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Urbanization is commonly associated with biodiversity loss and habitat fragmentation. However, urban environments often have greenspaces that can support wildlife populations, including rare species. The challenge for conservation planners working in these systems is identifying priority habitats and corridors for protection before they are lost. In a rapidly changing urban environment, this requires prompt decisions informed by accurate spatial information. Here, we combine several approaches to map habitat and assess connectivity for a diverse set of rare species in seven urban study areas across southern Michigan, USA. We incorporated multiple connectivity tools for a comprehensive appraisal of species‐habitat patterns across these urban landscapes. We observed distinct differences in connectivity by taxonomic group and site. The three turtle species (Blanding's, Eastern Box, and Spotted) consistently had more habitat predicted to be suitable per site than other evaluated species. This is promising for this at‐risk taxonomic group and allows conservation efforts to focus on mitigating threats such as road mortality. Grassland and prairie‐associated species (American Bumble Bee, Black and Gold Bumble Bee, and Henslow's Sparrow) had the least amount of habitat on a site‐by‐site basis. Kalamazoo and the northern Detroit sites had the highest levels of multi‐species connectivity across the entire study area based on the least cost paths. These connectivity results have direct applications in urban planning. Kalamazoo, one of the focal urban regions, has implemented a Natural Features Protection (NFP) plan to bolster natural area protections within the city. We compared our connectivity results to the NFP area and show where this plan will have an immediate positive impact and additional areas for potential consideration in future expansions of the protection network. Our results show that conservation opportunities exist within each of the assessed urban areas for maintaining rare species, a key benefit of this multi‐species and multi‐site approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the book "History and Research in Child Development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development," written by Alice Boardman Smuts and John W. Hagen. This monograph is a pioneer venture, the first publication in which both professional historians and child developmentalists focus on the history of child development and in which historians gear their work to an audience of developmentalists. The monograph is one result of the decision of the U.S. Society for Research in Child Development to make the history of the society, of child development research, of the family, and of childhood the theme of its fiftieth anniversary meeting, held in Detroit, Michigan on April 2 1-24, 1983.

This paper examines the incidence and extent of racial discrimination in various dimensions of owner-occupied housing search. Audit data for sales units (1980-90) from the Fair Housing Center of metropolitan Detroit is used in an ordered probit framework. Agents' own prejudices and the prejudices of their customers are shown to be significant in explaining discrimination. Results also indicate that white home seekers are steered toward more white and affluent neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention currently recommends HIV screening at least annually among sexually active gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), but only half report being tested in the past year in the United States. As HIV self‐test kits are becoming more available around the United States via web and app‐based interventions, it is important to understand who is willing and able to order them. This analysis sought to better understand predictors of free HIV self‐test kit utilization among MSM in M‐cubed, an HIV prevention mobile app intervention trial in Atlanta, Detroit and New York City. Methods: We conducted an exploratory secondary analysis of self‐report and in‐app data collected from the intervention arm of the M‐Cubed study from 24 January 2018 to 31 October 2019. Behavioural, demographic and other potential predictors of HIV self‐test ordering were identified from Social Cognitive Theoretical underpinnings of the app, and from the literature. Significant predictor variables in bivariate analyses were considered for inclusion in the empiric multivariable model. Demographic variables chosen a priori were then added to a final model estimating adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Results: Over half of the 417 intervention participants ordered an HIV self‐test kit during the study. In bivariate analyses, ordering a kit was associated with HIV testing history, plans to get tested and reported likelihood of getting tested. In the final model, participants were more likely to order a kit if they reported plans to get tested in the next 3 months (aPR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18–2.11) or had not tested for HIV in the past 3 months (aPR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.13–1.70). There was no difference in HIV self‐test kit ordering by income, race/ethnicity or age. Conclusions: HIV testing is an important tool in ending the HIV epidemic and must be accessible and frequent for key populations. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of HIV self‐test kits in reaching populations with suboptimal testing rates and shows that self‐testing may supplement community‐based and clinical testing while helping overcome some of the structural barriers that limit access to annual HIV prevention services for MSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the growth assessment standards in infants in Detroit, Michigan. Occurrence of deviations during birth to three months; Effect of curvature on the percentage of deviations; Insignificance of sex differences in the type of deviations.

Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) disrupted the food system motivating discussions about moving from a dependence on long food supply channels toward shorter local supply channels, including urban agriculture. This study examines two central questions regarding the adoption of urban agriculture practices at the household level during the COVID‐19 pandemic: whether the outbreak of the novel coronavirus elicited participation in urban agriculture (e.g., community growing and home growing) and what are the characteristics of individuals who participate. To answer these questions, we conducted two online surveys in Phoenix, AZ, and Detroit, MI. The first round occurred during 2017 and the second during the lock‐down in 2020. Using bivariate probit models, we find that (1) considerably fewer individuals participate in urban agriculture at community gardens compared to at‐home gardening; (2) participation overall is lower in 2020 compared to 2017; and (3) respondents in Detroit practice urban agriculture more than respondents in Phoenix. Across both cities, our results suggest that the continuity of individuals' participation in growing food at community gardens and home is fragile. Not all characteristics that determined who participated in community gardens before COVID‐19 are determining the likelihood to participate during the pandemic. In addition, growing food at home before COVID‐19 was practiced by larger households and employed respondents, yet, during the pandemic, we find that home‐growing was more likely when children were in the household and households were smaller and younger (Detroit), and younger and more educated (Phoenix). These findings suggest that many urban households' food‐growing practices may not yet be mainstream and that other barriers may exist that inhibit households' participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We reviewed our experience of surgery for epileptic spasms ( ES) with or without history of infantile spasms. Methods Data were reviewed from 65 (33 male) patients with ES who underwent surgery between 1993 and 2014; palliative cases were excluded. Results Mean age at surgery was 5.1 (range 0.2-19) years, with mean postsurgical follow-up of 45.3 (6-120) months. Mean number of anticonvulsants used preoperatively was 4.2 (2-8), which decreased to 1.2 (0-4) postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Total hemispherectomy was the most commonly performed surgery (n = 20), followed by subtotal hemispherectomy (n = 17), multilobar resection (n = 13), lobectomy (n = 7), tuberectomy (n = 6), and lobectomy + tuberectomy (n = 2), with International League Against Epilepsy ( ILAE) class I outcome in 20, 10, 7, 6, 3, and 0 patients, respectively (total 46/65 (71%); 22 off medication). Shorter duration of epilepsy (p = 0.022) and presence of magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) lesion (p = 0.026) were independently associated with class I outcome. Of 34 patients operated <3 years after seizure onset, 30 (88%) achieved class I outcome. Thirty-seven (79%) of 47 patients with lesional MRI had class-I outcome, whereas 9 (50%) of 18 with normal MRI had class I outcome. Positron emission tomography ( PET) scan was abnormal in almost all patients [61 (97%) of 63 with lateralizing/localizing findings in 56 (92%) of 61 patients, thus helping in surgical decision making and guiding subdural grid placements, particularly in patients with nonlesional MRI. Fifteen patients had postoperative complications, mostly minor. Significance Curative epilepsy surgery in ES patients, with or without history of infantile spasms, is best accomplished at an early age and in those patients with lesional abnormalities on MRI with electroencephalography ( EEG) concordance. Good outcomes can be achieved even when there is no MRI lesion but positive PET localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis was identified in 2002 as the cause of extensive ash ( Fraxinus spp.) decline and mortality in Detroit, Michigan, and has since killed millions of ash trees in the US and Canada. When discovered, it was not clear how long it had been present or at what location the invading colony started. We used dendrochronological methods to document the onset and progression of ash mortality and the spatio-temporal dynamics of the invasion. Reconstructing the progression of ash mortality serves as a proxy to draw inferences about the colonization and spread of emerald ash borer in North America. Location Southeastern Michigan, USA. Methods We collected increment cores from dead, declining or non-symptomatic ash trees on a systematic 4.8 × 4.8 or 2.4 × 2.4 km grid in 2004-2006. Geo-referenced samples were cross-dated to determine the earliest date emerald ash borer-killed trees in each location. Interpolated dates of ash mortality were analysed to determine rates and patterns of emerald ash borer spread across the 1.5 million ha study area. Results We identified a location in southeastern Michigan where ash trees were killed by emerald ash borer as early as 1997. Rates of ash mortality subsequently progressed at 3.84 km year−1 from 1998 to 2001 and then increased to 12.97 km year−1 from 2001 to 2003 as satellite colonies coalesced with the primary infestation. From 1998 to 2003, new satellites formed at a rate of 7.4 per year, with average jump distances of 24.5 km. Main conclusions Emerald ash borer was likely established in southeastern Michigan by at least the early to mid-1990s. Anthropogenic-aided stratified dispersal and the coalescence of satellite colonies with the primary population resulted in biphasic range expansion, rapidly expanding the footprint of the invasion. Our reconstruction of the emerald ash borer invasion demonstrates this invaders' remarkable capacity for population growth and spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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African Americans in the United States have a higher than average risk of morbidity and mortality, despite declining mortality rates for many causes of death for the general population. This article examines race–based residential segregation as a fundamental cause of racial disparities, shaping differences in exposure to, and experiences of, diseases and risk factors. The spatial distribution of racial groups, specifically the residential segregation of African Americans in aging urban areas, contributes to disparities in health by influencing access to economic, social, and physical resources essential to health. Using the Detroit metropolitan area as a case study, this article looks at the influences of the distribution of African American and white residents on access to these resources and discusses the implications for urban policies to reduce racial disparities in health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess how the characteristics of welfare recipients have varied geographically in the Detroit metropolitan area since the passage of welfare reform in 1996 and how spatial proximity to job opportunities is related to work rates among welfare recipients. Methods. Using administrative data on welfare receipt in the Detroit metropolitan area and data from two employer surveys in Detroit, I examine changes in the welfare caseload between 1992 and 2000 and estimate logit models of the probability that welfare recipients report work earnings in 1998. Results. Although the number of adult welfare recipients in the Detroit metropolitan area declined by over 75 percent between 1992 and 2000, nearly 25,000 households—most residing in the central city—continue to receive welfare. Rates of work among welfare recipients are positively related to the accessibility of employment opportunities. Conclusions. My results indicate that support services and programs in the coming years will have to fit a caseload that is changing both qualitatively and geographically. Further, consistent with the most current spatial mismatch research, my findings show that greater access to job opportunities leads to greater rates of reported work earnings among welfare recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the relation between alcohol availability and crime in Detroit, Michigan. Use of census tract data and a reduced-form crime equation; Estimation of crime rates; Implication of crime rates for social welfare.

Interview data collected from a sample of 210 persons in Detroit, aged 60 to 94, were analyzed. A series of twelve items was utilized as a measure of four types of evaluation of everyday life. The main hypothesis tested was that relative isolation (desolation) as reflected in becoming widowed or divorced, rather than absolute isolation, which includes the widowed, divorced, and the single, is related to negative evaluations. On the whole, the desolate (widowed and divorced) were found to be more negative than the nondesolate (single and married), with long-term, widowed desolates approximating nondesolates in their evaluations. A distinction between positive and negative desolation, and the anticipation of becoming desolate are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the lower class there are environmental pressures to modify conventional middle-class values and attitudes. There are also social pressures to conform to the conventional patterns. These social pressures point to one source of variability in lower-class attitude, toward "deviant" behavior. The hypothesis tested is: The greater the pressure upon a group so adhere to conventional values, the lower the likelihood that members of the group will normatively accept "deviant" patterns of behavior. This hypothesis is confirmed for data on Trinidad and Detroit on nonlegal marriage, but not for the data on premarital sexual intercourse. The complementary nature of the data on nonlegal marriage and on premarital sexual intercourse is discussed, as well as related data on attitudes toward illegitimacy in Detroit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Childhood Asthma Project involved asthma case identification in 35 Head Start centers in Detroit, MI, and attempted implementation of an intervention designed to help families manage a child’s asthma more effectively. Surveys were distributed to the parents of all Head Start children (3408), and 2198 complete surveys were returned. Case detection found probable asthma in 30% of the children whose parent returned a sufficiently complete survey. Implementation of the intervention was unsuccessful in this setting. Obstacles to effective implementation included the sample’s low participation and high attrition, limited involvement of Head Start personnel, factors related to the program approach, and the target population’s beliefs about asthma. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(6):273–275) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on an article about the emotional description of youth violence and its impact on the residents in Detroit, Michigan, by Estrine. She argues that the article promotes a sense of pessimism, frustration and helplessness. She claims that emergency physicians play a relevant role in preventing and addressing youth violence. The author reveals that victims of violence usually become perpetrators of violence.

Focuses on the Detroit Area Pre-college Engineering Program (DAPCEP). Interaction between students and DAPCEP alumni; Awards received; Benefits of the program for science and engineering community employers; Contact information.