immune response provocation are highlighted. Subsequently, the conclusion and outlook of potential research focus are discussed.

Smoking cessation prolongs survival and decreases mortality of patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, epigenetic alterations of some genes are associated with survival. However, potential interactions between smoking cessation and epigenetics have not been assessed. Here, we conducted an epigenome‐wide interaction analysis between DNA methylation and smoking cessation on NSCLC survival. We used a two‐stage study design to identify DNA methylation–smoking cessation interactions that affect overall survival for early‐stage NSCLC. The discovery phase contained NSCLC patients from Harvard, Spain, Norway, and Sweden. A histology‐stratified Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, clinical stage, and study center was used to test DNA methylation–smoking cessation interaction terms. Interactions with false discovery rate‐q ≤ 0.05 were further confirmed in a validation phase using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Histology‐specific interactions were identified by stratification analysis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients. We identified one CpG probe (cg02268510SIPA1L3) that significantly and exclusively modified the effect of smoking cessation on survival in LUAD patients [hazard ratio (HR)interaction = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–1.16; P = 4.30 × 10–7]. Further, the effect of smoking cessation on early‐stage LUAD survival varied across patients with different methylation levels of cg02268510SIPA1L3. Smoking cessation only benefited LUAD patients with low methylation (HR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34–0.82; P = 4.61 × 10–3) rather than medium or high methylation (HR = 1.21; 95% CI: 0.86–1.70; P = 0.266) of cg02268510SIPA1L3. Moreover, there was an antagonistic interaction between elevated methylation of cg02268510SIPA1L3 and smoking cessation (HRinteraction = 2.1835; 95% CI: 1.27–3.74; P = 4.46 × 10−3). In summary, smoking cessation benefited survival of LUAD patients with low methylation at cg02268510SIPA1L3. The results have implications for not only smoking cessation after diagnosis, but also possible methylation‐specific drug targeting.

B‐cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) is a tumour suppressor protein known to be downregulated in several types of cancer. In this study, we investigated a potential role for BTG2 in early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) survival. We analysed BTG2 methylation data from 1230 early‐stage NSCLC patients from five international cohorts, as well as gene expression data from 3038 lung cancer cases from multiple cohorts. Three CpG probes (cg01798157, cg06373167, cg23371584) that detected BTG2 hypermethylation in tumour tissues were associated with lower overall survival. The prognostic model based on methylation could distinguish patient survival in the four cohorts [hazard ratio (HR) range, 1.51–2.21] and the independent validation set (HR = 1.85). In the expression analysis, BTG2 expression was positively correlated with survival in each cohort (HR range, 0.28–0.68), which we confirmed with meta‐analysis (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.54–0.68). The three CpG probes were all negatively correlated with BTG2 expression. Importantly, an integrative model of BTG2 methylation, expression and clinical information showed better predictive ability in the training set and validation set. In conclusion, the methylation and integrated prognostic signatures based on BTG2 are stable and reliable biomarkers for early‐stage NSCLC. They may have new applications for appropriate clinical adjuvant trials and personalized treatments in the future.

Introduction: The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), risk factors, and comorbidity rates of Chinese outpatients in Lanzhou general hospitals are unknown., Method: The prevalence rate of OCD was estimated in a representative sample of outpatients in three classes of general hospitals in Lanzhou, China. The rate of OCD within the sample, which was composed of 1,576 individuals aged 16 years or older, was assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0., Results: The weighted prevalence of OCD were 4.31% (lifetime), 2.86% (12-month), and 1.97% (30-day). Multivariate logistic regression identified the following independent predictors of having lifetime OCD: having a higher level of education, being unemployed, an internal medicine outpatient, a female, 16-35 years old, divorced/widowed/separated, and having a low family income. OCD had a significant comorbid association with neuroses, based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Revision., Discussion: These findings show a lower prevalence rate of OCD in Lanzhou general hospitals than that reported for some specialized outpatient clinics in Western countries. Further investigations are required to explore the relationships between OCD and the risk factors identified in the current study. Resolving methodological problems may lead to more accurate prevalence estimates in future epidemiological studies. Our findings suggest that there is an urgent need to improve the ability of clinicians to detect OCD in outpatients., (© 2013 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)