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Abstract Plant chloroplasts have a highly compartmentalized interior, essential for executing photocatalytic functions. However, the construction of a photocatalytic reaction compartment similar to chloroplasts in inorganic–biological hybrid systems (IBS) has not been reported. Drawing inspiration from the compartmentalized chloroplast and the phenomenon of liquid–liquid phase separation, herein, a new strategy is first developed for constructing a photocatalytic subcellular hybrid system through liquid–liquid phase separation technology in living cells. Photosensitizers and in vivo expressed hydrogenases are designed to coassemble within the cell to create subcellular compartments for synergetic photocatalysis. This compartmentalization facilitates efficient electron transfer and light energy utilization, resulting in highly effective H2 production. The subcellular compartments hybrid system (HM/IBSCS) exhibits a nearly 87‐fold increase in H2 production compared to the bare bacteria/hybrid system. Furthermore, the intracellular compartments of the photocatalytic reactor enhance the system's stability obviously, with the bacteria maintaining approximately 81% of their H2 production activity even after undergoing five cycles of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The research brings forward visionary prospects for the field of semi‐artificial photosynthesis, offering new possibilities for advancements in areas such as renewable energy, biomanufacturing, and genetic engineering.

Abstract Rationally designed multiporphyrinic architectures for boosting photodynamic therapy (PDT) have attracted significant attentions recently years due to their great potential for light‐mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. However, there is still a gap between the structure design and their PDT performance for biomedical applications. This tutorial review provides a historical overview on (i) the basic concept of PDT for deeply understanding the porphyrin‐mediated PDT reactions, (ii) developing strategies for constructing porphyrinic architectures, like nanorings, boxes, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs), vesicles, etc., where we classified into the following three categories: multiporphyrin arrays, porphyrinic frameworks, and others porphyrin assemblies, (iii) the various application scenarios for clinical cancer therapy and antibacterial infection. Also, the existing challenges and future perspectives on the innovation of porphyrinic architectures for clinical PDT applications are mentioned in the end section. Moreover, the porphyrinic nanomaterials with atomically precise architectures provide an ideal platform for investigating the relationship between structures and PDT outputs, design of personalized “all‐in‐one” theranostic agents, and the popularization and application in wider biomedical fields.

Abstract Self‐propelled nanomotors, which can autonomous propelled by harnessing others type of energy, have shown tremendous potential as drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. However, it remains challenging for nanomotors in tumor theranostics because of their structural complexity and deficient therapeutic model. Herein, glucose‐fueled enzymatic nanomotors (GC6@cPt ZIFs) are developed through encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOx), catalase (CAT), and chlorin e6 (Ce6) using cisplatin‐skeletal zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (cPt ZIFs) for synergetic photochemotherapy. The GC6@cPt ZIFs nanomotors can produce O2 through enzymatic cascade reactions for propelling the self‐propulsion. Trans‐well chamber and multicellular tumor spheroids experiments demonstrate the deep penetration and high accumulation of GC6@cPt nanomotors. Importantly, the glucose‐fueled nanomotor can release the chemotherapeutic cPt and generate reactive oxygen species under laser irradiation, and simultaneously consume intratumoral over‐expressed glutathione. Mechanistically, such processes can inhibit cancer cell energy and destroy intratumoral redox balance to synergistically damage DNA and induce tumor cell apoptosis. Collectively, this work demonstrates that the self‐propelled prodrug‐skeleton nanomotors with oxidative stress activation can highlight a robust therapeutic capability of oxidants amplification and glutathione depletion to boost the synergetic cancer therapy efficiency.