5 results
Search Results
2. The ethical challenges of artificial intelligence‐driven digital pathology.
- Author
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McKay, Francis, Williams, Bethany J, Prestwich, Graham, Bansal, Daljeet, Hallowell, Nina, and Treanor, Darren
- Subjects
PATHOLOGY ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,NETWORK governance ,HISTOPATHOLOGY ,DATA privacy - Abstract
Digital pathology – the digitalisation of clinical histopathology services through the scanning and storage of pathology slides – has opened up new possibilities for health care in recent years, particularly in the opportunities it brings for artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven research. Recognising, however, that there is little scholarly debate on the ethics of digital pathology when used for AI research, this paper summarises what it sees as four key ethical issues to consider when deploying AI infrastructures in pathology, namely, privacy, choice, equity, and trust. The themes are inspired from the authors' experience grappling with the challenge of deploying an ethical digital pathology infrastructure to support AI research as part of the National Pathology Imaging Cooperative (NPIC), a collaborative of universities, hospital trusts, and industry partners largely located across the North of England. Though focusing on the UK case, internationally, few pathology departments have gone fully digital, and so the themes developed here offer a heuristic for ethical reflection for other departments currently making a similar transition or planning to do so in the future. We conclude by promoting the need for robust public governance mechanisms in AI‐driven digital pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Dark Nudges and Sludge in Big Alcohol: Behavioral Economics, Cognitive Biases, and Alcohol Industry Corporate Social Responsibility.
- Author
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PETTICREW, MARK, MAANI, NASON, PETTIGREW, LUISA, RUTTER, HARRY, and VAN SCHALKWYK, MAY CI
- Subjects
ALCOHOLS (Chemical class) ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,BEHAVIOR modification ,BUSINESS ,COGNITION ,COMMUNICATION ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,CONSUMER attitudes ,DECISION making ,ECONOMICS ,FOOD labeling ,MANAGEMENT ,HEALTH policy ,POLICY sciences ,PUBLIC health ,SEWAGE ,MANUFACTURING industries ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SOCIAL responsibility ,HEALTH & social status - Abstract
Policy PointsNudges steer people toward certain options but also allow them to go their own way. "Dark nudges" aim to change consumer behavior against their best interests. "Sludge" uses cognitive biases to make behavior change more difficult.We have identified dark nudges and sludge in alcohol industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) materials. These undermine the information on alcohol harms that they disseminate, and may normalize or encourage alcohol consumption.Policymakers and practitioners should be aware of how dark nudges and sludge are used by the alcohol industry to promote misinformation about alcohol harms to the public. Context: "Nudges" and other behavioral economic approaches exploit common cognitive biases (systematic errors in thought processes) in order to influence behavior and decision‐making. Nudges that encourage the consumption of harmful products (for example, by exploiting gamblers' cognitive biases) have been termed "dark nudges." The term "sludge" has also been used to describe strategies that utilize cognitive biases to make behavior change harder. This study aimed to identify whether dark nudges and sludge are used by alcohol industry (AI)–funded corporate social responsibility (CSR) organizations, and, if so, to determine how they align with existing nudge conceptual frameworks. This information would aid their identification and mitigation by policymakers, researchers, and civil society. Methods: We systematically searched websites and materials of AI CSR organizations (e.g., IARD, Drinkaware, Drinkwise, Éduc'alcool); examples were coded by independent raters and categorized for further analysis. Findings: Dark nudges appear to be used in AI communications about "responsible drinking." The approaches include social norming (telling consumers that "most people" are drinking) and priming drinkers by offering verbal and pictorial cues to drink, while simultaneously appearing to warn about alcohol harms. Sludge, such as the use of particular fonts, colors, and design layouts, appears to use cognitive biases to make health‐related information about the harms of alcohol difficult to access, and enhances exposure to misinformation. Nudge‐type mechanisms also underlie AI mixed messages, in particular alternative causation arguments, which propose nonalcohol causes of alcohol harms. Conclusions: Alcohol industry CSR bodies use dark nudges and sludge, which utilize consumers' cognitive biases to promote mixed messages about alcohol harms and to undermine scientific evidence. Policymakers, practitioners, and the public need to be aware of how such techniques are used to nudge consumers toward industry misinformation. The revised typology presented in this article may help with the identification and further analysis of dark nudges and sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The UK's Life Sciences Strategy: opportunities for clinical pharmacology.
- Author
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Rawlins, Michael D.
- Subjects
PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,DRUGS ,PHARMACOLOGISTS ,PHARMACOLOGY ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence - Abstract
The UK's Life Sciences Strategy provides UK clinical pharmacologists with a unique opportunity to enhance the impact of their discipline on patients and the NHS as well as the pharmaceutical industry. The full benefits of electronic prescribing systems, supported by artificial intelligence, will require clinical pharmacological expertise. Similarly, the Strategy's support for ‘healthy ageing’ will only be realized if clinical pharmacologists are able to use their expertise in promoting the safe and effective use of medicines in older people. Furthermore, their needs to be an active – and continuing – collaboration between clinical pharmacologists in the NHS and the pharmaceutical industry in general as well as with the discipline of pharmaceutical medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Diary.
- Subjects
CONFERENCES & conventions ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,COMPUTER systems - Abstract
This article presents a calendar of events related to knowledge-based systems from around the world from November 20054 to May 2007. The 10th Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications will be held in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. On the other hand, the 10th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning will be held in Lake District, Great Britain. Lastly, the International Conference on Self-Organization and Adaptation of Multi-agent and Grid Systems is scheduled to be conducted in Glassgow, Great Britain.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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