Search

This article documents the beginning of the intellectual companionship between the founder of ethnomethodology, Harold Garfinkel, and Edward Rose, who is most often associated with his program of "ethno‐inquiries." I present results from archival research focusing on the contacts and collaborations between Rose and Garfinkel in the years 1955–1965. First, I describe the review process for Rose and Felton's paper, submitted to the American Sociological Review in 1955, which Garfinkel reviewed and after Rose's rebuttal recommended for publication. The paper induced Garfinkel to write an extensive commentary that has remained unpublished. Second, I discuss the 1958 New Mexico conference sponsored by the Air Force, which was an opportunity for Rose and Garfinkel to work together on topics related to common‐sense knowledge and scientific knowledge. Third, I give an overview of the ethnomethodological conferences in 1962 and 1963, supported by an Air Force grant written collaboratively by Rose and Garfinkel. Here I focus primarily on Rose's research on "small languages," which stimulated many discussions among the early ethnomethodologists. Rose's work and exchanges with Garfinkel demonstrate the former's affinity for miniaturization as a research approach and search for ways to empiricize topics of sociological theory in locally observable settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) is a highly valued engineering, research, and development resource to the federal government, largely within the US Department of Defense (DoD). Only 15 exist, all under special authority of the US Code. The Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC), established in 2008, was the first UARC established as a networked research center, gradually growing to include more than two dozen university members, each offering systems engineering research capabilities. This networked model for a UARC has found support within the DoD—exemplified by the newest UARC established recently by the US Air Force. A large diverse pool of faculty and student researchers arguably delivers the most consequential academic research in systems engineering anywhere in the world. In its first few years, the SERC had to overcome challenges that single‐university UARCs did not face in exchange for the advantages that such a sizable network of universities offers. This review paper explores those challenges, offering lessons for new network‐based UARCs and other network‐based university research centers. Systems engineering communities, globally, are exploring such constructs, and this reflective paper may offer useful insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Engineering (DE) and Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) are transforming existing acquisition processes. Little extant research exists regarding validation of digital system models. In the traditional "design‐build‐test" method, stakeholder requirements validation occurs near the end of development. However, DE is described as a "model‐analyze‐build" approach where validation is required earlier in the lifecycle to refine and add digital elements to the authoritative source of truth. This paper describes a framework for model‐based design reviews (MBDR) and extends previous work by Hecht and Chen. Validation use case development is emphasized to capture both the intent, the "why," and the evidence, the "what," required to enter or exit a preliminary design review (PDR). Model requirements are derived from model use cases, and validation test cases enable automated and manual assessment of quality, completeness, and consistency. The framework is successfully prototyped on a small unmanned airborne system (sUAS) model created for a graduate course PDR. There appears to be wide interest across the U.S. Air Force for a similar framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the life of Prof. Henry Charnock. He was a President of the Royal Meteorological Society (1982–1984) whose expertise spanned both the atmosphere and ocean. He started as a meteorological forecaster with the Royal Air Force during WWII and went on to study air–sea interaction and the structure of the upper ocean. He later exerted considerable influence on the shape of both United Kingdom and international marine science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polish TU 154M plane, Polish Air Force Flight 101, had crashed near Smolensk on 10th of April 2010. The crash was investigated by The Interstate Aviation Committee, whose conclusions were questioned by a number of Polish scientists. The cause of the crash still appears to be incompletely documented and requires additional evidence. In this paper, investigations of a solid material eluted from a piece of cloth of one of the victims of the crash are described. High resolution mass spectrometry was applied to analyze the soot left after controlled ethylene oxide (EO) explosions, performed under different conditions. These included electric ignition of EO vapors in a large volume steel container, and explosions of glass tubes filled with liquid EO, stimulated by thermally initiated explosions of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). One of these explosions was conducted in the vessel used for the electric ignition of EO and the other in a hermetically locked, small volume container. It was shown that the soot comprises a set of C2H4O homopolymers and copolymers whose characteristic MS patterns are condition‐dependent. The MS spectrum of the postcrash sample referred to above reveals a number of polymers that are also present in the soot obtained in PETN‐initiated ethylene oxide explosions. It can be concluded that the piece of cloth was subjected to an EO explosion initiated by an explosion of energetic material, possibly PETN. Similar control experiments with ethylene glycol (EG) showed that the polymers identified in the investigated postcrash sample could not originate from exploding EG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to unpack the complex spatialities of UK airspace, looking beyond traditional civil aviation classifications to focus specifically on the spaces used by military aviation in the UK context. It argues that UK national sovereign airspace should not be viewed as a single homogenous entity, but instead must be reconceptualised as a plethora of multiple, vertically and horizontally, overlapping airspaces that can be activated or deactivated according to need. The paper employs a performativity-based framework that highlights specifically how these spaces are identified and named, to illustrate how these multiple military airspaces are actively performed. Within this it focuses on analysing the citational and iterative actions of professional airspace managers working within the UK Civil Aviation Authority and Royal Air Force. The paper makes extensive use of documentary sources and interviews with key personnel to illustrate how the airspaces above the UK are brought into being through the actions of these actors and how these operations can be seen as part of a wider enactment of militarism's control over space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of policies of pre-emption and securitisation by a number of states has led to an increase in the number of aerial incursions by one state's air force into another state's territory in recent years, often occurring before and, indeed, instead of ground incursions. This paper argues that it is vital that we conceptualise territory as a three-dimensional volume, rather than simply a flat area, in order to enable an analysis of how these events impact state sovereignty. The central contention of the paper is to extend recent work on territorial integrity and contingent sovereignty into this aerial dimension. A number of brief case studies are provided to illustrate how different incursion practices actively violate territorial integrity or render state sovereignty contingent. The conclusion seeks to answer the question of whether these incidents imply a crisis in aerial sovereignty or whether they confirm the chronic decline of this norm of international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of electromagnetic vibration sources is very important for the vibroacoustic reduction of a squirrel‐cage induction motor. However, the influence of high‐order electromagnetic force on the electromagnetic vibration of induction motor has not been studied before. The influence of high‐order electromagnetic force on motor vibration is investigated in detail. Firstly, the Maxwell stress tensor method is applied to calculate the electromagnetic force. Next, the force transfer function is introduced to describe the phenomenon that the high‐order electromagnetic force induces the low‐mode motor vibration. Then, the high‐order forces in the air gap of the induction motor are analysed in detail and their effects on motor vibration are simulated. Finally, an experiment is conducted to verify the correctness of the analytical scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two‐fluid single‐column model of Thuburn et al. (Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 2019, 145, 1535–1550) is extended to include moisture and horizontal wind shear. Turbulent kinetic energy is introduced as a prognostic variable, dependence on a diagnosed boundary‐layer height is removed, and subfilter fluxes are approximated using a two‐fluid version of a Mellor–Yamada scheme. Three mechanisms for entrainment and detrainment processes are introduced, which represent entrainment of unstable air at the surface, forced detrainment of air at the top of the boundary/cloud layers, and turbulent mixing that relaxes the convective fluid to a reference profile. A semi‐implicit Eulerian discretization replaces the semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian implementation of Thuburn et al. (Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 2019, 145, 1535–1550) to improve numerical stability and conservation. The equations for the implicit time step are solved using a quasi‐Newton method, which is shown to perform well in numerical tests for conservation and convergence. The two‐fluid single‐column model presented in this article will be applied to simulations of shallow cumulus convection in Part III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintenance conversion scheduling problem (MCSP) is faced by organizations such as those in the airline, defense, heavy equipment, and transportation industries switching from an asset maintenance program with longer, less‐frequent service visits to one with shorter, more frequent visits. One example is the United States Air Force (USAF) High Velocity Maintenance program piloted at the Warner Robbins Air Logistics Center on the C‐130 aircraft line. The USAF MCSP is complex, as planners must schedule significantly more aircraft depot maintenance visits during the conversion period and must determine the timing and specific order in which each aircraft completes a repetitive sequence of maintenance visits. The conversion is expected to yield a stable long‐term maintenance schedule, while balancing annual depot workload and operating within reasonable flow times and work‐in‐process levels. While practically important, this problem has received little to no attention in the literature. Therefore, this research formalizes the general MCSP within an optimization framework, shows the MCSP is NP‐complete, proposes a computationally effective solution approach, and shows that a balanced long‐term schedule depends critically on the conversion period schedule. Our solutions are markedly better than USAF proposed schedules and underscore the value of leveraging synergies between asset availability and maintenance efficiency. Our approach moves the focus away from batch scheduling toward a smoother, more uniform, mixed‐model type schedule that yields more stable maintenance operations and a more consistent, predictable level of aircraft readiness. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of the main theoretical and practical implications of our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diethard Böhme has had a long career covering many topics in ion‐molecule reactivity. In this review, we describe the work done at the Air Force Research Laboratory (and its variously named preceding organizations) that was inspired by his studies. These fall into two main areas: nucleophilic displacement (SN2) and metal cation chemistry. In SN2 chemistry, we revisited many of the reactions Diethard pioneered and studied them in more detail. We found nonstatistical behavior, both competition and noncompetition between multiple channels. New channels were found as hydration occurred, with more solution‐like behavior occurring as only a few ligands were added. Temperature‐dependent studies revealed details that were not observable at room temperature. These and other highlights will be discussed. In metal cation reactions, Diethard's use of an inductively coupled ion source allowed him to systematically study the periodic table of elements with a number of simple neutrals. We have taken the most interesting of these and studied them in greater detail. In doing so, we were able to identify curve crossing rates, in a few instances information about product states, and the importance of multiple entrance channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present initial structural validity evidence for a serious game designed for personnel selection and classification for cybersecurity roles in the US Air Force (USAF). Based on literature review and input from USAF cybersecurity subject‐matter‐experts, we targeted six constructs for assessment. We describe the development process used to build a game to assess individual differences in these constructs, while also being engaging and motivating for players. We attend to the challenge of avoiding an overall game performance factor that dominates variance of multiple constructs scored from the same gameplay episodes and report steps taken to enhance discriminant validity of the scores. We apply factor analysis and item response theory models to develop scores that are reliable, show discriminant validity, and show modest education/gender group differences. Practitioner points: •We developed a serious game to assess six competencies relevant for the US Air Force cyber occupations.•We employed strategies to enhance discrimination validity of the six scores.•We discuss future validation plans for this assessment and implications for design of other serious games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire‐and‐arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an innovative technology that involves deposition of subsequent layers of molten materials. Due to the high deposition rates, this technology is suitable for the production of large‐scale complex structures. Further enhancement in the productivity can be achieved by an interlayer cooling strategy that reduces idle time between depositions. However, the effect of the interlayer cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties has to be addressed. In this view, the present work compares microstructural features and mechanical properties of WAAM‐produced plates of austenitic AISI 304 L, focusing on the effect of both active interlayer air cooling and possible anisotropy induced by the additive process. Microstructural and mechanical characterization was conducted on samples extracted along the longitudinal, transverse, and diagonal directions to the deposition layers of WAAM plates, processed with and without interlayer active cooling. Results showed no remarkable influence of cooling conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM plates, which are indeed affected by the anisotropy induced by the additive process. The observed anisotropy in the elastic modulus, independent from different cooling conditions, was related to the crystallographic texture consequent to the highly oriented microstructure typically induced by the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteen‐eighteen saw the formation of the world's first independent air force, and the inauguration of the first independent chaplaincy organisation devoted to military aviation. However, the neglected creation of the Chaplains' Branch of the Royal Air Force (RAF) towards the end of the First World War represents far more than just a minor footnote in the institutional history of Britain's armed forces. The circumstances of its creation, which occurred just as the German sociologist Max Weber was identifying scientific progress as driving the ineluctable "disenchantment of the world," not only belied this famous sociological maxim in the highly technological and supremely modern context of aerial warfare but also demonstrated the competence of Anglican chaplaincy methods and the resilience of British '"Christendom" in the context of a war which is widely perceived as having exposed and exacerbated the weaknesses of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data are presented on the gain in aptitude test scores on retest for intervals of up to five years. While the strength of the retest effect was found to differ by type of test, retest effects within test type were found to be almost constant irrespective of the interval between original and retest administrations. The implications of these gains for personnel testing are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We adopt an action-research approach to examine the applicability of briefing-debriefing sessions—a team-based, reflexive learning model being used in the Israel Air Force—to the surgical departments of a major, civilian tertiary center in Israel, and explore the potential impact of such a model on the incidence of preventable adverse events in these departments.Taking into account the similarities and differences between the two team contexts (i.e., surgical team and flight crew), we examine potential barriers to the implementation of such a briefing-debriefing technology in the surgical world, discuss the ways in which such barriers have been largely overcome in the particular case examined, and present the model currently being implemented by the surgical departments in our study.Additionally, based on a grounded theory approach, we generate propositions regarding the way in which briefing-debriefing frameworks might enhance the quality-related outcomes of hospital surgical teams.Wepay particular attention to those aspects of the team-based learning model—such as a focus on status-free transparency and systems-based analysis—intended to promote double- as opposed to simply single-loop learning. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the Distributed Interaction Campaign Model (DICM), an exploratory campaign analysis tool and asset allocation decision-aid for managing geographically distributed and swarming naval and air forces. The model is capable of fast operation, while accounting for uncertainty in an opponent's plan. It is intended for use by commanders and analysts who have limited time for model runs, or a finite budget. The model is purpose-built for the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment, and supports analysis of the following questions: What happens when swarms of geographically distributed naval and air forces engage each other and what are the key elements of the opponents' force to attack? Are there changes to force structure that make a force more effective, and what impacts will disruptions in enemy command and control and wide-area surveillance have? Which insights are to be gained by fast exploratory mathematical/computational campaign analysis to augment and replace expensive and time-consuming simulations? An illustrative example of model use is described in a simple test scenario. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 562-576, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been documented for military combatants, little is known about PTSD in noncombatants. Active-duty U.S. Air Force noncombatants (N = 5,367) completed a Post-Deployment Health Assessment upon return from combat zones in Iraq (n = 4,408) or a noncombat zone in Qatar (n = 959). Those deployed to Iraq were significantly more likely to report exposure to someone who was wounded or killed (20.8% vs. 6.3%), feeling in great danger of being killed at some point during deployment (18.9% vs. 3.5%), symptoms of PTSD (4.1% vs. 0.7%), and symptoms of major depression (9.9% vs. 5.4%). These findings suggest that deployment to a war zone is associated with increased mental health problems, even for noncombatants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military technicians ( N= 202) of the Telecommunication Maintenance Unit (TMU), as well as military staff ( N= 185) in the Italian Air Force (IAF), were administered a questionnaire measuring self- and collective efficacy, perceptions of context (colleagues, direct superior, and top management), organisational commitment, and job satisfaction. Structural equation models support the hypothesised relationship among variables. Self-efficacy and perceptions of context were related to collective efficacy which in turn was related to organisational commitment and job satisfaction. Collective efficacy was explained by self-efficacy and by perceptions of context. In addition, organisational commitment was explained by collective efficacy, more so than job satisfaction. Perceptions of colleagues, direct superior, and top management were mainly related to job satisfaction. 202 techniciens militaires de l'Unité de Maintenance des Télécommunications ainsi que 185 militaires des Forces Aériennes Italiennes ont rempli un questionnaire portant sur l'efficience personnelle et collective, la perception de l'environnement (les collègues, le supérieur immédiat et le haut de la hiérarchie), l'implication organisationnelle et la satisfaction professionnelle. Des modèles en équations structurales ont confirmé les relations supposées entre les variables. L'efficience personnelle et la perception de l'environnement étaient liées à l'efficience collective qui était elle-même en relation avec l'implication organisationnelle et la satisfaction professionnelle. L'efficience collective procédait de l'efficience personnelle et de la perception de l'environnement. En outre, l'implication organisationnelle dépendait de l'efficience collective, plus que de la satisfaction professionnelle. La perception des collègues, du supérieur immédiat et du haut de la hiérarchie étaient principalement en rapport avec la satisfaction professionnelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world of crises and disasters is changing rapidly. We are witnessing new types of adversity. In addition, modern societies have become increasingly vulnerable to disruptions, new and old. This new world demands new types of responses, which nation states cannot produce alone. Nation states will have to cooperate to protect their citizens from these threats. This article investigates the role of the European Union in the development of new safety and security arrangements. It identifies conceptual building blocks for a new security paradigm and offers design principles that can facilitate a shared way of thinking and acting in the safety and security domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of bioremediation to treat a source area containing trichloroethene (TCE) present as dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) was assessed through a laboratory study and a pilot test at Launch Complex 34, Cape Canaveral Air Force Center. The results of microcosm testing indicate that the indigenous microbial community was capable of dechlorinating TCE to ethene if amended with electron donor; however, bioaugmentation with a dechlorinating culture (KB-1; SiREM, Guelph, Ontario, Canada) significantly increased the rate of ethene formation. In microcosms, the activity of the dechlorinating organisms in KB-1 was not inhibited at initial TCE concentrations as high as 2 mM. The initially high TCE concentration in ground water (1.2 mM or 155 mg/L) did not inhibit reductive dechlorination, and at the end of the study, the average concentration of ethene (2.4 mM or 67 mg/L) was in stoichiometric excess of this initial TCE concentration. The production of ethene in stoichiometric excess in comparison to the initial TCE concentration indicates that the bioremediation treatment enhanced the removal of TCE mass (either sorbed to soil or present as DNAPL). Detailed soil sampling indicated that the bioremediation treatment removed greater than 98.5% of the initial TCE mass. Confirmatory ground water samples collected 22 months after the bioremediation treatment indicated that chloroethene concentrations had continued to decline in the absence of further electron donor addition. The results of this study confirm that dechlorination to ethene can proceed at the high TCE concentrations often encountered in source areas and that bioremediation was capable of removing significant TCE mass from the test plot, suggesting that enhanced bioremediation is a potentially viable remediation technology for TCE source areas. Dehalococcoides abundance increased by 2 orders of magnitude following biostimulation and bioaugmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Walking is poorly represented in memory, making it difficult to measure using self-report and even harder to predict. To circumvent this, we used the affective priming paradigm (Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986) to assess implicit attitudes towards walking. Methods. Royal Air Force trainee aircraftsmen (N = 188) wore pedometers for 1 week prior to completing the affective priming paradigm, questionnaire and interview. The affective priming paradigm involved a computer-based response latency task containing physical activity words as primes followed by adjectives as targets to be evaluated. Targets were drawn from two bipolar dichotomies, good-bad (the original Fazio et al. items) and happy-sad (mood). Results. Priming for mood items was related to levels of physical activity with high frequency participants priming for the positive (happy) pole and low frequency participants priming for the negative (sad). Both groups primed for the negative element of the Fazio (good-bad) dichotomy. Regarding walking and running, there was no differentiation on the basis of participation level. Instead, facilitated responses to happy targets contrasted with inhibited responses to sad targets for both types of locomotion. There was weak evidence that intentions to run were associated with priming of positive target items, irrespective of category. Conclusions. The relationship between implicit attitudes and behaviour is complex. Whereas implicit attitudes were related to overall exercise participation, they were not related to the specific activity of walking, despite the behaviour being mainly under automatic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At an international level, the implementation of environmental management practices in military facilities is now a growing reality, particularly with the implementation of environmental management programmes and/or systems. The main goal of this research was to assess the Portuguese military sector's environmental performance through an index – the MEPE index – in a simplified and useful manner. A second goal was to measure the units' self-assessment against the environmental profile of the military sector as evaluated through the index, to determine how far they match. The index was developed on the basis of the data obtained in a national questionnaire, which was carried out to evaluate environmental practices adopted by military units. Results show that the Portuguese military's overall environmental performance is poor, reflecting that this is quite a new issue in military organizations. Among the military branches the Air Force reveals the best environmental results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider vehicle routing problems in the context of the Air Force operational problem of routing unmanned aerial vehicles from base locations to various reconnaissance sites. The unmanned aerial vehicle routing problem requires consideration of heterogeneous vehicles, vehicle endurance limits, time windows, and time walls for some of the sites requiring coverage, site priorities, and asymmetric travel distances. We propose a general architecture for operational research problems, specified for vehicle routing problems, that encourages object-oriented programming and code reuse. We create an instance of this architecture for the unmanned aerial vehicle routing problem and describe the components of this architecture to include the general user interface created for the operational users of the system. We employ route building heuristics and tabu search in a symbiotic fashion to provide a user-defined level-of-effort solver interface. Empirical tests of solution algorithms parameterized for solution speed reveal reasonable solution quality is attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dynamic modeling approach to management of multiechelon, multi-indenture inventory systems with repair is addressed. The structure of the model follows that of the U.S. Air Force Reparable Asset Management System. The model is used as a vehicle to discuss the structure of typical multiechelon systems and to illustrate the advantages of a dynamic modeling approach to such systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This descriptive study provides data relevant to two currently popular views of the male nursing image. Firstly, that male nurses tend to prefer the more technological or administrative aspects of nursing and secondly, that they exhibit to an unusually high degree what are commonly thought of as being amongst the more feminine personality traits. The sample consisted of 91 male RAF nurses working in RAF hospitals, and was of predominantly English nationality. Of the 39 SRNs in the sample 65-8% preferred general nursing to the more technical areas such as intensive care, operating theatre, orthopaedic and renal. The preference for general nursing was even greater, 76-1%, amongst the 30 SENs surveyed. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and a Level of Aspiration Test (LOA) were used to obtain measures of the personality traits of the sample. The scores obtained showed that the male RAF nurses were significantly less psychotic than male civilian nurses, male civilians or servicemen of similar age. They were also significantly less extroverted than servicemen as a whole and significantly more stable than the male civilian norm. A comparison of SRNs with SENs revealed only two significant differences. The SRNs were significantly less extroverted and had a significantly higher level of aspiration than the SENs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the balance of the military powers in the Middle East. Wars that have stimulated arms race in the Middle East; Changes in the Military balance in the region at the end of the United States' war with Iraq; Military relations of the countries in the Middle East; Problems in the region that confront the military policy of the United States.

Traces the events that led to the U.S.-British strategic bombing of Italy during World War II. Collapse of Italy as an independent power; Role of Italian general Giulio Douhet in promulgating the doctrine of the strategic use of air power; Differing effects of the strategic bombing campaigns of the U.S. and Great Britain against Germany and Italy; Shortage of raw materials and strategic supplies for war production from Germany; Failure of the Italian government to develop an effective policy to channel raw materials into war production; Unpreparedness of the Regia Aeronautica, the branch of the Italian armed forces responsible for resisting a strategic air offensive.

The article presents information about an analysis of some clinical judgments on male basic airmen who failed the group psychological tests. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze the factors involved in psychological evaluation in a clinical setting in the Air Force. The subjects evaluated were 660 male basic airmen, who failed the group psychological tests, thereby becoming eligible for discharge for failure to meet minimum mental standards for retention. Clinical evaluations supplied the basis for recommendation, either for retention in or discharge from the Air Force, a recommendation invariably followed during the period from July through October 1952 with which the study is concerned.

The article presents a methodological study of perception between relations of Rorschach scoring categories to modes of perception induced by intermittent phobic stimulation. In the present study 181 male subjects were used, 149 of whom were volunteers with a minimum of eighth grade education drawn from the Air Force reserves, regular Army personnel, university and seminary students. Rorsehach protocols were scored according to the system of Hertz. The reports of the subjective sensations induced by phobic stimulation were scored as similarly is possible to Hertz' method of scoring for the Rorschach and without knowledge of the Rorsebach results.

The article reports that recognition of variation in motivation toward the test in different situations has led to the design of special keys such as the L and K scales on the MMPI, and the check scores on the Kuder interest schedules. The own work in the Air Force on the development of psychiatric selection tests for flying personnel has demonstrated clearly how vulnerable are tests like the Cornell Selectee Index and certain other questionnaire and multiple-choice association tests to the high motivation of would-be cadets to gain admission to the program.

This article presents some findings of the Rorschach Test when viewed as to clinical group patterns. To effect objective comparison, T-scores were produced based on a normal group of 64 white enlisted members of the Air Force. The deviate cases consisted of 168 enlisted white members of the Air Force who had been referred because of difficulty in adjusting to the army situation. All diagnoses were made by qualified neuropsychiatrists employing techniques in common use, and without prior review of the protocols. Both graphic and statistical differentiations were observed in many instances between the normal and deviate groups, and between deviate groups, although because of the sparsity of cases in several of the clinical groups, these differences must be accepted cautiously.

The article offers information on the role of the user in developing a test for evaluating the effectiveness of human relations training program. It highlights the kinds and the non-statistical decisions needed in constructing the Attitudes Test in Human Relations (ATHURE) for the Air Force. It discusses how the test constructor determines the correct human relations attitude items. Moreover, the consumer plays an important role in the test construction of human relations attitude based on the judgmental aspects.

The article presents a study regarding the contributing factors to manipulative performance. The study has administered a battery of 15 widely used printed and apparatus dexterity tests which were subjected to a factor analysis to a sample of 400 basic airmen at Lackland Air Force Base. The result of the study has identified five factors to account for performance which include manual dexterity, wrist-finger speed, and positioning. It mentions that the marking accuracy was being compared as the so called psychomotor speed in Air Force studies which requires both the speed and accuracy in hand movement.