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Bacillus subtilis, as a biocontrol bacterium, possess a variety of biological functions and the capacity to control plant pathogens. Iturin A is a biosurfactant with broad-spectrum antifungal activity produced by fermentation of B. subtilis. In this study, the dynamic parameters of solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SMF) of Bacillus velezensis ND were compared, and a method for producing iturin A with a yield of 12.46 g/kg utilizing SSF was proposed. It has significant advantages over SMF and has the highest yield of all previously reported studies. B. velezensis ND also contains protease activity, cellulase activity, iron-carrying activity, the ability to synthesis 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), fixation nitrogen, and degrade phosphorus. In cotton pot experiments, it can effectively increase cotton growth and minimize Verticillium wilt. This strain's superior fermentation efficiency, biological function, and biocontrol ability are sufficient to demonstrate its promise for the development and use of biocontrol agents.

The local electron density of an atom is one key factor that determines its chemical properties. Regulating electron density can promote the atom's reactivity and so reduce the reaction activation energy, which is highly desired in many chemical applications. Herein, we report an intra-crystalline electron lever strategy, which can regulate the electron density of reaction centre atoms via manipulating ambient lattice states, for Fenton activity improvement. Typically, with the assistance of ultrasound, the Mn4+ -O-Fe3+ bond in BiFe0.97 Mn0.03 O3 perovskite nanocrystals can drive valence electrons and free electrons to accumulate on Fe atoms by a polarization electric field originated from the designed lattice strain. The increase of electron density significantly improves the catalytic activity of Fe, decreasing the activation energy of BiFe0.97 Mn0.03 O3 -mediated Fenton reaction by 52.55 %, and increasing the . OH yield by 9.21-fold. This study provides a new way to understand the sono-Fenton chemistry, and the increased . OH production enables a highly effective chemodynamic therapy.

Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong metabolic disease that requires frequent subcutaneous injections of insulin. However, this method of administration can be associated with patient discomfort and local tissue infection. Oral delivery of insulin has been pursued as a more convenient method for diabetes treatment, given its likely superior patient compliance and convenience as well as cost-effectiveness. However, various biological barriers hinder the clinical translation of oral insulin. The rapid development of nanotechnology over the last decade offers great promise in improving the bioavailability of oral insulin. This Minireview provides an overview of biological barriers to oral insulin delivery, summarizes significant technological advances, and outlines future perspectives in oral insulin formulations as well as their hypoglycaemic effects.

In recent years, there have been significant innovations in the development of nanoparticle-based vaccines and vaccine delivery systems. For the purposes of both design and evaluation, these nanovaccines are imaged using the wealth of understanding established around medical imaging of nanomaterials. An important insight to the advancement of the field of nanovaccines can be given by an analysis of the design rationale of an imaging platform, as well as the significance of the information provided by imaging. Nanovaccine imaging strategies can be categorized by the imaging modality leveraged, but it is also worth understanding the superiority or convenience of a given modality over others in a given context of a particular nanovaccine. The most important imaging modalities in this endeavor are optical imaging including near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF), emission tomography methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with or without computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR), the emerging magnetic particle imaging (MPI), and finally, multimodal applications of imaging which include molecular imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. One finds that each of these modalities has strengths and weaknesses, but optical and PET imaging tend, in this context, to be currently the most accessible, convenient, and informative modalities. Nevertheless, an important principle is that there is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and that the specific nanovaccine in question must be compatible with a particular imaging modality. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to BiologyNanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug DiscoveryNanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug DiscoveryNanomedicine for Infectious Disease.

As an indispensable strategy for tumor treatment, surgery may cause two major challenges: tumor recurrence and wound infection. Here, a thermoelectric therapeutic strategy is provided as either an independent cancer therapy or surgical adjuvant treatment. Bi

Arsenical drugs have achieved hallmark success in treating patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia, but expanding their clinical utility to solid tumors has proven difficult with the contradiction between the therapeutic efficacy and the systemic toxicity. Here, leveraging efforts from materials science, biocompatible PEGylated arsenene nanodots (AsNDs@PEG) with high monoelemental arsenic purity that can selectively and effectively treat solid tumors are synthesized. The intrinsic selective killing effect of AsNDs@PEG is closely related to high oxidative stress in tumor cells, which leads to an activated valence-change of arsenic (from less toxic As0 to severely toxic oxidation states), followed by decreased superoxide dismutase activity and massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These effects occur selectively within cancer cells, causing mitochondrial damage, cell-cycle arrest, and DNA damage. Moreover, AsNDs@PEG when applied in a multi-drug combination strategy with β-elemene, a plant-derived anticancer drug, achieves synergistic antitumor outcomes, and its newly discovered on-demand photothermal properties facilitate the elimination of the tumors without recurrence, potentially further expanding its clinical utility. In line of the practicability for a large-scale fabrication and negligible systemic toxicity of AsNDs@PEG (even at high doses and with repetitive administration), a new-concept arsenical drug with high therapeutic efficacy for selective solid tumor therapy is provided.

At present, tumor diagnosis is performed using common procedures, which are slow, costly, and still presenting difficulties in diagnosing tumors at their early stage. Tumor therapeutic methods also mainly rely on large-scale equipment or non-intelligent treatment approaches. Thus, an early and accurate tumor diagnosis and personalized treatment may represent the best treatment option for a successful result, and the efforts in finding them are still in progress and mainly focusing on non-destructive, integrated, and multiple technologies. These objectives can be achieved with the development of advanced devices and smart technology that represent the topic of the current investigations. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress in tumor diagnosis and therapy and briefly explains the advantages and disadvantages of the described microdevices, finally proposing advanced micro smart devices as the future development trend for tumor diagnosis and therapy.

Biodegradable nanoprodrugs, inheriting the antitumor effects of chemotherapy drugs and overcoming the inevitable drawback of side effects on normal tissues, hold promise as next-generation cancer therapy candidates. Biodegradable nanoprodrugs of transferrin-modified MgO2 nanosheets are developed to selectively deliver reactive oxygen species to cancer cells for molecular dynamic therapy strategy. The nanosheets favor the acidic and low catalase activity tumor microenvironment to react with proton and release nontoxic Mg2+ . This reaction simultaneously produces abundant H2 O2 to induce cell death and damage the structure of transferrin to release Fe3+ , which will react with H2 O2 to produce highly toxic ·OH to kill tumor cells.

Adoptive T lymphocyte immunotherapy is one of the most promising methods to treat residual lesions after glioma surgery. However, the fate of the adoptively transferred T-cells in vivo is unclear, hampering the understanding of this emerging therapy. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop noninvasive and quantitative in vivo tracking of these T-cells to glioma for better identification of the migratory fate and to provide objective evaluation of outcomes of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy targeting glioma. In this work, ultrasmall T1 MR-based nanoprobes, NaGdF4 -TAT, as molecular probes with high longitudinal relaxivity (8.93 mm-1 s-1 ) are designed. By means of HIV-1 transactivator (TAT) peptides, nearly 95% of the adoptive T-cells are labeled with the NaGdF4 -TAT nanoprobes without any measurable side effects on the labeled T-cells, which is remarkably superior to that of the control fluorescein isothiocyanate-NaGdF4 concerning labeling efficacy. Labeled adoptive T-cell clusters can be sensitively tracked in an orthotopic GL261-glioma model 24 h after intravenous infusion of 107 labeled T-cells by T1 -weighted MR imaging. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show that the NaGdF4 -TAT nanoprobes labeling of T-cells may be a promising method to track adoptive T-cells to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology in adoptive immunotherapy for gliomas.