Search

Existing studies on environmental policy implementation in China have largely been focused on the inadequacy of environmental policy implementation at local levels and the adversarial campaign‐style enforcement used to remedy it, while overlooked other approaches to addressing environmental issues. We present a case in which a consensual approach was used to control water pollution and identify key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach. The research unit is the process of water pollution control in Shandong Province from 2002 to 2011. During the case period, the pulp and paper industry (the leading polluting source) was regulated with gradually tightened water pollution discharge standards which were made and implemented in a consensual way, surface water quality was greatly improved, and the economic output of the regulated industry grew rapidly. Key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach include the presence of a capable policy entrepreneur who played an important role in policy innovation, forging consensus building in policy making and facilitating consensual policy implementation; the deep and wide involvement of the regulated firms in the policy making process which allowed them to share know‐how and express preferences; and the strong political support from provincial higher‐ups which signaled strong political wills. The findings enrich our understanding of environmental policy enforcement in China by adding a set of internal factors to a literature pool focusing more on the the influence of such external factors as institutional incentiveson policy processes and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the digital ecosystem (DES), entrepreneurial ecosystem (EES) and economic development (ED) indicators as key determinants of digital technology entrepreneurship (DTE) across the globe. The correlation matrix depicts an important relationship between DTE, DES, EES and ED. Further, the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM) results show that DES and EES have a favourable and significant influence on the establishment of digital technology entrepreneurship (DTE) globally. However, the ED, though, has a positive and significant impact on EES and DES, not directly impacting DTE. The study is useful to various stakeholders such as entrepreneurs, funding agencies, policymakers and researchers in their decision‐making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case study evidence in this paper suggests that management of technological change is more complicated than the existing literature has acknowledged. Rather than merely introduce or not introduce new technology, managers have to choose between more or less advanced technologies whose implications are difficult to assess. Moreover, the choice between advanced and conventional production technologies seems to be influenced more by situational determinants than by the habitual actions of managers or changes in management characters. Taking these situational determinants and firm-specific critical incidents seriously is essential, especially for an understanding of why managerial actors alter their approach to managing technological change. By adopting a longitudinal firm-in-sector perspective to technological change this paper demonstrates how coinciding increases in material resources and competitive pressures encourage management to adopt advanced instead of conventional technology. To justify this argument, the paper compares two consecutive technological change projects in the same firm and describes the background of their profoundly different degrees of sophistication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In particular, the results show that corporate social responsibility strengthens the relationship between corporations and employees due to employees' positive perception toward their organizations for the implementation of CSR initiatives. When corporate social responsibility (CSR) increases performance: Exploring the role of intrinsic and extrinsic CSR attribution. The results indicate that cross-cultural legitimacy is significantly associated with responsible innovation practices and firm performance within the Asia-Pacific CBM, while the cross-cultural legitimacy-firm performance association is partially mediated by the responsible innovation practice. This editorial of corporate social responsibility and environmental management summarizes the papers included in the Special Issue "The managerial implications of assessing corporate social performance.". [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Social judgments are evaluators' opinions about the social properties of a set of actors. Different types of judgments rendered by the evaluators and potential interactions between them may have major consequences for the actors who are evaluated. In this article, we distinguish between judgments of capability and conformity, and examine their concurrent and interdependent effects on evaluator impressions. Methods: We investigate these dynamics in the context of authors competing for the best paper award at the Academy of Management (AoM) conference. Results: Findings of our empirical analyses demonstrate interdependent effects of capability and conformity judgments on the committee members' decisions. We demonstrate that evaluators expect greater conformity to their ideal template from more capable actors who have greater potential to contribute to these ideals. Conclusion: Our study advances the literature on social judgments by showing that congruence (or incongruence) among distinct types of judgment shape evaluators' decisions, beyond their independent effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the decade after 2007 eurosceptic actors in the UK successfully deployed securitizing narratives to portray the free movement of people (FMoP) and EU citizens as a threat to the 'ontological security' of national citizens. The ensuing exclusionary policies (up to and beyond the end of FMoP) were normatively problematic, particularly given the absence of evidence in support of those narratives. However, the paper argues that a response aimed at de‐securitizing the issue—in this case, a return to the status‐quo‐ante – is not without its own normative problems. Indeed, the permissive pre‐2007 New Labour government's approach to FMoP was not inclusive of all EU citizens. In valorizing EU citizens as 'independent post‐national entrepreneurs', the marginalization of economically vulnerable EU citizens, particularly via tough welfare conditionality, was legitimated. The paper concludes by reflecting on the theoretical and political implications of the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As always, we are delighted to announce the recipients of this year's I Nonprofit Management & Leadership i Editors' Prize for the Best Scholarly Paper from the previous volume year, which is formally presented at ARNOVA. All manuscripts should follow the general guidelines of I NML i contributions, and manuscripts will be considered for each special issue following the regular peer-review process. In contrast to traditional special issues, these virtual special issues will also include articles previously published in I NML i on the special issue themes, as identified from recent publications and the I NML i archives. [Extracted from the article]

Research Summary: Social entrepreneurship continues to grow as an impactful phenomenon in the world and as a rich stream of research. Given this exciting growth, there is value in proactively exploring how social entrepreneurship scholarship can thrive and "seize the moment" as it matures. This special issue solicited papers at the intersection of strategy and social entrepreneurship in hopes of providing a road map for future scholarship. This editorial introduces and integrates the special issue paper contributions across three emergent themes: (1) diverse actor characteristics, (2) competing environmental factors, and (3) heterogeneous outcomes. We organize a research agenda that extends from the special issue, which we hope will motivate a new wave of research that derives benefits from the integration of strategy and social entrepreneurship scholarship. Managerial Summary: Social entrepreneurship is increasingly common as business leaders seek to integrate social and/or environmental objectives into its economic activities. With this growth comes the need to examine how social entrepreneurs strategically manage the intertwining of social and economic activities. The papers in this special issue make progress in this regard, examining how differences in actors involved in social entrepreneurship and the environments in which they operate shape social/economic outcomes. The papers in this special issue make important progress in bringing strategy concepts to bear, and lay the groundwork for future research that helps better explain how, why, and to what degree social entrepreneurs have a positive impact. This special issue thus offers insights for researchers, policymakers, educators, and entrepreneurs about how to sustain impactful social/environmental activities over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This paper develops a theoretical explanation for why economic inequality may affect individuals' decision to engage in entrepreneurial activities. We argue that inequality may have a positive impact on entrepreneurship because it triggers social comparison, thus motivating individuals to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, such effect is stronger for people in the middle economic status group than for those in the top or bottom groups, as middle economic status group has both the motivation and capability to take entrepreneurial actions. We use a sample of 3,879 Chinese households from 2010 to 2018 and merge them with county‐level variables to test our hypotheses. The results support our hypotheses and remain consistent across different model specifications, including models controlling for the potential endogeneity between inequality and entrepreneurship. Managerial Summary: The rising economic inequality around the world has drawn widespread attention. Although inequality may not be desired, the optimistic takeaway from this paper is that inequality might also have a positive side by motivating entrepreneurial activities, especially for people from the middle economic class. While exerting continuous efforts to reduce poverty, governments could also properly treat the entrepreneurial spirit inspired by inequality and guide it to encourage entrepreneurship. From a dynamic point of view, emerging economies, when progressing toward a more liberal and market‐oriented economy, might go through a period of time with increasing inequality. Thus different countries, due to their unique social and economic backgrounds, may not share one pareto optimal inequality ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts "circular business models" and "transitions towards a circular economy" have become modern-day buzzwords. Yet, an understanding of the interplay between these two concepts remains unclear. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that illustrates the innovation mechanisms enhancing circular business models emerging within the context of transitions towards a circular economy. The paper follows a twostep methodology. First, a theoretical framing is proposed by adopting insights from transitions studies. Second, a systematic literature review is employed. The review synthesizes the selected literature tracing the proposed framing in the previously published research. Finally, a transitions framework for circular business models is proposed. This framework suggests future lines of research to support its plausibility. Moreover, it offers prescriptive help to managers, entrepreneurs, policymakers, and other social actors enabling them to make informed decisions about and take innovative actions for circular business models in specific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to identify how the diaspora consciousness of Syrian entrepreneurs in Egypt might affect their business practices. The research sample comprises semi‐structured interviews with Syrian refugee owners of small and medium‐sized businesses in Egypt. Thematic analysis was subsequently used to determine the main ideas in the transcripts from the interviews. The findings showed that diaspora consciousness stimulates Syrian refugees to actively engage in three categories of business‐related practices: contextual (expanding entrepreneurial activities outside their host country, desire to constitute a Western country‐based business venture), functional (reliance on a value chain within the same nationality, tending to adopt shadow economy practices), and procedural practices (preferring to develop family businesses, establishing only small and medium‐sized enterprises). This paper contributes by filling a gap in the literature on refugee entrepreneurship in which empirical studies on the effect of diaspora consciousness on the business practices of refugee entrepreneurs have been limited so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Manufacturing has the potential to drive economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction, but African manufacturers face challenges in competing with global markets. Agricultural machinery manufacturing may be one niche where African manufacturers can succeed. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities facing local agricultural manufacturers in Africa based on a survey of 386 manufacturers in four countries and qualitative methods. Results show that small, dedicated entrepreneurs have created vibrant local machinery markets. These manufacturers have several comparative advantages, in particular, the ability to develop machinery adapted to local agroecological conditions but face challenges related to financing, human resources, utilities, raw materials, production equipment and the regulatory environment. The paper offers recommendations on how to support local manufacturers to make "Made in Africa" the first choice for African farmers and agro‐food processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Regional Science Policy & Practice issue section includes papers that problematize and develop methods and theories that can be used to better understand and define amenities in studies of housing markets or place attractiveness. In recent years, an increasing amount of spatio-temporal data have been made public and openly available for research, particularly in online map databases. Results show that the new geographic information system (GIS)-related variables from open-source data are very useful in predicting housing prices controlling for many other variables. [Extracted from the article]

Social enterprises have been widely recognized as tools to solve societal problems. As the soul of social enterprises, social entrepreneurs help social enterprises overcome resource constraints and achieve survival and development. However, existing studies have focused limited attention on the effects of social entrepreneur characteristics on social enterprise performance. Drawing on the institutional logics perspective, this paper constructs a theoretical model of social entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial competence affecting social enterprise performance through organizational legitimacy and examines the moderating effect of regulatory uncertainty. Data were collected from 198 social enterprises in China. The results indicate that organizational legitimacy mediates the relationships between social entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial competence, and social enterprise performance. Regulatory uncertainty positively moderates the relationship between organizational legitimacy and social enterprise economic performance. The findings of this study contribute to research on social enterprise performance and organizational legitimacy. This paper also offers practical suggestions that social entrepreneurs should exert their passion and competence, obtain organizational legitimacy, and analyze the institutional environments to promote the development of the enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should the government support small and medium‐sized enterprises amid a pandemic crisis while balancing the trade‐off between short‐run stabilization and long‐run allocative efficiency? We develop a two‐sector equilibrium model featuring small businesses with private information on their likely future success and a screening contract. Businesses in the sector adversely affected by a pandemic can apply for government loans to stay afloat. A pro‐allocation government sets a harsh default sanction to deter entrepreneurs with poorer projects, thereby improving long‐run productivity at the cost of persistent unemployment, whereas a pro‐stabilization government sets a lenient default sanction. Interest rate effective lower bound leads to involuntary unemployment in the other open sector and shifts the optimal default sanction to a lenient stance. The rise in firm markups exerts the opposite effect. A high creative destruction wedge polarizes the government's hawkish and dovish stances, and optimal default sanction is more lenient, exacerbating resource misallocation. The model illuminates how credit guarantees might be structured in future crises. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Charles Goodhart, CBE, FBA was the Norman Sosnow Professor of Banking and Finance at the London School of Economics and Political Science until 2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextual entrepreneurship and mixed embeddedness approach alike emphasize the importance of the political‐institutional embeddedness next to social embeddedness along with further contexts for migrant entrepreneurship, yet the aspect of international migration policies as an important institutional framework has been somewhat neglected. This paper introduces the case of political‐institutional embeddedness of migrant entrepreneurship in Japan from an international migration policy perspective, discussing embeddedness of migrant entrepreneurs and their support institutions from a multi‐scalar perspective. By analysing the migration policy context of migrant entrepreneurship at different policy levels, that is, national, regional and urban scales, it demonstrates the analytical value of differentiating policies along these scales and also their inter‐connectedness, conceptually proposing the inter‐ and trans‐scalarity of these policy contexts. By bringing issues of migration regimes and particularly the East Asian developmental state as a lens to analyse migrant entrepreneurship, it brings further approaches in comparatively analysing different entrepreneurial contexts for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Using a sample of 205,792 individuals in 70 countries with 39 languages, this paper presents novel empirical evidence for how a language's future time reference, defined as the requirement that speakers mark time in the future, affects a speaker's likelihood of engaging in social entrepreneurship. FTR subtly shapes a speaker's temporal orientation, such that speaking a futured language (i.e., strong FTR) favors a short‐term orientation which positively affects the likelihood of being a social entrepreneur. Furthermore, institutional uncertainty arising from weakly entrenched institutions moderates this relationship. Individuals who speak futured languages in contexts characterized by regulatory institutional uncertainty (weak rule of law, weak property rights, and strong corruption) are more likely to engage in social entrepreneurship. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed. Managerial Summary: This paper examines the influence of language and regulatory institutions on an individual's decision to engage in social entrepreneurship. We show that entrepreneurial strategies towards social value creation are more likely to be pursued in countries where language is characterized as futured (i.e., using sentences with "will/shall + infinitive") with the linguistic feature of future time reference (FTR). Moreover, the positive impact FTR has on the strategic decision to become a social entrepreneur intensifies when there is regulatory institutional uncertainty. That is, the probability an individual is a social entrepreneur increases when there is weak rule of law, weak property rights, and strong corruption within a country. In sum, our study highlights the important interplay between language, an overlooked cognitive institution, and regulatory institutions in shaping entrepreneurial behaviors and social outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consequently, a new paradigm has emerged, named "Digital Transformation" (DT), which highlights the sweeping changes that firms, organizations and society in general are undertaking to respond to digitization (Mariani & Wamba, [25]; Nambisan, [27]; Sjödin et al., [36]). DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES While developed and industrialized countries are heavily investing in and paying particular attention to digital transformation, developing countries are struggling due to specific political, social, economic, and infrastructural issues. The current economic scenario is being characterized by the dawn of advanced digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things, Big Data, Business Analytics, Advanced Manufacturing, Industry 4.0/5.0, Cloud and Cyber-solutions and Artificial Intelligence, all of which represent a disruptive innovation that paves the way for radical changes in all activities by offering new innovative opportunities and solutions for thriving in a new competitive scenario. This focus is of particular interest considering that the Balkans are an integral part of Europe and a geostrategic priority for the European Union (EU Commission, [11]), and a relevant market for products and services. [Extracted from the article]

This paper challenges the Eurocentric entrepreneurship narrative from postcolonial and pan‐African feminist perspectives. Based on interview research conducted with 24 Zimbabwean women entrepreneurs, we narrate their microstorias in order to expose the legacy of entrepreneurial colonialism and patriarchy in Africa. The microstorias reveal the colonial past as well as the patriarchal norms that disenfranchise women entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe. Yet, they also reveal their struggle, resilience, resistance and their ongoing fight to construct their own identities as entrepreneurs. The paper contributes to enhance and advance further postcolonial, decolonial and critical voices in entrepreneurship and organization studies by challenging the prevailing western discourse of entrepreneurship from the introduction of necroentrepreneurism; giving support to intersectional postcolonial and Pan‐African feminist perspectives that voice global South women entrepreneurship and, by decolonizing and decentring the theoretical debates on entrepreneurship and organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper interprets informal networks as investments made by citizens and business people to cope with the public sphere. Informal networks often orchestrate corruption, connecting public and private actors. The paper aims to understand their key characteristics, scopes, and functional roles. Ten mini case studies from Tanzania and Uganda are studied. The research applies narrative analysis to explore the experiences of citizens, entrepreneurs, and low‐level public officials, who built informal networks as a problem‐solving mechanism. It uses a grounded theory approach. The findings serve as working hypotheses about variables and patterns emerging from the bottom‐up analysis. The paper outlines: (a) whether there are distinct types of informal networks associated with particular types of corruption; (b) how, why and by whom these networks are built; (c) whether different individuals play specific roles; (d) the unwritten expectations and norms that govern such networks. The results highlight critical implications for anti‐corruption practice, showing, for example, how this can be strengthened by shifting the intervention unit from individuals to networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper dealt with the regulatory and policy variables influencing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in South Africa. Since the advent of democracy 26 years ago, South Africa had its own share of benefits from democratic rule. This was the period of great success, and three free and fair elections were held without violence and intimidation. The South African government started using the "inflation targeting monetary policy framework" to have an environment where inflation will stabilise. Although in literature it is stated that many governments have adopted this policy in order to lure investors in through their attractive risk‐free returns in their investment portfolios. The paper used unobtrusive techniques to analyse secondary data. The South African investment climate remains faced with challenges, which curtail the full attainment of conditions conducive for quality FDI. When regulations are made less cumbersome, it becomes simpler for investment to flow into the country, and international and local entrepreneurs prosper as the ease of doing business improves. South Africa does not have a complex regulatory framework, but its challenges stem from a lack of regulatory transparency, which impeded investment. TISA the agency, which DTI created to reduce obstacles encountered in FDI offers foreign investors clarification on the regulatory and legal environment. Many countries have also cancelled their BITs with South Africa, including Ecuador, Bolivia, and Venezuela. South Africa's business environment and its investment climate are largely dependent on the events that occur in the political arena and the economic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality and income dynamics for Germany over the last two decades. Combining personal income tax and social security data allows us--for the first time--to offer a complete picture of the distribution of annual earnings in Germany. We find that cross-sectional inequality rose until 2009 for men and women. After the Great Recession, inequality continued to rise at a slower rate for men and fell slightly for women due to compression at the lower tail. We further document substantial gender differences in average earnings and inequality over the life cycle. While for men earnings rise and inequality falls as they grow older, many women reduce working hours when starting a family such that average earnings fall and inequality increases. Men's earnings changes are on average smaller than women's but are substantially more affected by the business cycle. During the Great Recession, men's earnings losses become magnified and gains are attenuated. Apart from recession years, earnings changes are significantly right-skewed reflecting the good overall state of the German labor market and increasing labor supply. In the second part of the paper, we study the distribution of total income including incomes of self-employed, business owners, and landlords. We find that total inequality increased significantly more than earnings inequality. Regarding income dynamics, entrepreneurs' income changes are more dispersed, less skewed, less leptokurtic, and less dependent on average past income than workers' income changes. Finally, we find that top income earners have become less likely to fall out of the top 1 and 0.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a means of solving pressing environmental problems; because of this, it is often perceived as an ethical variant of entrepreneurial activity. However, we argue that this perception is flawed since ethics is assumed (not explained) on the premise of its identification with green activities or environmental ideals and intentions. This paper examines this problem and addresses the question of how we can know when, and if, environmental entrepreneurship is ethical. As a solution, we adopt Paul Ricoeur's approach to ethics. We argue that the Ricoeurian ethics, with its focus on actions and relationships and its logic of hyperbolic generosity, provides a consistent ethical framework in which to develop our comprehension of ethics in the environmental entrepreneurship field. In particular, Ricoeur's ethical approach brings a distinctive trait to the ethics of environmental entrepreneurship through an other‐oriented disposition and a normative standard—to give without any expectations—that can be used to judge ethics in relational actions. The paper can also be of use to environmental entrepreneurs seeking a practical ethical guide that helps them in their decision making, and to policymakers committed with the promotion of responsible environmental businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the issue of sexism in business schools and universities, emphasizing that it is deeply ingrained within these institutions. It discusses the various forms of sexism, from everyday micro-aggressions to more severe acts of violence, and how it intersects with other forms of oppression. The article presents research studies and personal accounts that shed light on the prevalence of sexism and the challenges faced by women and marginalized groups in academia. It concludes by calling for resistance against sexism and the implementation of policies and practices that promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in business schools and universities. Additionally, the article discusses papers that explore the experiences of women academics in highly masculinized and patriarchal spaces, highlighting micro-coercive control, sexism, and fear of repercussions. It also examines different types of sexism in business schools, the normalization of sexist organizational norms, and the perpetuation of gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship education. The authors stress the need for activism and collective action to challenge and eradicate sexism in academic environments, and advocate for the creation of inclusive and equitable conditions in business education and research. [Extracted from the article]

The "Symposium on Misallocation and Structural Transformation" focuses on the processes of resource allocation and structural change and their impact on economic growth and development. The symposium recognizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms and underlying forces that lead to resource misallocation and structural change, particularly in lower income countries. The articles in the symposium explore topics such as the effects of financial frictions on aggregate productivity, the growth miracle and slowdown in South Korea's manufacturing sector, the decline in business dynamism in China, and the role of family migration in structural transformation. These papers contribute to our understanding of resource allocation and structural change and provide insights into important factors affecting economic growth and development. [Extracted from the article]

As the processes of market liberalization and globalization increase the confidence of international actors involved in national third sectors, there exists a cosmopolitan tension between 'mobile elites' and 'locked in' nationals. This paper explores the impact of these tensions on the social enterprise ecosystem in the Republic of Poland and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Focused on the internationalized mechanisms of support, the relationship between the social enterprise incubators and international stakeholders, and power distance inherent to the global versus local debate, the findings suggest that normative isomorphic pressures are causing a fundamental ecosystem shift. The monopolization of support and terms of reference have led to entrepreneurs detrimentally being treated as 'organizational heroes' risking burnout, the primacy of international voices within the local context, and the transference of nationals from being 'locked in' to national processes to being 'locked out' of national support. The research suggests the cosmopolitan‐led transformation of activists into entrepreneurs needs to be more carefully considered, to ensure that enforced alignment to international system does not alienate them from other sources and means of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurship is a rising field of academic and practical activity worldwide and social entrepreneurs become drivers of inclusive growth and sustainable development and also provide opportunities for new models of social business to bring changes in the lives of communities those who are living at the bottom of the pyramid. Recognizing the importance and diversity of social entrepreneurial organizations (not for profits, for profits, and hybrid), this study chooses to map the existing social enterprises that have a social, economic, and environment goals and also look at the existing social enterprise ecosystem in Central Gujarat. The main contribution of this paper is to evaluate the opportunities and challenges of social entrepreneurial activities in Central Gujarat, India. Moreover, analysis and discussion would help the researcher to draw reasonable conclusions, provide a number of insights on lessons and challenges with which a social enterprise sector can be expected to face in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This paper uses formal modeling and simulation to develop a more robust theory of how entrepreneurs gain access to human capital resources through their strong and weak social network ties. Whereas prior work focuses on the informational context in which an endeavor operates (i.e., is it risky or uncertain), the models developed in this paper introduce untested assumptions implicit in prior work regarding strong tie superiority, the effects of social media, and human capital heterogeneity. Through a series of simulation analyses, the paper explores a broad range of values for these alternative assumptions and identifies the conditions under which strong and weak ties are the most likely source of human capital for entrepreneurial endeavors. Managerial Summary: Entrepreneurs often need to enlist the support of others to achieve their objectives. This paper develops a better understanding of how entrepreneurs can access the human capital their endeavors require through their social network ties. The paper explores a broad range of conditions to identify when an entrepreneur's strong social network ties are the most likely source of human capital—and when the entrepreneur's weak ties are the most likely source. This paper challenges the assumption that strong ties have an inherent advantage over weak ties in entrepreneurial settings, investigates the impact of social media networks, and highlights the challenges entrepreneurs face when attempting to enlist the support of individuals with different types of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact of credit market imperfection on lack of demand for capital, trade, and capital flows in an economy with wealth heterogeneity. In particular, we look at the implications of wealth heterogeneity. We show that the low return of capital and lower output of credit‐intensive output in autarky may reflect lack of entrepreneurship and demand for credit due to wealth heterogeneity and eventually may lead to capital outflow from a capital‐scarce country. This is a different way of echoing the sentiment of the well–known Lucas paradox, which suggests that capital might flow from the poor to the rich countries. We also show the possibility of trade and capital flow being complements and not substitutes, as is usual in standard trade models driven by factor abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Africa, entrepreneurship remains predominantly informal, but the rapid spread of mobile phone and Internet use is often viewed as an opportunity to boost the productivity and output of informal firms. Yet little is known on how informal entrepreneurs use these technologies for their business. The purpose of this paper is to open the black box of 'mobile usage' and investigate its effects on the performance of informal micro and small enterprises. To do so, we develop an original conceptual framework of mobile usage and apply a three‐step empirical approach based on a unique dataset of informal firms in Dakar. The first step allows us to identify rich 'mobile usage' measures that examine the different economic functions supported by mobile phones (coordination, finance and management) and the multiple dimensions of use (range and intensity). The second step identifies four user profiles with specific forms of appropriation: disconnected entrepreneurs, networkers, Internet explorers and digital entrepreneurs. The third step uses a stochastic frontier approach to investigate whether these profiles increase the economic efficiency of informal firms. Our findings suggest that while the most advanced uses of mobile phones have an incremental impact on sales efficiency, the potential for improvement remains limited. Only networkers' coordination uses show a significant impact on value added and profit, while the ways in which Internet explorers and digital entrepreneurs use a mobile phone have only a limited impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has attracted a lot of attention from academics and businesspeople as an essential part of any company's ability to thrive. Many research papers had published focusing on CSR. However, very few studies examine CSR's multidimensions (economic, philanthropic, environmental, and ethical) on behavioral intentions with the mediating impact of brand recognition. To explore customer's hotel experiences, the proposed hypotheses were tested with a Structural equation model. Results show that all forms of CSR (ethical, economic, environmental, philanthropic) positively relate to the hotel's brand recognition and behavioral intentions (revisit intention, making recommendations, willingness to pay more). The link between CSR and behavioral intention is found to be significantly mediated by brand recognition. Because of this, the current study has developed a theoretical framework to explain the interplay among CSR factors, brand recognition, and consumer behavioral intention. By checking CSR activities' impact as a focal factor in enhancing hospitality industry facilities, this study offers empirical implications for hotels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the COVID‐19 pandemic, organisational resilience is key, especially for small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), which must face crises and overcome the handicap of today's digital markets. We explore how corporate social responsibility (CSR), digital technologies (DTs) and corporate entrepreneurship synergistically enhance SMEs' organisational resilience, employing dynamic capabilities theory to reveal mechanisms underlying CSR, DTs and organisational resilience. We assess this synergy empirically by surveying 259 participants from Andalusia's business landscape. Theoretical and practical implications illuminate SMEs' strategic DT use to amplify CSR and resilience. Finally, we outline practical guidelines for policymakers, business leaders and entrepreneurs to foster sustainable innovative practices. Embracing CSR and entrepreneurship cultivates resilience, enabling enterprises to thrive amidst challenges and stay competitive. Our paper advances knowledge by combining CSR's and DTs' roles in developing resilience in entrepreneurship. Ultimately, recognising and harnessing CSR, DTs and entrepreneurship synergy empowers SMEs to forge resilient business environments for lasting success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of entrepreneur sourcing on business incubation performance. We distinguish between internal and external sourcing concerning the organisation that sponsors business incubation activities. Entrepreneurs can be internally sourced, originating from the parent organisation to become startup founders or externally sourced and recruited from outside the parent organisation to lead and build the startup. Both in the literature and incubation practice, the entrepreneur's trajectory is usually taken for granted. We contribute to research by investigating the effects of entrepreneur sourcing on business incubator performance and by offering an alternate categorisation of these performance outcomes. We characterise three basic types of performance outcomes: learning, earning, and returning. During this study, we identified a fourth outcome, namely branding. We examined eight cases at two corporate business incubators. Our findings suggest that internally and externally sourced entrepreneurs affect performance outcomes differently. Contrary to our expectations, we found that internal entrepreneurs contribute to exploratory learning, whereas external entrepreneurs contribute to exploitative learning. Furthermore, our results suggest that internal entrepreneurs generate earnings for the sponsorship organisation and external entrepreneurs contribute to a returning outcome by benefitting society at large. We conclude this study with a tentative conceptual model for future research into incubator design and for managers to align the setup of their incubator programmes to their specific purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gay consumer market is often treated as a homogeneous entity, and Anglophone scholarship has given scant attention to lesbian consumers. This paper examines gendered distinctions within the Chinese gay market by asking how the lesbian consumer market is organized differently from its gay male counterpart and why some types of businesses thriving in the gay male market are likely to fail in the lesbian market. Based on interviews with entrepreneurs and business professionals, supplemented with ethnographic and media data, this study indicates that certain types of commerce existing in the gay male consumer market do not dovetail with lesbians' preferred ways of socializing associated with women's risk perception. Unlike previous scholarship that simply characterized the lesbian market as "underdeveloped," this research demonstrates that opportunities for the lesbian and gay male markets exist in different types of trade and business. Although the concept of the pink economy is theoretically grounded in sexual orientation, China's pink market demonstrates how gender plays a key role in shaping the lesbian consumer market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Cancer Institute's Small Business Innovation Research Development Center (NCI SBIR) supports the commercialization of novel cancer‐related technologies by providing resources to 300–400 small businesses each year. Whereas Federal funding is crucial for the translation of technologies to the clinic, the majority of these technologies will need to undergo regulatory review to reach clinical testing. Many small businesses find navigating their regulatory pathway challenging, largely due to lack of regulatory expertise on small startup teams with limited revenue. In collaboration with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), NCI SBIR launched a new regulatory assistance program called Connecting Awardees with Regulatory Experts (CARE). The goal of the CARE program is to connect NCI‐funded small businesses with the FDA to receive feedback on their regulatory questions during early‐stage product development. The program has a multipronged support approach and also educates companies about the FDA process and existing resources. To date, 141 companies have participated in the interagency program. Follow‐up surveys indicate that the program guided the companies in planning the next regulatory steps for their technology development (89%) and provided critical information that changed their future NCI small business grant project aims (81%). Overall, companies reported they would recommend the program to other companies (90%). This paper will discuss the CARE program outcomes as well as other NCI and FDA collaborations that support early‐stage small businesses, including the joint development of funding opportunities and online resources that focus on the oncology startup community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the construction of the identities of Philippe Curtius and his protégé Marie Grosholtz, known as Madame Tussaud, as providers of medical and health services, body workers, and entrepreneurs in key works that charted their experiences during the volatile period of the French Revolution. As purveyors of entertainment that derived its attraction from perceived close rendering of the likenesses of noteworthy individuals, modellers in wax required attentive discernment of bodies, or at least the capacity for imaginative descriptive skills, establishing a professional language for body work. Moreover, Tussaud's account explicitly foregrounds complex gender dynamics as a young woman interacting with the bodies of male and female clients. This essay explores how important eighteenth‐century gendered conceptualizations of body work are revealed in the body texts produced in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies two processes of civil service reform in Slovakia during the period of 2014–2015 in order to reflect on the involvement of an 'outsider‐academic' and her strategies to achieve policy impact. The context of such involvement are multi‐level processes permeated by political interests and poor on evidence, which favour strategic interests, bargaining and political pressure and contestation (the mode of 'powering') and a mode of legal‐based 'puzzling' as opposed to a conceptual, intellectual search for solutions friendly towards outside academics—and achieving only incremental results. We theorise on the success of these strategies (including helping serendipity, throwing ideas to see what sticks, mobilising allies, anchoring a non‐binding concept, and finding and developing long‐term connections) and sketch analogies and differences between the position of an outsider‐academic and a policy entrepreneur. We rely on auto‐ethnographic data and documentation of the work of the committees involved and their outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a North–South trade model with heterogeneous labour and horizontally differentiated products, and compares the implications of two policies: Southern intellectual property rights (IPR) and Northern immigration policy, with the latter aiming to attract Southern talent as a means of pre‐empting imitation. Individuals self‐select into becoming entrepreneurs and innovate (imitate) in the North (South). The likelihood of imitation depends on product quality, imitator's talent and IPR strength. Several interrelated channels of competition are identified. Allowing high‐talent migration when IPR protection in the South is weak shifts imitation to low‐quality products and innovation to high‐quality products. The outcome is in stark contrast to the policy of strengthening Southern IPR, which limits low‐talent imitation in the South and encourages low‐quality innovation in the North. Migration also increases the income of low‐talent entrepreneurs, as well as the average quality of products imitated by high‐talent entrepreneurs in the South. Global income rises with migration, but is not guaranteed to rise with stronger Southern IPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial higher education institutions (HEIs) have gained significant traction, both in theory and practice. The concept has evolved from academic entrepreneurship, which gained prominence in the 1990s, into a more comprehensive notion at institutional level and has been an influencing factor for governmental decisions and the region's economic development. This study seeks to present an overview of the evolution of entrepreneurial HEI research and provide a description of the structures characterizing it. This paper presents an in‐depth examination and analysis of the current state of research and published literature related to entrepreneurial HEIs. A descriptive bibliometric analysis coupled with content analysis is presented, incorporating citations included in Scopus' multi‐disciplinary database over the last 25 years. Two software packages—VOS viewer and Bibliometrix R were employed to probe the research questions and create visualizations of the bibliometric networks. Thematic mapping of the multifaceted research field is illustrated and emerging trends of are identified. Findings suggest that the research on entrepreneurial HEI has been pioneered by USA followed by UK and other European countries. Moreover, the research seems to be fragmented and more focused on only entrepreneurial universities. Future research needs to consider colleges and smaller institutions alongside larger universities. Also, further steps need to be undertaken to encourage and enable cross‐border international collaboration, so as to draw learning together from different national and regional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we apply a general equilibrium occupational choice model to the study of the impact of optimism on the earnings of entrepreneurs and workers. We extend the work of Lucas (1978 Bell Journal of Economics 9, 508–523) by assuming a fraction of individuals are optimistic about their ability as entrepreneurs. The model shows that optimism leads to a misallocation of talent and inputs, which raises input prices and lowers output. The model is calibrated to match salient features of the UK economy and the British Household Panel Survey. The calibration shows that optimism can account for more than half of the size of the entrepreneurial earnings puzzle in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of asymmetric punishment of bribery on both bribery and compliance with regulations. The bribe amount is decided via Nash bargaining and regulatory compliance and whistle‐blowing are strategic decisions. Moreover, investigations of bribery and noncompliance occur in a manner that may be interdependent. We show that, under symmetric punishment, inducing whistle‐blowing has no effect on the frequency of bribery. When the bribery and noncompliance investigations are independent, a switch from symmetric to asymmetric punishment either makes no difference or induces more nonharassment bribery. Only when bribery detection increases the chance of noncompliance detection and asymmetric punishment leads to whistle‐blowing for both types of entrepreneurs, can the shift succeed in reducing noncompliance. The result is robust to the case where legalization of bribe‐giving is not feasible for nonharassment bribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the factors that influence opportunity recognition (OR) of academic spin‐offs (ASOs) from a contingency perspective. We focus on factors linked to the academic entrepreneur and propose that their relevance for explaining OR in ASOs depends on the context in which these firms operate: discovery (the necessary information for entrepreneurs to assess the new opportunities is available in the market) versus creation (complete information about opportunity exploitation and the likelihood of achieving certain outcomes is not available in the market). Results obtained in a sample of 167 Spanish ASOs show that, in a discovery context, academic entrepreneurs' OR is positively related to entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, previous managerial experience and access to academic and industry networks. In a creation context, only entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and access to industry networks become critical to OR, whereas previous managerial experience exerts a negative effect. Our results also show that the most relevant factor in a discovery context is previous managerial experience, while in a creation context, entrepreneurial self‐efficacy is the most significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: We investigate the relationship between outside board members (OBMs) and short‐ versus long‐term strategic orientation of new ventures in the startup phase. Owing to their smallness and newness, a short‐term orientation may be more desirable. Using a dataset of 170 Belgian new ventures in the startup phase, we find a positive association between the proportion of OBMs and a short‐ rather than long‐term strategic orientation, attributed by our interviewees to concern for firm survival. This association is stronger in new ventures operating in highly competitive environments, and where the founding team performed few pre‐startup activities. Greater focus on the short‐term may be beneficial in the long run, as a positive association is found between a high relative short‐term orientation and ventures' growth. Managerial Summary: New ventures in the startup phase should primarily focus on short‐term issues: get a better understanding of who are the customers and try to validate the business model. This article reveals that the board of directors plays a pivotal role in influencing the extent to which startups have a short‐term strategic orientation. Specifically, it explains how OBMs provide advice, monitor the startup's progress, and guide entrepreneurs on key short‐term priorities. This strategic role of OBMs is more pronounced in new ventures where the entrepreneurial team is less prepared at founding and in firms operating in highly competitive environments. Importantly, our paper provides evidence that a short‐term orientation in the startup phase does not jeopardize future venture growth in the scale‐up phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the importance of visualization online and the gendering of entrepreneurship in contemporary neoliberal times. We investigate how understandings of entrepreneurship are shaped by online imagery. Applying visual critical methodology, we trace and analyze 248 commercial images. Our analytic work explicates the visual construction of male and female entrepreneurs, leading us to further examine appearance, (in)action, and interaction aesthetics. Through detailed visual analysis, we unpack masculinities and femininities to theorize the resulting gendering of entrepreneurial aesthetics. In doing so, we consider the role of image networks in the reproduction of neoliberal ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends prior scholarly works on entrepreneurial failure, entrepreneurial resilience and learning from failure by examining how the effects of prior experiences of entrepreneurial business failure (EBF) manifest in the entrepreneurial process of subsequent venture formation. We elucidate the pre‐founding and post‐founding effects of prior EBF via insights drawn from 25 serial entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The findings demonstrate that entrepreneurs were often motivated to start another venture as a result of the economic hardship and social stigmatization that occurs after business closure. We identified a three‐stage fine‐grained process perspective of successive entrepreneurial engagement (e.g. pre‐founding, formation and development, and post‐founding conditions and effects on subsequent entrepreneurial ventures). These stages shed light on entrepreneurial fragility, entrepreneurial resiliency and the development of anti‐fragility capabilities that are conducive to subsequent venture formation and survival. We shed light on how individual‐level factors shape how prior failure experiences can shift from liability immediately after business collapse and at pre‐founding to become an asset during and after new‐venture formation. Such learning from past failure is vital in adapting to dynamic environmental changes, especially those observed in emerging‐market settings. Taken together, we demonstrate how entrepreneurs bounce back from errors, failures and setbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Income‐generating activities by women are an effective means of reducing gender‐based deprivation and disparities. In the constrained familial and community settings of developing economies, online platforms can be an appropriate means for women to carry out economic activities. In this context, important initiatives taken by the Government of India, such as the Common Service Centres scheme, are worth studying. This paper critically evaluates such revolutionary online platform–based entrepreneurial initiatives using the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen. We examine through case studies how women‐run businesses use online platforms and what determines their success, inputs, capabilities, and conversion factors. Further, national enterprise‐level data from Indiaʼs National Sample Survey Office are analysed to show that states with a higher level of gender inequality are also the regions with a lower level of information and communications technology usage by women‐run enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]