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In the ancient city of Angkor, heavy rainfall was common in the rainy season and rapid rainwater drainage was important for maintaining urban functions. This study focuses on the drainage system of an example of Khmer architecture from the Angkor period, the Pre Rup temple built in the year 961. We analyze the relationship between the drainage capacity and foundation settlement, revealing that the foundation settlement was larger near drainage channels with a low drainage capacity. After showing that only a few of the drainage channels function properly, it is possible to have some certainty on the relationship between the drainage capacity and foundation settlement.

Aims To investigate the pathological features of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) - associated pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Methods Surgically resected adenocarcinomas associated with IIP (the IIP group) and adenocarcinomas without IIP (the non-IIP group) were subjected. We here further focused on adenocarcinomas that developed in the honeycomb lesions. Adenocarcinomas in the IIP group were subdivided into two groups, one group included tumors connected to bronchiolar metaplasia in honeycomb lesions (the H-IIP group) and the other included tumors unrelated to honeycomb lesions (the NH-IIP group). Histomorphological appearance, immunohistochemical expression were compared among the H-IIP group, the NH-IIP group, and the non-IIP group. Results Most of tumor cells in the H-IIP group showed tall columnar shape that displayed similar features to proximal bronchial epithelium, while tumors in the NH-IIP group and the non-IIP group showed club-like shape that displayed similar features to respiratory bronchiole /alveolar epithelium. The cell differentiation markers, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF- 4α), tended to be negative for TTF-1 and positive for HNF- 4α in adenocarcinomas in the H-IIP group. The frequency of EGFR mutations was significantly lower in adenocarcinomas in the H-IIP group, although the frequency of KRAS and ALK mutations did not differ among the three groups. Conclusions The IIP-associated pulmonary adenocarcinomas, especially those arising from honeycomb lesions, have distinct pathological features. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

We herein investigated the potential role of cathepsin L in lung carcinogenesis. Lung cancer cell lines and surgically resected tumors were examined for the expression of the cathepsin L protein and copy number alterations in its gene locus. Cathepsin L was stably expressed in bronchiolar epithelial cells. Neoplastic cells expressed cathepsin L at various levels, whereas its expression was completely lost in most of the lung cancer cell lines (63.6%, 7/11) examined. Furthermore, expression levels were lower in a large fraction of lung tumors (69.5%, 139/200) than in bronchiolar epithelia. The expression of cathepsin L was lost in some tumors (16.0%, 32/200). In adenocarcinomas, expression levels were significantly lower in high-grade tumors than in low-grade tumors (one-way ANOVA, P

The expression of microRNA-31 (miR-31) has been implicated in the progression of some human malignancies including colorectal cancer. However, the clinical significance of the expression of miR-31 in submucosally invasive (T1) colorectal cancer remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to delineate the relationship between clinicopathological features and the oncogenic modulator miR-31 in submucosally invasive colorectal cancer. We investigated the expression of miR-31 in 50 submucosally invasive colorectal cancer specimens, along with the corresponding non-tumoral mucosa specimens, using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The relationships between miR-31 expression levels and clinicopathological characteristics were assessed. The miR-31 host gene locus was investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization. qRT-PCR revealed that the expression of miR-31 was higher in colorectal cancer tissue than in non-tumoral tissue (P = 0.0002). The up-regulated expression of miR-31 may play an oncogenic role in the early stage of carcinogenesis in colorectal cancers.

Aberrant smooth muscle cell (SMC) plasticity has been implicated in a variety of vascular disorders including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. While the pathways governing this process remain unclear, epigenetic regulation by specific microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in SMCs. We hypothesized that additional miRNAs might play an important role in determining vascular SMC phenotype. Microarray analysis of miRNAs was performed on human aortic SMCs undergoing phenotypic switching in response to serum withdrawal, and identified 31 significantly regulated entities. We chose the highly conserved candidate miRNA-26a for additional studies. Inhibition of miRNA-26a accelerated SMC differentiation, and also promoted apoptosis, while inhibiting proliferation and migration. Overexpression of miRNA-26a blunted differentiation. As a potential mechanism, we investigated whether miRNA-26a influences TGF-β-pathway signaling. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated enhanced SMAD signaling with miRNA-26a inhibition, and the opposite effect with miRNA-26a overexpression in transfected human cells. Furthermore, inhibition of miRNA-26a increased gene expression of SMAD-1 and SMAD-4, while overexpression inhibited SMAD-1. MicroRNA-26a was also found to be downregulated in two mouse models of AAA formation (2.5- to 3.8-fold decrease, P < 0.02) in which enhanced switching from contractile to synthetic phenotype occurs. In summary, miRNA-26a promotes vascular SMC proliferation while inhibiting cellular differentiation and apoptosis, and alters TGF-β pathway signaling. MicroRNA-26a represents an important new regulator of SMC biology and a potential therapeutic target in AAA disease.

Die syn-Benzaldoxime (I) reagieren mit 2,3-Epoxypropyl-phenyl-ather (II) bei Raumtemperatur in Benzol und in Gegenwart von Zinntetrachlorid zu den Addukten (III).

The reaction of benzyl phenylmethanethiosulfinate with morpholine was found to give dibenzyl trisulfide together with dibenzyl disulfide, benzaldehyde and N-thiobenzoyl-morpholine and the reaction mechanism was discussed. In the reaction with other secondary amines instead of morpholine, dibenzyl trisulfide was also obtained.

Arylthiation of the nucleophilic β-carbon atom of 1-morpholino-1-cyclohexene with arensulfensuccinimides and arensulfenamides was successfully carried out. Moreover, benzylthiosulfenylation of morpholine and thiophenol with benzylthiosulfenphthalimide was examined and found to give successfully benzylthiosulfenmorpholide and benzyl phenyl trisulfide.