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BACKGROUND Laser treatment has emerged as a novel treatment modality for onychodystrophy. Only a few small series have assessed the efficacy of laser treatment in onychodystrophy, most of which were case reports. The therapeutic effect of the 1064 nm neodymium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser for onychodystrophy has been demonstrated. Recently, the picosecond Nd:YAG (PSNY) laser has been introduced to improve various skin disorders. AIMS The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of a 1064 nm PSNY in management of idiopathic onychodystrophy. METHODS We present a case series of dystrophic nails treated with a PSNY for onychodystrophy improvement. Planimetry using ImageJ software was used to calculate lesion reduction and proximal clear nail growth. Clinical improvement was assessed using a 5-point Global Assessment Scale (GAS). Adverse events were also assessed. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (11 males and 14 females) with a total of 128 nails (94 finger nails and 34 toe nails) were treated. The mean treatment number was 8.7 ± 6.2, and the mean total duration of treatment was 33.4 ± 34.6 weeks. The average proportion of the lesion area decreased significantly (from 65.9% to 46.6%) after PSNY treatment (P

Supratentorial cortical ependymoma is a rare clinical entity where ependymoma occurring in the cortex without any connection to the ventricular system since ependymoma usually arises from the lining of the ventricular system or central canal of spinal cord. There have been 14 such cases reported in the literature.We report the first case of a supratentorial extraaxial cortical anaplastic ependymoma with minimal cortical attachment in a 17-years-old girl, presented with headache and complex partial seizure. Histological features of anaplasia including numerous mitoses, necrosis and high Ki-67 lead to postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy although gross total resection was achieved.

Intracranial capillary hemangiomas are extremely rare. Only 14 histologically proven cases have been reported in the literature. A 59-year-old-female presented with a severe headache for 3 weeks. Brain MRI revealed a homogeneous contrast enhancing round mass lesion in the pituitary stalk and infundibular recess. We performed endoscopic biopsy. In the operative field, a reddish, well-circumscribed mass from the infundibular recess protruded into the third ventricle and it was separated from the optic chiasm. The tumor appeared a highly vascular. Histopathological examination demonstrated an aggregation of thin-walled capillaries, consistent with capillary hemangioma.

This article describes the preparation of multi- colored reflective electrochromic displays (R-ECDs) through the control of the substituents on viologen molecules. Cyano- phenyl, salicylic, and alkyl groups were introduced onto 4,4 0 - bipyridine. The synthesized viologen moieties were reacted with methyl chloride functional groups on polymeric micro- spheres, which were prepared by seeded polymerization. Then, R-ECD cells were fabricated by the placement of a mix- ture of the viologen-modified polymeric microspheres and an electrolyte between sandwiched indium tin oxide glasses. The R-ECDs showed an inherent white background without potential because the micrometer-range particles scattered the light, and the viologen was in a bleached state. From spectro- photometric results and visual appearances, it was confirmed that the devices showed red, green, and blue colors with respect to cyanophenyl-, salicylic-, and alkyl-substituted violo- gen pendants when 2.7 V was applied to the device. 2007