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The International League Against Epilepsy ( ILAE) presents a revised operational classification of seizure types. The purpose of such a revision is to recognize that some seizure types can have either a focal or generalized onset, to allow classification when the onset is unobserved, to include some missing seizure types, and to adopt more transparent names. Because current knowledge is insufficient to form a scientifically based classification, the 2017 Classification is operational (practical) and based on the 1981 Classification, extended in 2010. Changes include the following: (1) 'partial' becomes 'focal'; (2) awareness is used as a classifier of focal seizures; (3) the terms dyscognitive, simple partial, complex partial, psychic, and secondarily generalized are eliminated; (4) new focal seizure types include automatisms, behavior arrest, hyperkinetic, autonomic, cognitive, and emotional; (5) atonic, clonic, epileptic spasms, myoclonic, and tonic seizures can be of either focal or generalized onset; (6) focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure replaces secondarily generalized seizure; (7) new generalized seizure types are absence with eyelid myoclonia, myoclonic absence, myoclonic-atonic, myoclonic-tonic-clonic; and (8) seizures of unknown onset may have features that can still be classified. The new classification does not represent a fundamental change, but allows greater flexibility and transparency in naming seizure types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mapping method that is based on the name and structure of the ontology elements is the strategy used in most mapping methods. Methods using the name often only use the similarity between the individual elements in the ontology to predict the semantic relations between two ontologies, while the latter measure the mapping between two ontologies by means of the structural relations between the elements. The effects of these two kinds of mapping strategies are not ideal. Addressing this issue, the work presented in this paper proposes an ontology mapping approach, in which the ontology element name and structure are combined. It uses the approaches based on linguistics and distance to generate a variable weight semantic graph. On this graph, the similarity of element names and structure are calculated through iterative computation. In the process of iteration, similarity result values are constantly adjusted. The approach avoids the problem of single methods that cannot use the entire amount of ontology information; therefore, it provides a more ideal mapping result. For making full use of the message of ontology, our implementation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the mapping approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through appropriate operations and policies, such as green processes and product development process (PDP), companies can respond to environmental sustainability. To remain competitive, one such approach, Design for X (DFX), involves considering different environment and sustainable strategies through different factors Xs. With regard to the availability of different DFX techniques that consider environmental issues, the decision as to which approach needs to be adopted remains absent. This paper aims at presenting an overview from 1980 to 2020 of the developed research, applications, and DFX techniques for assessing green issues. Selected DFX techniques are linked with strategies used in organizations. Following a literature analysis, a collaborative knowledge‐based framework that addresses the design concepts needed to assess environmental, safety, and health concerns in the development of green products is proposed. Furthermore, as a pillar for considering the Semantic Web and an evolving approach linked with natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI), an ontology‐based knowledge management model for green assessment is developed for the representation, acquisition, organization, and capitalization of knowledge in a computer interpretable manner. The findings are useful for both managers and practitioners as they provide a coherent domain ontology that can help them manage knowledge, improve teamwork, and make decisions in a collaborative green PDP. Besides, an understanding of the essential design considerations that are required to implement environmental, safety, and health issues, as well as competencies used in the PDP is presented. Key barriers, managerial and strategic implications, and mitigation actions are also identified in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing ancestral states for discrete characters is essential for understanding trait evolution in organisms. However, most existing methods are limited to individual characters and often overlook the hierarchical and interactive nature of traits. Recent advances in phylogenetics now offer the possibility of integrating knowledge from anatomy ontologies to reconstruct multiple discrete character histories. Nonetheless, practical applications that fully harness the potential of these new approaches are still lacking.This paper introduces ontophylo, an R package that extends the PARAMO pipeline to address these limitations. Ontophylo enables the reconstruction of phenotypic entities composed of amalgamated characters, such as anatomical regions or entire phenomes. It offers three new applications: (1) reconstruction of evolutionary rates of amalgamated characters using phylogenetic non‐homogeneous Poisson process (pNHPP) that allows modelling rate variation across tree branches and time; (2) reconstruction of morphospace dynamics; and (3) visualization of evolutionary rates on vector images of organisms. Ontophylo incorporates ontological knowledge to facilitate these applications.Benchmarking confirms the accuracy of pNHPP in estimating character rates under different evolutionary scenarios, and example applications demonstrate the utility of ontophylo in studying morphological evolution in Hymenoptera using simulated data.Ontophylo can be easily integrated with other ontology‐oriented and general‐purpose R packages and offers new opportunities to examine morphological evolution on a phenomic scale using new and legacy data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Radiation Oncology Learning Health System (RO‐LHS) is a promising approach to improve the quality of care by integrating clinical, dosimetry, treatment delivery, research data in real‐time. This paper describes a novel set of tools to support the development of a RO‐LHS and the current challenges they can address. Methods: We present a knowledge graph‐based approach to map radiotherapy data from clinical databases to an ontology‐based data repository using FAIR concepts. This strategy ensures that the data are easily discoverable, accessible, and can be used by other clinical decision support systems. It allows for visualization, presentation, and data analyses of valuable information to identify trends and patterns in patient outcomes. We designed a search engine that utilizes ontology‐based keyword searching, synonym‐based term matching that leverages the hierarchical nature of ontologies to retrieve patient records based on parent and children classes, connects to the Bioportal database for relevant clinical attributes retrieval. To identify similar patients, a method involving text corpus creation and vector embedding models (Word2Vec, Doc2Vec, GloVe, and FastText) are employed, using cosine similarity and distance metrics. Results: The data pipeline and tool were tested with 1660 patient clinical and dosimetry records resulting in 504 180 RDF (Resource Description Framework) tuples and visualized data relationships using graph‐based representations. Patient similarity analysis using embedding models showed that the Word2Vec model had the highest mean cosine similarity, while the GloVe model exhibited more compact embeddings with lower Euclidean and Manhattan distances. Conclusions: The framework and tools described support the development of a RO‐LHS. By integrating diverse data sources and facilitating data discovery and analysis, they contribute to continuous learning and improvement in patient care. The tools enhance the quality of care by enabling the identification of cohorts, clinical decision support, and the development of clinical studies and machine learning programs in radiation oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gerard de Zeeuw's conception of scientific research as an evolving organized activity that aims to improve upon observation is employed in this paper in an attempt to help contemporary users and producers of scientific research and its outcomes in ‘stepping out’ of some major generic metaphysical, ontological and epistemological difficulties and see for themselves (e.g. better) how (a migration to) the metaphysics, ontology and epistemology proposed in this paper can be of help in resolving such difficulties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process industry enterprises rely heavily on expert experience in production, and expert knowledge is stored in multiple formats like, pictures, texts, videos, etc. Several isolated islands of information or knowledge are formed, and they are difficult to store, share, and expand upon. Therefore, the same procedure appears multiple times in different application scenarios, such as optimization scheduling, optimization operation, or fault diagnosis. If redundant knowledge is paid too much attention, decision‐makers will not be able to comprehensively consider business knowledge. Thus, a novel framework is proposed for the process industry to manage procedure knowledge. This paper first divides the detailed procedure of process plants into four layers, that is, raw materials, intermediate materials, operation, and products based on the P‐graph theory, which involves virtual hierarchies, nodes, and operations. Second, the domain ontology‐based procedure knowledge model is constructed. Finally, two experimental cases, the Tennessee Eastman (TE) and the ethylene production process, are studied to verify the procedure knowledge framework (PKF). The PKF provides a useful foundation for the subsequent construction of a superstructure model based on the P‐graph theory and is different from the previous industrial process industrial ontology model. The PKF has a theoretical basis for simulation calculation and makes future work based on PKF more accurate and interpretable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the semantic modeling of smart cities and proposes two ontology matching frameworks, called Clustering for Ontology Matching‐based Instances (COMI) and Pattern mining for Ontology Matching‐based Instances (POMI). The goal is to discover the relevant knowledge by investigating the correlations among smart city data based on clustering and pattern mining approaches. The COMI method first groups the highly correlated ontologies of smart‐city data into similar clusters using the generic k‐means algorithm. The key idea of this method is that it clusters the instances of each ontology and then matches two ontologies by matching their clusters and the corresponding instances within the clusters. The POMI method studies the correlations among the data properties and selects the most relevant properties for the ontology matching process. To demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of the COMI and POMI frameworks, several experiments on the DBpedia, Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative, and NOAA ontology databases were conducted. The results show that COMI and POMI outperform the state‐of‐the‐art ontology matching models regarding computational cost without losing the quality during the matching process. Furthermore, these results confirm the ability of COMI and POMI to deal with heterogeneous large‐scale data in smart‐city environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel method for assessing text coherence. Central to this approach is an ontology‐based representation of text, which captures the level of relatedness between consecutive sentences via ontologies. Our method encompasses annotating text using ontological concepts and assessing text coherence based on relatedness measurement among these concepts. The ontology‐based relatedness measurement method used in this study considers various types of relationships in ontologies and derived relationships via an inference engine for computing relatedness. We hypothesized that rich variety of relationships and inferred facts in ontologies would improve the success of text coherence assessment. Our results demonstrate that the use of ontologies yields to coherence values that have a higher correlation with human ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial experiences in route finding, such as the ability of finding low‐traffic routes, exert a significant influence on travel time in big cities; therefore, the spatial experiences of seasoned individuals such as taxi drivers in route finding can be useful for improving route‐finding algorithms and preventing using routes having considerable traffic. In this regard, a spatial experience‐based route‐finding algorithm is introduced through ontology in this paper. To this end, different methods of modeling experiences are investigated. Then, a modeling method is chosen for modeling the experiences of drivers for route finding depending on the advantages of ontology, and an ontology based on the taxi drivers' experiences is proposed. This ontology is employed to create an ontology‐based route‐finding algorithm. The results are compared with those of Google maps in terms of route length and travel time at peak traffic time. According to the results, although the route lengths of route‐finding method based on the ontology of drivers' experiences in three cases (from nine cases) are greater than that based on Google maps, the travel times are shorter in most cases, and in some routes, the difference in travel time reaches only 10 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends recent work that has called for greater attention to be paid to nonhuman difference. The burgeoning animal geographies literature has been very successful in dissecting the concept of 'nature' and in examining the myriad ways in which animal and human lives are intertwined. However, its focus is more often on collectivities, such as species and herds, than on individual animals. Through the brief case study of an octopus in The Deep, an aquarium in Kingston-upon-Hull, UK, the paper draws on and develops recently promoted notions of responsible anthropomorphism. It argues that future work might usefully pay greater attention to the lived experience of individual animals, and that further emphasis should be given to non-mammalian life forms. Doing so might not only shed light on these creatures' encounters with humans, but also help to give a greater sense of their lives beyond these direct encounters, challenging understandings of what it means to be 'animal'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question of what it means to adopt a systems approach to strategic development. It arose from reflection on an ongoing case of an academic subject group from a UK business school, which has long been recognized for pioneering work in the field of systems thinking, using systems approaches in its own strategic development process. Critical reflection on this example led to a shift in focus from thinking about how systems methodologies can be used to augment the strategic development process to consideration of why strategic planning has become so important in higher education establishments, such as universities, and the raising of important questions about the ontological status of the strategic development process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical research in information systems is based on and inspired by ethics and morality. In order to support this proposition, this paper will suggest a way of classifying critical research that differs from definitions common IS research. According to the current definition, research is critical when it is motivated by the intention to change social realities and promote emancipation. Based on this critical intention, critical research is furthermore characterized by critical topics, critical theories, and critical methodologies. Using these criteria of critical research, the paper argues that critical research is ethical in nature. To support this view, the paper introduces the concepts of ethics and morality by analysing two traditions of moral philosophy, here called the ‘German tradition’ and the ‘French tradition’. Using three examples of current critical research in information systems, the paper will show that ethics and morality strongly influence critical intention, topics and theories. Having thus established the ethical nature of critical research, the paper concludes by discussing the weaknesses of critical research from the point of view of ethics and morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General System Theory (GST) sets its goal as unification of science, and its subject matter as formulation of general system principles, or principles applicable to all systems. Unfortunately, no such principles have been formulated to date. This paper demonstrates that GST is incapable of formulating system principles due to its naturalistic methods and realist ontology that represents system as a real object, or thing. This paper suggests an alternative approach to development of system principles based on the assumption that the purpose of the system approach is not unification of science but dealing with complexity, and the corresponding method is analysis–synthesis. According to this approach, reality is neither systemic nor non-systemic, and only our methods of treating real objects and corresponding representations of them are either systemic or not. The paper asserts that system science cannot study real systems, because they do not exist. Instead it should study history of system reasoning as the process of development of system principles. As a preliminary step, by analyzing classical definitions of system, this paper identifies the principal system concepts and categorical oppositions that can be used as an initial framework for empirical studies of system reasoning. It also outlines methodology for such studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes an alternative approach to improve the performance of image retrieval. In this work, a framework for image retrieval based on machine learning and semantic retrieval is proposed. In the preprocessing phase, the image is segmented objects by using Graph‐cut, and the feature vectors of objects presented in the image and their visual relationships are extracted using R‐CNN. The feature vectors, visual relationships, and their symbolic labels are stored in KD‐Tree data structures which can be used to predict the label of objects and visual relationships later. To facilitate semantic query, the images use the RDF data model and create an ontology for the symbolic labels annotated. For each query image, after extracting their feature vectors, the KD‐Tree is used to classify the objects and predict their relationship. After that, a SPARQL query is built to extract a set of similar images. The SPARQL query consists of triple statements describing the objects and their relationship which were previously predicted. The evaluation of the framework with the MS‐COCO dataset and Flickr showed that the precision achieved scores of 0.9218 and 0.9370, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effort to categorize nature dates at least to Aristotle and is still ongoing. The study of categories is termed "ontology"-a field Whose use in the philosophy' of social science has most recently been revived. Last April 1998, the State University of New York at Buffalo hosted a conference on "Applied Ontology: A Marvin Farber Conference in Law and Institutions in Society." The following papers were selected from the group of papers presented at the conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific literature contains a tremendous amount of kinetic data describing the dynamic behaviour of biochemical reactions over time. These data are needed for computational modelling to create models of biochemical reaction networks and to obtain a better understanding of the processes in living cells. To extract the knowledge from the literature, biocurators are required to understand a paper and interpret the data. For modellers, as well as experimentalists, this process is very time consuming because the information is distributed across the publication and, in most cases, is insufficiently structured and often described without standard terminology. In recent years, biological databases for different data types have been developed. The advantages of these databases lie in their unified structure, searchability and the potential for augmented analysis by software, which supports the modelling process. We have developed the SABIO- RK database for biochemical reaction kinetics. In the present review, we describe the challenges for database developers and curators, beginning with an analysis of relevant publications up to the export of database information in a standardized format. The aim of the present review is to draw the experimentalist's attention to the problem (from a data integration point of view) of incompletely and imprecisely written publications. We describe how to lower the barrier to curators and improve this situation. At the same time, we are aware that curating experimental data takes time. There is a community concerned with making the task of publishing data with the proper structure and annotation to ontologies much easier. In this respect, we highlight some useful initiatives and tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies cognitive models, inspired by cognitive science, with the aim to propose architectural and knowledge-based requirements to structure ontological models for the cognitive profiling of agents. The proposed architecture aims to address the lack of flexibility that most agent-based collaborations are affected by. The resulting agents, equipped with advanced cognitive profiling, have an increased cognitive awareness of themselves and are more capable of interacting with other agents in a multi-agents based environment. In this research, cognitive awareness identifies the ability of the web agents to diagnose their processing limitations and to establish interactions with the external environment. The outcome is the enhanced flexibility, reusability and predictability of the agent behaviour; thus contributing towards minimizing human cognitive demands. The concept of cognitive profiling presented in this paper considers the semantic web as an action mediating space, where ontological models provide affordances for improving cognitive awareness through shared knowledge-base. The conceptual model for the cognitive profile architecture is developed with Protégé Ontology editor to generate OWL Ontology and evaluated through a proof of concept. The results show that agents equipped with cognitive awareness can undertake complex tasks more dynamically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of any tissue involves differentiation, cell dynamics and interactions with adjacent tissues. This paper suggests that the complexity of the system as a whole can be represented as a mathematical graph, that is, a set of connected triples of the general form [ term] < relationship> [ term]. Computationally, such graphs are widely used for modeling data; visually, they form hierarchies and networks. For morphogenesis, the triples are of the general structure < noun > < verb > < noun >, where nouns cover tissues, molecules and networks and verbs describe processes such as moves, differentiates, grows and apoptoses. The paper considers the general formalism of graphs, where graphs are already used in biology, and how developmental anatomy may be described using this format. Representing morphogenesis as a visual graph is complicated as the formalism has to incorporate tissue types, molecular signals, networks, dynamic processes and some aspects, at least, of tissue geometry. The formation of a capillary sprout is chosen as an example of how this complexity can be represented graphically, with colour used to distinguish tissues and molecules. There are three key benefits, beyond its compactness, in using the graph formalism of morphogenesis to complement experimentation. First, it emphasizes the distributed nature of causality in morphogenesis. Secondly, producing all the triples for the visual graph requires explicit formalization of each aspect of the process, and this, in turn, often exposes gaps in knowledge and so suggests new experiments. Thirdly, once the graph has been formalized, triples can be annotated with associated information or IDs (e.g. cell types, publications, gene-expression data) that link to external online resources that may be regularly updated. Such annotations allow the graph to be viewed as a self-maintaining review. The graph approach sees dynamic processes as the drivers of developmental momentum and, because the same processes are used many times during development, it seems appropriate to view them as modules and their underlying networks as genomic subroutines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that Marx's Theses on Feuerbach offer a tremendous and yet neglected resource for work in political ecology and the production of nature. Whilst not calling for a dramatic shift in the way in which such work is conducted, the paper shows how the Theses offer a firm and concise foundation on which to base the ontological and epistemological claims of work on the politicised environment. Ontologically, nature is a differentiated unity, best understood as sensuous activity or practice. This fits well with Smith's claims that nature is produced, whilst not limiting production to capitalist activity. Environments are thereby made up of everyday activity. Subverting the apparent anthropocentrism of this claim, the paper shows how (as Gramsci recognised) the Theses on Feuerbach have an incipient sense of the socio-natural. Post-humanist critiques of Smith's (humanist) production of nature thesis are thereby disrupted. Production realises a differentiated unity of socio-natural relations. Epistemologically, the paper demonstrates how the Theses push political ecologists to construct knowledge claims from practical activity. An ecological politics thereby emerges from the situated knowledges of different actors. Building on this, the paper argues that Marx's ‘notes to himself’ give us a sense of possible worlds and possible ecologies beyond the topsy-turvy one we have made in the present. Through the concept of praxis evinced in the Theses , a vision of the engaged scholar activist, committed to learning about the world through changing it (and vice-versa), emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health 3.0 is a health‐related extension of the Web 3.0 concept. It is based on the semantic Web which provides for semantically organizing electronic health records of individuals. Health 3.0 is rapidly gaining ground as a new research topic in many academic and industrial disciplines. Due to the recent rapid spread of wearable sensors and smart devices with access to social media, migrating health services from the traditional centre‐based health system to personal health care is inevitable. In this current era of greater personalization, treating patients' health problems according to their profile and medical data gathered is possible using the latest information technologies. Consequently, personalized health recommender systems have gained importance. Empowering the utility of advanced Web technology in personalized health systems is still challenging due to pressing issues, such as lack of low cost and accurate smart medical sensors and wearable devices, existing investment in legacy Web system architecture in health sector, heterogeneity of medical data gathered by myriad health care institutions and isolated health services, and interoperability issues as well as multi‐dimensionality of medical data. By tracing recent developments, this paper offers a systematic review through recent research on semantic Web‐enabled personalized health systems, namely, semanticized personalized health recommender systems with the key enabling technologies, major applications, and successful case studies. Critical questions derived from the research studies were discussed, and main directions of open issues were identified leading to recommendations for future study in the field of personalized health recommender systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the latest statistics, the proportion of the elderly (+65) is increasing and is expected to double within the European Union in a period of 50 years. This ageing is due to the improvement of quality of life and advances in medicine in the last decades. Gerontechnology is receiving a great deal of attention as a way of providing the elderly with sustainable products, environments, and services combining gerontology and technology. One of the most important aspects to consider by gerontechnology is the mobility/rehabilitation technologies, because there is an important relationship between mobility and the elderly's quality of life. Telerehabilitation systems have emerged to allow the elderly to perform their rehabilitation exercises remotely. However, in many cases, the proposed systems assist neither the patients nor the experts about the progress of the rehabilitation. To address this problem, we propose in this paper, a fuzzy‐semantic system for evaluating patient's physical state during the rehabilitation process based on well‐known standard for patients' evaluation. Moreover, a tool called FINE has been developed that facilitates the evaluation be accomplished in a semi‐automatic way first asking patients to carry out a set of standard tests and then inferencing their state by means of a fuzzy‐semantic approach using the data captured during the rehabilitation tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his book Metadecisions: Rehabilitating Epistemology, van Gigch makes the case for an expanded decision science. The aim of this paper is to continue the project which van Gigch initiated by first considering the limitations of the dominant ‘mathematical’ approach to the decision sciences and then rehabilitating the initial interdisciplinarity of the field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to discuss the notion of presence, I explore Fascist Italy as an example of a presence-based culture. In the first part of this paper, I focus on the doctrines of "the philosopher of fascism," Giovanni Gentile (1875-1944), in order to show that his programme of cultural awakening revolves around the notion of the "presentification of the past." This notion formed the basis of Gentile's dialectic of the act of thought, which is the kernel of his actual idealism, or actualism. I argue that actualism should primarily be interpreted as an ontology of a historical reality; it expresses the view that reality is history. In his 1914 inaugural "L'esperienza pura e la realtà storica" (Pure Experience and Historical Reality), Gentile drew this view to its ultimate consequence by developing a view of experience that has some striking parallels with the contemporary views of presence as expounded by Gumbrecht, Runia, and Ankermit. In the second part of my paper, I discuss how Gentile and his collaborators put presence into practice in school reforms, the Enciclopedia Italiana, and in hundreds of monuments, memorials, and exhibitions. Finally, I discuss the 1932 Mostra della rivoluzione fascista, which was not only the apex of fascist culture politics, but also of the practice of presence. In this context, I argue that this practice should not be seen as a politics of historical interpretation, as Hayden White once held, but as a politics of sublime historical experience, or presence. The presence of presence in fascist political culture raises some difficult questions for all who embrace the new paradigm, questions that can only be answered if the notion of presence is somehow balanced by the critical historical method, which is the basis for a true dialogue with the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last thirty years have brought about a fundamental revision of historical epistemology. So intense a concentration on the nature of history as a form of inquiry has diminished attention given to the thing that history inquires into: the nature of the past itself. Too readily, that entire domain has turned into a place for dreams, as Hayden White put it: a lost world only available now through the imagination of the author and subject to aesthetic whim. The next thirty years will, I propose, be the period in which ontology returns to the center of historical theory. And nothing short of the reconceptualization of the past—indeed of time itself—must be its objective. It must achieve that objective, moreover, in establishing arguments that are congruent with what revisions of epistemology have taught us about the limits of historical knowledge and the inevitability of textual representation. This paper enters this field by discussing some of the issues involved in rethinking the place of time in historical constructions since Bergson. It demonstrates the confusions inherent in spatial reductions of temporality, which historians have done so much to entrench rather than eradicate, and argues that historians have yet to accommodate the fundamental conceptual shifts inaugurated by heidegger. It then moves to propose a methodological doctrine to which I have given the name "chronism" and seeks to sketch the utility of such a doctrine for bringing one form of presence—that of authenticity—back into the domain of historical study. Doing so invites a number of conceptual and practical difficulties that the paper will address in its conclusions; these may disturb those who have closed their minds to anything beyond the present. Taking ontology seriously interferes both with structuralist assumptions about the nothingness of time and with some of the styles of historical representation that have become fashionable in the postmodern climate. There may be painful lessons to be learned if we are to rescue the past from its current status as a nonentity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process philosophy can contribute with alternative perspectives and views to traditional strategic management theory. The Western tradition of thinking, the metaphysics of Being as presence, based upon the binary separation between transcendental ideas and appearances in the real world, has been challenged by process philosophy, from Hellenic and classical philosophy through contemporary philosophy and modern physics. Process philosophy is increasingly relevant for strategic management as everyday strategic management practice has to deal with fluid, changing and complex realities. The aim of this paper is to discuss the notion of process philosophy as being a unifying label for theoretical models that emphasize change over stability, novelty over uniformity, and becoming over being. The contribution of process philosophy to strategic management theory is not primarily ‘theoretical’ but conceptual, and aims at providing alternative perspectives on the concept of strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussion and debate over the application of autopoiesis to social systems has been enthusiastic since Maturana and Varela's (1980) theory was translated from Spanish into English in the early 1980s. In this paper I will examine the debate so far, in order to propose a new ‘frame’ for discussion based upon the establishment of a working ontology for organizations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in the journal iMeta highlights the effectiveness of the CRISPR/Mb2Cas12a genome editing system in cotton plants. The system achieved a high efficiency rate of over 90% at target sites and demonstrated tolerance to different temperatures. It also expanded the editing range in the cotton genome. The study also developed a multiplex genome editing system using Mb2Cas12a, allowing for simultaneous editing of eight target sites. These findings suggest that CRISPR/Mb2Cas12a is a precise and efficient tool for genome editing in cotton plants, which has important implications for cotton breeding and genetic studies. [Extracted from the article]

Economic reality is constituted by economic objects such as goods, commodities, money, value, price, and exchange which together give rise to the complex entity known as the market. Each of these categories 15 governed by exact laws that provide the conditions for settling objectively whether individuals' views about an instance of any category indeed correspond to that category. This paper describes these laws as an ontological application of Carl Menger's 1871 contribution. This paper employs Carl Menger's framework from his 1871 contribution as the basis for advancing such conditions for each category of economic objects. The aim of this paper is to lay the groundwork for an ontological description of economic reality. This paper, then, can be conceived as a project in social ontology of the sort defended by John Scant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The problem of improving the efficiency of designing process of knowledge bases and expert systems remains a relevant issue. The effectiveness of this process can be improved by using the principles of conceptual (cognitive) modelling and generative programming‐based approaches, in particular, a model‐driven development. This paper describes implementation and application of the model‐driven development approach for the design of rule‐based expert systems and knowledge bases. The implementation proposed takes into account peculiarities of the intelligent systems development process, such as stages of conceptualization and formalization, and provides the practical use of ontologies and conceptual models as computation‐independent and subject domain models. An extension of UML, namely, the Rule Visual Modelling Language is used to represent logical rules and create platform‐independent and platform‐specific models. Rule Visual Modelling Language elements ensure that some features of a programming language for knowledge bases, for example, CLIPS, are taken into account. Therefore, CLIPS and the Personal Knowledge Base Designer are used as the targeted platforms for generation of source codes and specifications. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated by a case study: development of the knowledge base and expert system for identification of the causes of damages and destruction of construction materials in petrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to the automated markup of texts with emotional labels. The approach considers two possible representations of emotions in parallel: emotional categories (emotional tags used to refer to emotions) and emotional dimensions (measures that try to model the essential aspects of emotions numerically). For each representation, a corpus of example texts previously annotated by human evaluators is mined for an initial assignment of emotional features to words. This results in a list of emotional words (LEW) which becomes a useful resource for later automated markup. The algorithm proposed for the automated markup of text closely mirrors the steps taken during feature extraction, employing a combination of the LEW resource and the ANEW word list for the actual assignment of emotional features, and WordNet for knowledge-based expansion of words not occurring in either and an ontology of emotional categories. The algorithm for automated markup is tested and the results are discussed with respect to three main issues: the relative adequacy of each of the representations used, correctness and coverage of the proposed algorithm, and additional techniques and solutions that may be employed to improve the results. The average percentage o f success obtained by our approach when it marks up with emotional dimensions is around 80% and when it marks up with emotional categories is around 50%. The main contribution of the approach presented in this paper is that it allows dimensions and categories at different levels of abstraction to operate simultaneously during markup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Natural language processing is a composition of several error‐prone and challenging tasks, including part of speech tagging, word sense disambiguation, named entity recognition, and compound verb detection. Studying intrasentence relations and roles is essential to improve the mentioned subtasks. Semi‐automatic schemes such as ontologies can be applied to clarify word's dependencies. This paper presents an ontology that is targeting to improve POS tagging, WSD, NER, and compound verb detection in Persian with extra properties that may ameliorate machine translation. The ontology is tested in combinations with several state‐of‐art algorithms on Dadegan corpus. The results show that coping semantic analysis with machine learning methods enhance relation detection and consequently precision of the mentioned subtasks, which is not widely addressed in Persian. Furthermore, the experimental results declare that the accuracy rate increases between 4.5 and 23% for different tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns are used as a fundamental means for analyzing data in many data mining applications. Many efficient techniques have been developed to discover patterns. However, the excessive number of discovered patterns and the lack of semantic information have made it difficult for a user to interpret and explore the patterns. A rough idea of the meanings of patterns can benefit the user in the process of exploring them. To address this issue, this paper presents a model for automatically annotating patterns with concepts. In addition, in a given context, the relative importance of each term that defines a concept is not the same. To define a context, there are a number of related information sources, such as documents, patterns, concepts, and an ontology. The question is which information sources are useful for estimating the relative importance of the terms? Should the most accurate one to be focused on or all of them be used to define the context? This research investigated these questions and defined an effective annotation context to estimate the relative importance of the terms, where the aim is to improve the performance of a machine that relies on the subject matter of a pattern set. The model is evaluated by comparing it with different baseline models on 2 standard datasets. The results show that the performance of the proposed model is significantly better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wand and Weber's fundamental premise is that 'a physical-symbol system has the necessary and sufficient properties to represent real-world meaning'. Their representation of real-world meaning flows from three possible information system models: representational, state-tracking and de-compositional. We address these three types of information system in the context of financial reporting systems and we use purchased goodwill and other intangible assets to selectively critique their characteristics. The principle feature of this critique is the comparison that is made throughout the paper between an economic and an artefactual (physical-symbol) representation of assets, particularly the intangible ones, in the financial reporting domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a part of an attempt to develop an economic philosophy of ontology based on the Continental tradition of hermeneutics. Ontology explores the meanings of entities as the objects of knowledge to posit the orientation of knowledge. Heidegger developed hermeneutical ontology, focusing on the self-understanding of Dasein (human beings), which consists of the “projection” of its possibilities into the future and the “thrownness” of it into the restrictions by the past history. Dealing explicitly with the pre-structure of knowledge, hermeneutics opens the perspective of knowledge much broader than permitted by the analytical tradition of philosophy. It is the contention of this paper that Schumpeter from the Austrian subjectivist circle could cope with this approach in social science by the use of the concepts of “innovation and tradition” or “creation and routine.” The paper discusses the relationship between Heidegger and Schumpeter on various philosophical issues and derives what might be called the Heidegger = Schumpeter theses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development of an architecture for the discovery of sensor services leveraging ontology-based semantics in the search query. A prototype has been implemented based upon the architecture and can be used to support the development of expert system applications in which sensors of certain types, operational capabilities or physical properties are required to support applications within a network-centric environment. In the prototype, sensor services are listed in a registry that references a machine-interpretable ontology. The registry conforms to the Universal Discovery and Description Interface (UDDI) specification, but it is augmented with semantic matching via an ontology to increase the likelihood that relevant sensor services are discovered when needed by expert system applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explanation of observed phenomena is a major objective of both those who conduct and those who apply research in information systems (IS). Whereas explanation based on the statistical relationship between independent and dependent variables is a common outcome of explanatory IS research, philosophers of science disagree about whether statistical relationships are the sole basis for the explanation of phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an expanded concept of explanation into the realm of IS research. We present a framework based on the four principle explanation types defined in modern philosophy: covering-law explanation, statistical-relevance explanation, contrast-class explanation and functional explanation. A well-established research stream, media richness, is used to illustrate how the different explanation types complement each other in increasing comprehension of the phenomenon. This framework underlies our argument that explanatory pluralism can be used to broaden research perspectives and increase scientific comprehension of IS phenomena above and beyond the methodological and ontological pluralism currently in use in IS research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Rosen claimed that life, as a property of a living system (an organism), is not caused by the physical nature of what it is composed of but, rather, is a consequence of complex organization of a certain type in a material system. In other words, the causal basis of life is a matter of relational causality rather than physical, material causality. Living systems are characterized by a unique set of behaviors and capabilities. Among these is the ability to employ information encoded into the organization itself as a means of maintaining system stability in an ever changing environment. This encoded information can allow organisms to act in a way that Rosen described as characteristically model-based behavior. He theorized that the encoded information can act as a set of internal predictive models which pertain to both the internal environment of the system and the external environment, as well as to the relational interactions between the two, and which actually guide system behavior. Collectively, such guidance amounts to an anticipatory mode of system control. Rosen concluded that encoded information is an integral aspect of any living system's organization and, based on the relation of this information to organismic behavior, he categorized all living organisms as anticipatory systems. In this paper, we review Robert Rosen's seminal ideas about complexity, causality, and life in biological systems. Because anticipatory behavior, by definition, involves multiple encodings of time, we concentrate our focus on exploring the nature of anticipatory systems and examine the new information these ideas reveal about time and evolution. We discuss the consequences of these ideas on science as a whole and argue that a change in scientific perspective and approach is a necessity for understanding biological systems. This, of course, includes the nature and physiology of human beings, as well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One aim of this paper is to make visible the connection between Searle's views on social reality and his general ontology, and at the same time to show that some peculiar features of his analysis of social reality are a natural outcome of his general ontology. The paper contains five sections. In the first Searle's naturalism is philosophically situated and its differentia specifica explained. Then, Searle's view that intentional states exist only in brains is presented. One might say that, according to Searle, each mind is, although caused by a material brain, a Leibnizian monad. This view is related to an important, but neglected, distinction that Searle himself has made between requirement conditions of satisfaction and required conditions of satisfaction. In the third section, it is pointed out that, necessarily, sometimes there has to exist some kind of relation of satisfaction between the two kinds of conditions of satisfaction. Searle, however, has never really discussed what this satisfaction relation may look like. The upshot of all the remarks is that, fourth, Searle's general ontology automatically implies an ontology of social reality according to which a social fact can only exist as a scattered aggregate whose items exist in the brains of the people who constitute it. Finally and fifth, I try to think with Searle against Searle. His monadological view of social reality cannot, Searle notwithstanding, he regarded as being close to the direct realism of common sense. Searle's realism is an indirect realism. However, if Searle's view that intentional states exist only in brains is rejected, then the rest of his ontology has features that may take us closer to a direct realism. Such a move, which in one respect takes us closer to common sense, takes us in another respect away from common sense. The title of the last section is "Social Reality and the Impossibility of Common Sense." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the ontological structure of institutional and other social entities in virtual environments. The emphasis is on institutional reality, which consists of entities (objects, events, etc.) like money, contracts, and chess pieces, which are constituted in part through collective agreements. It is studied how institutional entities are constructed in virtual environments, how they relate to institutional entities in the real world, and how they are recognized by users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current approaches to patient education provide generic standardized materials to all patients regardless of their demographics such as age and cognitive abilities. Thus, the effectiveness of this approach may suffer from a patient's motivation to fully engage with the material. To alleviate these concerns, this study proposes a personalized approach to patient education that is tailored to the individual characteristics and health objectives of the patient. Personalized features will enhance the comprehensibility and usability of the process of medical education. Taking this into consideration, this paper introduces a conceptual architecture to create a web-based personalized patient education experience. A key component of this architecture comprises ontological models of the patient themselves, their medical conditions, physical activities and their educational attainments. Furthermore, rule-based reasoning is also proposed to achieve this personalization. A use case scenario is provided to highlight the effectiveness of personalized education provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper opens with a review of recent developments in the sociology of spatial organization and after an examination of the ontological and epistemological assumptions which are embedded within current theorizations of space a number of arguments are advanced concerning the inter-relationships which hold between forms of knowledge, social practice and physical design. Using architectural plans, these arguments are then developed with reference to the study of the spatial organization of hospital wards in three contexts; the care and treatment of children, the containment of madness in the pre-1845 period and the management of psychiatric patients 1973-1982. The paper concludes that schemes of spatial organization are best understood in relation to the discursive practices of which they form a part rather than as decontextualised and reified social facts which exhibit their own 'logic'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including formal ontology directed to visual data's symbolic representation, visual surveillance systems, and three-dimensional (3D) virtual worlds confluence with social networks.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of research exploring the value and impacts of corporate community investment (CCI) through community partnerships. The research considered the community partners' perceptions of the value and impact of CCI. We adopted an inquiry paradigm utilising constructivist ontology, interpretivist epistemology and a case study method. In dialogue with Wesfarmers Ltd's community partners, the 'realities' presented by these beneficiary stakeholders were interpreted and understood ( verstehen). While the CCI programmes with each of the not-for-profit organisations had different objectives, we were able to classify, under broad headings, the nature of the benefits to the community. One question highlighted is whether all corporate investing is the same? We found two aspects to this: the strategic fit for the community organisation of proposed investment and whether the corporate partner sought a relational as opposed to transactional approach to funding provision. Recommendations can be made for the funding structure deemed to be most effective from the community partners' perspectives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organismal anatomy is a hierarchical system of anatomical entities often imposing dependencies among multiple morphological characters. Ontologies provide a formal and computable framework for incorporating prior biological knowledge about anatomical dependencies in models of trait evolution. They also offer new opportunities for working with semantic representations of morphological data.In this work, we present a new R package—rphenoscate—that enables incorporating ontological knowledge in evolutionary analyses and exploring semantic patterns of morphological data. In conjunction with rphenoscape, it allows for assembling synthetic phylogenetic character matrices from semantic phenotypes of morphological data. We showcase the package functionality with data sets from bees and fishes.We demonstrate that ontologies can be employed to automatically set up evolutionary models accounting for trait dependencies in stochastic character mapping. We also demonstrate how ontology annotations can be explored to interrogate patterns of morphological evolution. Finally, we demonstrate that synthetic character matrices assembled from semantic phenotypes retain most of the phylogenetic information from their original data sets.Ontologies will become important tools for integrating anatomical knowledge into phylogenetic methods and making morphological data FAIR compliant—a critical step of the ongoing 'phenomics' revolution. Our new package offers key advancements towards this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forgetting is an important tool for reducing ontologies by eliminating some redundant concepts and roles while preserving sound and complete reasoning. Attempts have previously been made to address the problem of forgetting in relatively simple description logics (DLs), such as DL-Lite and extended . However, the issue of forgetting for ontologies in more expressive DLs, such as and OWL DL, is largely unexplored. In particular, the problem of characterizing and computing forgetting for such logics is still open. In this paper, we first define semantic forgetting about concepts and roles in ontologies and state several important properties of forgetting in this setting. We then define the result of forgetting for concept descriptions in , state the properties of forgetting for concept descriptions, and present algorithms for computing the result of forgetting for concept descriptions. Unlike the case of DL-Lite, the result of forgetting for an ontology does not exist in general, even for the special case of forgetting in TBoxes. This makes the problem of computing the result of forgetting in more challenging. We address this problem by defining a series of approximations to the result of forgetting for ontologies and studying their properties. Our algorithms for computing approximations can be directly implemented as a plug-in of an ontology editor to enhance its ability of managing and reasoning in (large) ontologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any study in ontology is faced with the difficulty that, if the investigation is to be successful, the ontological status of the subject under investigation must he determined prior to selecting the method of analysis. This paper argues that Reinach's methodology, which depends upon in- sights into intelligible structures or essences, cannot be successfully applied to an investigation of television, because television lacks the essential unity necessary for even the possibility of such an insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]